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Iuliana Cosmina

Java 17 for Absolute Beginners

Learn the Fundamentals of Java Programming
2nd ed.
Iuliana Cosmina
Edinburgh, UK

ISBN 978-1-4842-7079-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-7080-6

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7080-6

© Iuliana Cosmina 2022

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
To my first teacher, Moţa Dumitra.
You’ve instilled in me the hunger to learn.
Thank you!
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub. For more detailed
information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​source-code.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484270790. For
more detailed information, please visit
http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
Writing books for beginners is tricky, because as an experienced
developer, it might be difficult to find the right examples and explain
them in such a way that even a nontechnical person would easily
understand them. That is why I am profoundly grateful to the great
people at Apress who have been with me for the full journey of writing
this book for all the support and advice they provided to keep this book
at beginner level. A special thank you to the tech reviewer of this book,
Manuel Jordan; his recommendations and corrections were crucial for
the final form of the book.
Apress has published many of the books that I have read and used
to improve myself professionally. It is a great honor to publish my
seventh book with Apress, and it gives me enormous satisfaction to be
able to contribute to the making of a new generation of Java developers.
A special thank you to my Cloudsoft team, for being so supportive
with my passion for writing technical books. Thank you all for being
supportive and making sure I still had some fun while writing this book.
You have no idea how dear you are to me.
A very grateful thank you to Vesa Kauranen, Ivan Duka, Sü leyman
Onur Otlu, and all developers who have identified bugs in the text and
the code and helped me make this edition of the book better than the
previous one.
And a very special thank you in advance to all the passionate Java
developers who will find mistakes in the book and be so kind to write
me about them, so that I can provide an erratum and make this book
even better.
Finally, I want to thank the Bogza-Vlad family: Monica, Tinel,
Cristina, and Stefan. You are all close to my heart and I miss you often.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​An Introduction to Java and Its History
Who This Book Is For
How This Book Is Structured
Conventions
When Java Was Owned By Sun Microsystems
How Is Java Portable?​
Sun Microsystem’s Java Versions
Oracle Takes Over
Java 7
Java 8
Java 9
Java 10
Java 11
Java 12
Java 13
Java 14
Java 15
Java 16
Java 17
Prerequisites
Summary
Chapter 2:​Preparing Your Development Environment
Installing Java
The JAVA_​HOME Environment Variable
JAVA_​HOME on Windows
 JAVA_​HOME on macOS
JAVA_​HOME on Linux
Installing Maven
Installing Git
Installing a Java IDE
Summary
Chapter 3:​Getting Your Feet Wet
Core Syntax Parts
Using JShell
Java Fundamental Building Blocks
Packages
Access Modifiers
Modules
How to Determine the Structure of a Java Project
Summary
Chapter 4:​Java Syntax
Base Rules of Writing Java Code
Package Declaration
Import Section
Java Grammar
Java Identifiers and Variables
Java Comments
Java Types
Summary
Java Keywords
Chapter 5:​Data Types
 Stack and Heap Memory
Introduction to Java Data Types
Primitive Data Types
Reference Data Types
Java Primitive Types
Date Time API
Collections
Concurrency Specific Types
Summary
Chapter 6:​Operators
The Assignment Operator
Explicit Type Conversion (type) and instanceof
Numerical Operators
Unary Operators
Binary Operators
Relational Operations
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise NOT
Bitwise AND
Bitwise Inclusive OR
Bitwise Exclusive OR
Logical Operators
Shift Operators
The << Shift Left Operator
The >> Signed Shift Right Operator
The >>> Unsigned Shift Right Operator
 The Elvis Operator
Summary
Chapter 7:​Controlling the Flow
if-else Statement
switch Statement
Looping Statements
for Statement
while Statement
do-while Statement
Breaking Loops and Skipping Steps
break Statement
continue Statement
return Statement
Controlling the Flow Using try-catch Constructions
Summary
Chapter 8:​The Stream API
Introduction to Streams
Creating Streams
Creating Streams from Collections
Creating Streams from Arrays
Creating Empty Streams
Creating Finite Streams
Streams of Primitives and Streams of Strings
Short Introduction to Optional<T>
How to Use Streams Like a Pro
 Terminal Functions: forEach and forEachOrdered
Intermediate Operation: filter and Terminal Operation:
toArray
Intermediate Operation: map, flatMap and Terminal
Operation: collect
Intermediate Operation: sorted and Terminal Operation:
findFirst
Intermediate Operation: distinct() and Terminal
Operation: count()
Intermediate Operation: limit(..) and Terminal
Operations: min(..), max(..)
Terminal Operations: sum() and reduce(..)
Intermediate Operation: peek(..)
Intermediate Operation: skip(..) and Terminal
Operations: findAny(), anyMatch(..), allMatch(..)
and noneMatch(..)
Debugging Stream Code
Summary
Chapter 9:​Debugging, Testing, and Documenting
Debugging
Logging
Logging with System.out.print
Debug Using Assertions
Step-By-Step Debugging
Inspecting Running Application Using Java Tools
Accessing the Java Process API
Testing
 Testing Code Location
Documenting
Summary
Chapter 10:​Making Your Application Interactive
Reading Data from the Command Line
Reading User Data Using System.in
Using java.util.Scanner
Using java.io.Console
Build Applications Using Swing
Introducing JavaFX
Internationaliza​tion
Building a Web Application
Java Web Application with an Embedded Server
Java Web Application on a Standalone Server
Summary
Chapter 11:​Working With Files
Java IO and NIO APIs
File Handlers
Path Handlers
Reading Files
Using Scanner to Read Files
Using Files Utility Methods to Read Files
Using Readers to Read Files
Using InputStream to Read Files
Writing Files
Writing Files Using Files Utility Methods
 Using Writer to Write Files
Using OutputStream to Write Files
Using NIO to Manage Files
Serialization and Deserialization
Byte Serialization
XML Serialization
JSON Serialization
The Media API
Using JavaFX Image Classes
Summary
Chapter 12:​The Publish-Subscribe Framework
Reactive Programming and the Reactive Manifesto
Using the JDK Reactive Streams API
Reactive Streams Technology Compatibility Kit
Using Project Reactor
Summary
Chapter 13:​Garbage Collection
Garbage Collection Basics
Oracle Hotspot JVM Architecture
How Many Garbage Collectors Are There?​
Working with GC from the Code
Using the finalize() Method
Heap Memory Statistics
Using Cleaner
Preventing GC from Deleting an Object
Using Weak References
 Garbage Collections Exceptions and Causes
Summary
Appendices
Appendix A
Modules
Advanced Module Configurations
Appendix B
Index
About the Author
Iuliana Cosmina
is currently a software engineer for
Cloudsoft, Edinburgh. She has been
writing Java code since 2002. She has
contributed to various types of
applications, such as experimental
search engines, ERPs, track and trace,
banking, and cloud orchestration. During
her career she has been a teacher, team
leader, software architect, DevOps
professional, and software manager.
She is a Spring-certified professional,
as defined by Pivotal, the makers of
Spring Framework, Boot, and other tools.
She considers Spring the best Java
framework to work with. When she is
not programming, she spends her time
reading, blogging, learning to play piano,
travelling, hiking, or biking.
You can find some of her personal work on her GitHub account at
https://github.com/iuliana.
You can find her complete CV on her LinkedIn account at
https://linkedin.com/in/iulianacosmina.
You can contact her at [email protected].
About the Technical Reviewer
Manuel Jordan Elera
is an autodidactic developer and
researcher who enjoys learning new
technologies for his own experiments
and creating new integrations. Manuel
won the Springy Award–Community
Champion and Spring Champion 2013. In
his free time he reads the Bible and
composes music on his guitar. Manuel is
known as dr_pompeii. He has tech-
reviewed numerous books for Apress,
including Pro Spring MVC with Webflux
(2020), Pro Spring Boot 2 (2019), Rapid
Java Persistence and Microservices
(2019), Java Language Features (2018),
Spring Boot 2 Recipes (2018), and Java
APIs, Extensions and Libraries (2018). Read his 13 detailed tutorials
about many Spring technologies, contact him through his blog at
http://www.manueljordanelera.blogspot.com, and follow
him on his Twitter account, @dr_pompeii.
© Iuliana Cosmina 2022
I. Cosmina, Java 17 for Absolute Beginners
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7080-6_1

1. An Introduction to Java and Its

History
Iuliana Cosmina1
(1) Edinburgh, UK

According to Google Search, at the end of 2020, 9492 companies

reportedly use Java in their tech stacks, including Google and the
company that I, the author of this book, worked for while this book was
being written. Even after 25 years, Java continues to be one of the most
influential programming languages. It all started in 1990, when an
American company that was leading the revolution in computer
industry decided to gather its best engineers to design and develop a
product that would allow them to become an important player in the
new emerging Internet world. Among those engineers was James
Arthur Gosling, a Canadian computer scientist who is recognized as the
father of the Java programming language. It would take five years of
design, programming, and one renaming (from Oak to Java because of
trademark issues), but finally, in January 1996,1 Java 1.0 was released
for Linux, Solaris, Mac and Windows.
The general tendency when reading a technical book is to skip the
introductory chapter altogether. But in this case I think it would be a
mistake. I was never much interested in the history of Java until I wrote
this book. I knew that James Gosling was the creator and that Oracle
bought Sun, and that was pretty much it. I never cared much about how
the language evolved, where the inspiration came from, or how one
version was different from another. I started learning Java at version
1.5, and I took a lot of things in the language for granted. So when I was
assigned to a project running on Java 1.4 I was quite confused, because I
did not know why parts of the code I wrote was not compiling.
Although the IT industry is moving very fast, there will always be that
one client that has a legacy application. Knowing the peculiarities of
each Java version is an advantage, because you know the issues when
performing a migration.
When I started doing research for this book, I was mesmerized. The
history of Java is interesting because it is a tale of incredible growth,
success of a technology, and an example of how a clash of egos in
management almost killed the company that created it. Currently Java
is the most-used technology in software development, and it is simply
paradoxical that the company that gave birth to it no longer exists.
This chapter describes each version of Java, tracking the evolution
of the language and the Java Virtual Machine.
Who This Book Is For
Most Java books for beginners start with the typical Hello World!
example depicted in Listing 1-1.

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Listing 1-1 The Most Common Java Beginner Code Sample

This code, when executed, prints Hello World! in the console. But if
you have bought this book it is assumed that you want to develop real
applications in Java, and have a real chance when applying for a
position as a Java developer. If this is what you want and if this is who
you are, a beginner with the wits and the desire to make full use of this
language’s power, then this book is for you. And this is why I will give
you enough credit to start this book with a more complex example.
Java is a language with a syntax that is readable and based on the
English language. So if you have logical thinking and a little knowledge
of the English language, it should be obvious to you what the code in
Listing 1-2 does without even executing it.

package com.apress.ch.one.hw;

import java.util.List;

public class Example01 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> items = List.of("1", "a",
"2", "a", "3", "a");

items.forEach(item -> {
if (item.equals("a")) {
System.out.println("A");
} else {
System.out.println("Not A");
 }
});
}
}
Listing 1-2 The Java Beginner Code Sample a Smart Beginner Deserves
In this code example, a list of text values is declared; then the list is
traversed, and when a text is equal to “a”, the letter “A” is printed in the
console; otherwise, “Not A” is printed.
If you are an absolute beginner to programming, this book is for
you, especially because the sources attached to this book make use of
algorithms and design patterns commonly used in programming. So if
your plan is to get into programming and learn a high-level
programming language, read the book, run the examples, write your
own code, and you should have a good head start.
If you already know Java you can use this book too, because it covers
syntax and under-the-bonnet details for Java versions up to 17 (the
Early Access Program or EAP2 release), and you will surely find
something you did not know.
How This Book Is Structured
The chapter you are currently reading is an introductory one that
covers a small part of Java history, showing you how the language has
evolved and providing a glimpse into its future. Also, the mechanics of
executing a Java application are covered, so that you are prepared for
Chapter 2. The next chapter will show you how to set up your
development environment and will introduce you to a first simple
application.
Starting with Chapter 3, fundamental parts of the language will be
covered: packages, modules, classes, interfaces, annotations objects,
operators, data types, records, statements, streams, lambda
expressions, and so on.
Starting with Chapter 8, interactions with external data sources are
covered: reading and writing files, serializing/deserializing objects, and
testing and creating an user interface.
Chapter 12 is dedicated fully to the publish-subscribe framework
introduced in Java 9 and reactive programming.
Chapter 13 will cover the Garbage Collector.
All the sources used in the listings in this book, and some that did
not make it because the book must be kept to a reasonable size, are part
of a project named java-17-for-absolute-beginners. This
project is organized in modules (thus it is a multimodule project) that
are linked to each other and have to be managed by something called
Maven. Maven is something we developers call a build tool, and it
provides the capability to build projects containing a lot of source code.
To build a project means transforming the code written into something
that can be executed. I choose to use multimodule projects for the
books I write because it is easier to build them and also because
common elements can be grouped together, keeping the configuration
of the project simple and nonrepetitive. Also, by having all the sources
organized in one multimodule project, you get the feedback if the
sources are working or not as soon as possible, and you can contact the
author and ask them to update them. I know that having a build tool
introduces a certain level of complexity, but it gives you the opportunity
to get comfortable with a development environment very similar to
what you will work in as an employee.
Conventions
This book uses a number of formatting conventions that should make it
easier to read. To that end, the following conventions are used within
the book:
code or concept names in paragraphs appear as follows:
java.util.List
code listings appear as follows:

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World!");
}

logs in console outputs will appear as follows:

01:24:07.809 [main] INFO c.a.Application -

Starting Application
01:24:07.814 [main] DEBUG c.a.p.c.Application -
Running in debug mode

{xx} is a placeholder; the xx value is a pseudo-value giving a hint

about the real value that should be used in the command or
statement.
appears in front of paragraphs you should pay specific attention
to. There are similar icons for tips and warnings.
Italic font is used for humorous metaphors and expressions.
Bold font is used for Chapter references and important terms.
As for my style of writing, I like to write my books in the same way I
have technical conversations with colleagues and friends: sprinkling
jokes throughout, giving production examples, and making analogies to
nonprogramming situations. Because programming is nothing but just
another way to model the real world.

When Java Was Owned By Sun Microsystems

The first stable version of Java was released in 1996. Up until that point,
there was a small team named the Green Team that worked on a
prototype language named Oak, which was introduced to the world
with a working demo—an interactive handheld home entertainment
controller called the Star7. The star of the animated touch-screen user
interface was a cartoon character named Duke, created by one of the
team’s graphic artists, Joe Palrang. Over the years, Duke (Figure 1-1)
has become the official Java technology mascot, and every JavaOne
conference (organized by Oracle once a year) has its own Duke mascot
personality.

Figure 1-1 Duke, the Java official mascot (image source: https://​oracle.​c om)

The Green Team released Java to the world via the Internet, because
that was the fastest way to create widespread adoptions. You can
imagine that they jumped for joy every time somebody downloaded it,
because it meant people were interested in it. There are a few other
advantages making software open source, such as the fact that
contributions and feedback are provided by a big number of people
from all over the world. Thus, for Java, this was the best decision, as it
shaped the language a lot of developers are using today. Even after 25
years, Java is still among the top-three most-used programming
languages.
The Green Team was working for an American company named Sun
Microsystems and was founded in 1982. It guided the computer
revolution by selling computers, computer parts, and software. One of
their greatest achievements is the Java programming language. In
Figure 1-2, you can see the company logo3 that was used since Java’s
birth year until it was acquired by Oracle in 2010.

Figure 1-2 The Sun Microsystems logo (image source: https://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​

wiki/​Sun_​Microsystems)
It is quite difficult to find information about the first version of Java,
but dedicated developers that witnessed its birth, when the Web was
way smaller and full of static pages, did create blogs and shared their
experience with the world. It was quite easy for Java to shine with its
applets that displayed dynamic content that interacted with the user.
But because the development team thought bigger, Java became much
more than a Web programming language. In trying to make applets run
in any browser, the team found a solution to a common problem:
portability .
Developers nowadays face a lot of headaches when developing
software that should run on any operating system. And with the mobile
revolution, things got really tricky. In Figure 1-3 you can see an abstract
drawing of what is believed to be the first Java Logo.
Figure 1-3 The first Java logo, 1996–2003 (image source: https://​oracle.​c om/​)
Java 1.0 was released at the first edition of the JavaOne conference
with over 6000 attendees. Java started out as a language named Oak.4
This language was really similar to C++ and was designed for handheld
devices and set-top boxes. It evolved into the first version of Java, which
provided developers some advantages which C++ did not:
security : In Java, there is no danger of reading bogus data when
accidentally going over the size of an array.
automatic memory management : A Java developer does not have
to check if there is enough memory to allocate for an object and then
deallocate it explicitly; the operations are automatically handled by
the garbage collector. This also means that pointers are not
necessary.
simplicity: There are no pointers, unions, templates, structures.
Mostly anything in Java can be declared as a class. Also, confusion
when using multiple inheritance is avoided by modifying the
inheritance model and not allowing multiple class inheritance.
 support for multithreaded execution: Java was designed from the
start to support development of multithreaded software.
portability : One of the most known Java mottos is Write once, run
anywhere (WORA). This is made possible by the Java Virtual
Machine.
All this made Java appealing for developers, and by 1997, when Java
1.1 was released, there were already approximately 400,000 Java
developers in the world. The JavaOne conference had 10,000 attendees
that year. The path to greatness was set. Before going further in our
analysis of each Java version, let’s clarify a few things.

How Is Java Portable?

I mentioned a few times that Java is portable and that Java programs
can run on any operating system. It is time to explain how this is
possible. Let’s start with a simple drawing, like the one in Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-4 Running a Java program on multiple platforms

Java is what we call a high-level programming language that

allows a developer to write programs that are independent of a
particular type of computer. High-level languages are easier to read,
write, and maintain. But their code must be translated by a compiler or
interpreted into machine language (unreadable by humans because is it
made up of numbers) to be executed, because that is the only language
that computers understand.
In Figure 1-4, notice that on top of the operating systems, a JVM is
needed to execute a Java program. JVM stands for Java Virtual
Machine , which is an abstract computing machine that enables a
computer to run a Java program. It is a platform-independent execution
environment that converts Java code into machine language and
executes it.
So what is the difference between Java and other high-level
languages? Well, other high-level languages compile source code
directly into machine code that is designed to run on a specific
microprocessor architecture or operating system, such as Windows or
UNIX. What JVM does is to mimic a Java processor, making it possible
for a Java program to be interpreted as a sequence of actions or
operating system calls on any processor regardless of the operating
system. Sure, the compiling step makes Java slower than a pure
compiled language like C++, but the advantage was and is still beautiful.
Also, Java is not the only member of the JVM languages family. Groovy,
Scala, Kotlin, and Clojure are all very popular programming languages
that run on the JVM.
Because the Java compiler was mentioned, we have to get back to
Java 1.1, which was widely used even as new versions were released. It
came with an improved Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) graphical API
(collections of components used for building applets), inner classes,
database connectivity classes (JDBC model), classes for remote calls
(RMI), a special compiler for Microsoft platforms named JIT5 Compiler
(for Just In Time), support for internationalization, and Unicode. What
also made it so widely embraced is that shortly after Java was released,
Microsoft licensed it and started creating applications using it. The
feedback helped further development of Java, and thus Java 1.1 was
supported on all browsers of the time, which is why it was so widely
deployed.
 A lot of terms used in the introduction of the book might seem
foreign to you now, but as you read the book, more information is
introduced, and these words will start to make more sense. For now,
just keep in mind that every new Java version has something more
than the previous version, and at that time, every new component
was a novelty.

So what exactly happens to the developer-written Java code until

the actual execution? The process is depicted in Figure 1-5.

Figure 1-5 From Java code to machine code

Java code is compiled and transformed to bytecode that is then

interpreted and executed by the JVM on the underlying operating
system.

Java is a compiled and interpreted general-purpose

programming language with numerous features that make it well
suited for the web.
 Now that we’ve covered how Java code is executed, let’s go back to
some more history.

Sun Microsystem’s Java Versions

The first stable Java version released by Sun Microsystems could be
downloaded from the website as an archive named JDK, and its version
at the time was 1.0.2. JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. This
is the software development environment used for developing Java
applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE) , an interpreter (loader), a compiler, an archiver, a documentation
generator, and other tools needed for Java development. We will get
into this more in the section about installing JDK on your computer.
Starting with version 1.2, released in 1998, Java versions were given
codenames.6 The Java version 1.2 codename was Playground. It was a
massive release, and this was the moment when people started talking
about the Java 2 Platform. Starting with this version, the releases up to
J2SE 5.0 were renamed, and J2SE replaced JDK because the Java
platform was now composed of three parts:
J2SE (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition), which later became JSE, a
computing platform for the development and deployment of portable
code for desktop and server environments.
J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition), which later became JEE, a
set of specifications extending Java SE with specifications for
enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services.
J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition), which later became JME, a
computing platform for development and deployment of portable
code for embedded and mobile devices.
With this release, the JIT compiler became part of Sun
Microsystem’s JVM (which basically means turning code into executable
code became a faster operation and the generated executable code was
optimized), the Swing graphical API was introduced as a fancy
alternative to AWT (new components to create fancy desktop
applications were introduced), and the Java Collections Framework (for
working with sets of data) was introduced.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
"Good-bye, ma'am," said Jane. "God bless you!"

"Good-bye, mother, dear, dear mother!" cried Mavis, trying to smile.

Then, as the gig moved off, she waved her hand, and continued to do so till it was out of
sight. After that, she found it impossible to keep her composure any longer, and burst into
a flood of tears. Her aunt and Jane were both very kind and sympathetic, but she begged
them to let her be by herself. And, running into the house, she sought refuge in her own
room, where she sobbed out her grief undisturbed for some time. By-and-by, however,
Jane arrived, duster in hand. And Mavis, who had now passed the first keen pangs of
sorrow, bathed her tear-stained face, and inquired where she would find her aunt.

"She's downstairs, miss; you'll find her either in the kitchen or the back garden. Monday's
always a busy day with us, for it's washing-day. A woman from the village, Mrs. Long,
comes to wash. She's worked for Mrs. John for years."

"You mean Aunt Lizzie when you speak of Mrs. John, don't you, Jane?"

"Yes; most folks call her Mrs. John, for master's mother was living when he married. Your
mother is Mrs. Grey now, you know, for your father was the elder son. He might have had
the mill, if he had liked, but he preferred to be a clergyman. I knew both your father and
your uncle when they were boys. I lived here as servant when they were growing up, so
you see I've been with the family a great many years."

Mavis went downstairs and found her way to the kitchen, beyond which was a big scullery,
and outside that a wash-house, where a stout, rosy-cheeked woman was hard at work at a
wash-tub, up to elbows in soapsuds, and enveloped in a cloud of steam.

"Good morning, missie," she said to Mavis, smiling at her good-temperedly, and with
sympathy in her glance; for she knew the little girl's mother had left that morning, and
guessed that was the cause of her sorrowful face.

"Good morning," Mavis replied, returning her smile.

She went out into the kitchen-garden, where she found her aunt hanging various garments
on the clothes lines, which extended the whole length of the garden.

"Do let me help you, Aunt Lizzie," she said. "Isn't there something I can do?"

"You might spread these handkerchiefs on the hedge to bleach, they're Bob's. See what a
dreadful colour they are, and no wonder, for I caught him dusting his boots with one of
them and cleaning his slate with another! Boys make no end of work."

Mavis did as she was desired.

But her aunt had nothing more for her to do, so she found her way out of the garden by a
gate in the hedge into the meadow beyond, and strolled along the bank of the river.

She was still within sight of the house, when she was startled by a big, black, formidable-
looking dog, which came up and sniffed at her more out of curiosity—as she was quick
enough to discern—than with any idea of intimidating her. Mavis was unaccustomed to
dogs, but she was no coward, so she extended her hand to the great animal and spoke to
him, whereupon he was so overcome with her condescension that he quite lost his head,
and circled around her in delight, whilst she laughed heartily.

"Well, little maiden!"

Mavis turned at the sound of an amused voice addressing her, and found herself face to
face with the Vicar. She recognized his elderly, clean-shaven countenance, with its sweet-
tempered mouth and clear grey eyes, immediately.

"You are not afraid of my dog, I perceive," he proceeded, with a smile. "You need not be,
for he is very quiet. His name is Max. I do not know you, do I?" he asked doubtfully, as he
saw recognition in her glance.

"Oh no!" she responded, quickly.

"I think you must be the miller's little niece," he said, after a minute's reflection, during
which he had noticed the traces of recent tears on her face. "Mr. Grey told me he expected
you, and explained the circumstances under which you were to be left with him. Is your
mother gone?"

"She went this morning, not long ago," Mavis replied, with quivering lips. "But she does
not sail till Thursday. She is going ever so far away—to Australia—and I shan't see her for
months and months," she added, mournfully.

"Meanwhile, I hope you will be very happy at the Mill House with your relatives. Come
here, Max."

The dog obeyed his master's call, and allowed Mavis to pat his great head, after which, he
licked her hand, and she felt she had made a friend.

"He is a Newfoundland," Mr. Moseley said, "and he will fetch anything out of the water.
See!"

He picked up a stone, showed it to the dog, and flung it into the river. Max dived after it
immediately, and presently, reappearing, swam ashore and laid the same stone at his
master's feet. Mavis was delighted, and the performance was repeated several times for
her benefit.

"What a clever dog he is!" she cried, enthusiastically. "Aren't you very fond of him?"

"Yes," the Vicar replied, "Max and I are great friends; we understand each other. How do
you think you will like life in the country?" he inquired.

"I should like it, if mother was here, but I don't think I can be happy anywhere without
her," was the doleful response.

"Oh yes, you can," he said decidedly; "you must try to be happy; that is the duty of every
one. Life is hard for most of us at some time or other; it brings pain and separation. But
we ought not to become gloomy and sad. If there were no partings, there would be no
happy meetings. What is your name, my dear?"

"Mavis Grey."

"Mavis is a very pretty name. A little girl with that name should be as happy as a bird!"

Mavis smiled. She thought she would like to tell him how much she had enjoyed his
sermon last night. And, after a brief hesitation, she did so.

He appeared greatly pleased.

"It was just as though you knew how lonely I was feeling," she said eagerly, "just as
though you were preaching to me. I shall remember all you said—always, I hope. I'm not
going to let my heart be troubled—not more than I can help. And I'm going to try not to be
afraid, though there are so many things which might happen to mother!"

"There are many things which might happen to all of us. But we must trust ourselves and
those we love to our Father in Heaven." Mr. Moseley paused for a minute, then proceeded,
"I did not know my sermon last night was appropriate to any one in particular, but God
knew, we may be sure of that."

"Did He tell you what to say?" Mavis inquired. "Oh," she cried, as her companion assented,
"I was certain He did."

Mavis lingered a short while longer in conversation with her new acquaintance. Then she
remembered that her aunt might be wondering where she was, and, having said good-bye
to Mr. Moseley and bestowed a farewell pat on Max, she retraced her footsteps the way she
had come. Her drooping spirits were reviving, for her talk with the Vicar had done her
good. She looked up into the clear, blue sky overhead, and a glow of happiness crept into
her heart. Then she glanced across the sweep of meadow-lands, and began to sing in a
soft undertone—

"The Lord is only my support, and He that doth me feed;

How can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need?
In pastures green He feedeth me, where I do safely lie;
And after leads me to the streams which run most pleasantly."

Meanwhile, Mr. Grey had returned from Oxford, and was in the kitchen-garden talking to
his wife, who had brought out another basket of clothes. He was telling her, that he had
seen his sister-in-law off from the railway-station, and was inquiring what had become of
Mavis, when the little girl appeared at the garden gate.

"Why, she's singing!" he exclaimed, in surprise.

"I don't understand her," his wife replied, looking puzzled. "She seemed very cut up after
her mother had gone, and wept most bitterly, but I think her feelings must be all on the
surface—they can't go very deep."

At that moment Mavis caught sight of them. Her voice suddenly ceased, and she ran up to
her uncle, to learn that her mother had really gone.

"What was that you were singing, Mavis?" he inquired, curiously.

"The twenty-third psalm, Uncle John," she answered; "seeing the green meadows put me
in mind of it."

Then, observing he looked bewildered, she continued eagerly, "Don't you understand? 'He
maketh me to lie down in green pastures.'"

"Oh, now I follow your train of thought," he replied, with a smile, glancing at his wife.
"Fancy a child like you thinking of that!"
 CHAPTER V
PETTY JEALOUSY

THE morning following Mrs. Grey's departure from the Mill House, Mavis accompanied Rose
to school. Their way led past the church and the vicarage, and through the village. And as
they went, Mavis looked about her with interested eyes, admiring the picturesque creeper-
covered cottages with their trim gardens and thatched roofs.

"They seem to sell everything here," she remarked, with an amused smile, as she paused
before the one shop of the place, which was also the post-office, "groceries, brushes,
notepaper, and medicines too, I declare!"

"We must not dawdle," said Rose, as her cousin lingered, peering into the shop window,
"or we shall be late, and that won't do.'

"Would Miss Matthews be angry?" inquired Mavis. "Is she very strict?"

"Yes," nodded Rose; "mother says it's right she should be. If we were late, she would keep
us in after twelve o'clock, and most likely give us each an imposition—though perhaps you
would go unpunished, as it is your first day. You have never been to school before, have
you?"

"Never. Mother taught me to read and write. And then a young lady, a governess who
lodged at the same house that we did, used to teach me in the evenings. How many girls
are there at Miss Matthews' school?"

"About a dozen—most of them are boarders. Here we are. You see it takes us quite a
quarter of an hour to walk to school."

Miss Matthews' house was at the far end of the village. It was a modern red-brick villa with
bow windows, over the under-blinds of one of which Mavis saw the heads of several girls.
Rose led the way into the house by a side door. And, having shown her cousin where to
leave her hat and jacket on one of a row of pegs in the passage, piloted her to the
schoolroom, and introduced her to her schoolfellows. A few minutes later, Miss Matthews
herself appeared upon the scene, followed by a young governess called Miss Forbes.

"So this is my new pupil," observed Miss Matthews, her eyes scrutinizing Mavis very kindly
as she shook hands with her. "You are called Mavis, I hear," she proceeded; "it is an
uncommon name and a very pretty one."

Miss Matthews was a dark, middle-aged woman with a plain, clever face, and Mavis' first
impression of her was that she was very ugly, but the moment a smile lit up her
countenance, she decided that she was really quite good-looking.

By-and-by, the new pupil was handed over to the governess, who classed her with several
little girls varying from ten to twelve years of age. And so her school life began.

It was soon discovered that though Mavis' education had been carried on in a somewhat
desultory fashion, she was by no means backward. She owned an excellent memory, and
was quick to learn, taking after her father, as her uncle remarked when Rose told him how
easily her cousin mastered her lessons.
"She has inherited Rupert's clever brain," he said to his wife. "You can look in her face and
see she's as sharp as a needle. I hope she'll brisk up our Rose, who's one of the slow,
plodding sort—like myself," he added, with a laugh.

This speech did not please his hearer, though she recognized its truth. Rose had many
excellent qualities, but she was not in the least clever, as far as book-learning was
concerned, and found lessons great drudgery.

Mavis was very soon on the best of terms with all the inmates of the Mill House, with the
exception of her aunt, whom she found it impossible to like as well as the others, though
she could not have told why she did not feel at home with her, if she had been asked for a
reason. The fact was, Mrs. John failed to understand Mavis, who was naturally of a light-
hearted, joyous disposition, and she was confirmed in her impression, as time went on,
that the child's nature was a superficial one. When, on the morning subsequent to the day
on which the 'Nineveh' had sailed from Plymouth, Mavis had received a farewell letter from
her mother, over which she had shed tears, she had had her aunt's full sympathy. But
when, a few hours later, she had returned from school with Rose, apparently in good
spirits, her aunt had privately dubbed her a heartless little thing, being quite unaware of
the brave fight the child had made against depression.

"I advise you not to make too much of Mavis," Mrs. John remarked to her husband on one
occasion, after he had taken the little girl for a drive. "You will spoil her if you're not
careful."

"Oh, nonsense, my dear," he replied; "there's small danger of my doing that. She's had
few pleasures in her life, poor child, and our young folks have had a great many. Bob
wanted to accompany me to-day—he said it was his turn—but I told him he must give up
his place in the gig to his cousin."

"That was hard on the boy, John."

"Not at all. I don't see it."

But Bob himself considered that it had been very hard, for he was unaccustomed to self-
sacrifice, and he liked nothing so well as driving with his father. So when, after tea, Mavis
commenced telling him and Rose of the delightful time she had had, he listened in
somewhat sullen silence.

"It was so kind of Uncle John to take me to Oxford," Mavis said happily. "I think it is such a
lovely place, with those beautiful virginian creepers growing all over the colleges."

"The leaves will soon be off the creepers after the first frost," remarked Rose. "I'm glad
you've seen them, Mavis. Some people think Oxford prettier in the autumn than at any
time, but I like it in the spring, when the hawthorn and lilacs and laburnums are in flower."

"Uncle put up the horse at an inn, and took me to see T—, that was father's college, you
know, and he pointed out the rooms that were father's once, and I saw the chapel and the
lime-walk, and he told me such a lot about father, how clever he was, and that he won
scholarships, and in that way more than half paid for his own education. Oh, how I wish
mother could have been with me to-day!"

"You'll be able to tell her all about it some time," said Rose, as she noticed a shade of
sadness cross her cousin's face.

"Oh yes; but not for a long, long time. How did you and Bob spend the afternoon?" Mavis
asked, glancing from the sister to the brother.
"We went blackberry gathering," answered Rose.

"It was slow work," observed Bob, joining in the conversation at last. "You had the best of
it, Mavis," he added, grudgingly.

"Indeed I think I did," Mavis agreed, with a smile. Then, becoming aware by the
expression of Bob's face that he was displeased, she inquired, "Would you have liked to
have gone to Oxford instead of me this afternoon?"

"Rather!" he exclaimed. "Father took you for a drive last Saturday, too!" he reminded her,
in a way which showed he resented the fact.

"Bob!" exclaimed Rose, in an expostulating tone.

"Well, it's not fair that father should make more of Mavis than of us," he grumbled, "I
know mother thinks so too."

"For shame!" cried Rose, her kind heart touched by the hurt expression on her cousin's
face. "Don't take any notice of what he says, Mavis."

"I didn't know he wanted to go this afternoon," murmured Mavis, looking distressed, "but I
suppose one of you would have gone, if I had not been here. I—I am very sorry."

"There is nothing to be sorry about," Rose replied. "There, I believe you've made her cry,"
she said, turning upon her brother with indignation, as Mavis slipped quietly out of the
room. "I saw tears in her eyes. You are very selfish, and you ought to be ashamed of
yourself, Bob. If father makes much of Mavis, it's only because he wants her to be happy
with us. It's so sad that her mother should have had to go away and leave her."

"I didn't mean to make her cry," Bob answered. "I call her a great baby!"

"She's quite a little girl, of course," said Rose, who, being two years her cousin's senior,
felt almost grown up in comparison to her, "but I don't consider her at all babyish. See how
little fuss she made when her mother left!"

"I don't believe she cared—not much, heard mother say so to Jane; she said Mavis was
singing a few hours after Aunt Margaret had gone, and people don't sing if they're sad."

Rose did not argue the point. Instead, she went upstairs in search of Mavis, whom she
found in her bedroom, sitting on a chair by the window in the dark.

"What are you doing, Mavis?" she asked.

"Nothing," Mavis answered, "only thinking, and—and wishing that mother had left me in
London with Miss Tompkins. I never guessed Bob wanted to go this afternoon, I never
thought that I was taking his place!"

"It was very selfish and unkind of him to speak as he did, and father would be very angry
if he knew he had done so. Think no more of it, Mavis. You haven't been crying, have
you?"

"No," Mavis answered. "I've been praying," she added, after a minute's pause.

"Praying?" Rose was surprised. "But it isn't bedtime," she said, "I always say my prayers
night and morning, don't you?"
"Yes, and odd times besides, whenever I feel I want to. It—it comforts me. It's so nice to
think Jesus is always near to hear one, isn't it, and to remember He understands what
other people can't? I expect Bob thinks it was very selfish of me to go to Oxford with Uncle
John—"

"I shall tell father how he spoke to you!" Rose broke in, impetuously.

"Oh, don't, please don't!" implored Mavis. "Don't let us say any more about it. Promise you
won't."

Rose gave the required promise, and the two little girls went downstairs together. Bob,
who was now ashamed of the jealous spirit he had exhibited, found an opportunity during
the evening of telling Mavis he was sorry if he had seemed unkind, and that he was really
glad that she had enjoyed the afternoon.

September was nearly out now, but the fine weather continued, so that the young folks
were able to spend their spare time out-of-doors. They had several blackberrying
expeditions, from which they returned laden with luscious fruit, which Jane converted into
bramble jelly. Mavis soon knew the prettiest walks around W—, and learnt the dangerous
places in the river, where the water was deep and swift.

Sometimes in their rambles, the children came upon Mr. Moseley, who generally stopped
and talked to them. Rose and Bob, like many country children, were shy, and had little to
say for themselves. But Mavis, on the contrary, was always ready to further a
conversation.

"You should have heard Mavis chattering to the Vicar this afternoon," said Bob to his
mother, one Saturday evening. "I should think she talked to him for quite half an hour."

"Oh, quite!" agreed Mavis.

"I hope he did not think you a forward little girl, Mavis," said her aunt gravely, with a note
of rebuke in her voice.

Mavis coloured indignantly, and a quick retort rose to her lips, but she refrained from
uttering it, and kept silence.

"Mr. Moseley asked Mavis what she thought of Oxford, and she told him," explained Rose.
"And then he questioned her about Aunt Margaret, and when the 'Nineveh' was due to
arrive at Sydney, and of course, she had to answer him."

"Yes," assented her mother, "that was quite right. But little girls must not be too ready
with their tongues."

"Rose isn't," said Bob, with a mischievous glance at his sister. "She scarcely spoke a word
to Mr. Moseley this afternoon."

"I-I don't know Mr. Moseley very well," stammered poor Rose, "and I was shy, I suppose.
So were you, Bob, for that matter."

"Bob is three years your junior, Rose," said her mother. "At your age, you ought not to be
shy. Why could you not talk to the Vicar as well as Mavis?"

Rose hung her head and made no response, whilst her cousin felt very uncomfortable.
Mavis was fully conscious, by this time, that her aunt did not approve of her, that she
regarded her with critical eyes, and that she was always displeased if any one noticed her
more than her cousins. And these facts prevented her from being as happy as she
otherwise would have been at the Mill House. She was never quite at her ease in her
aunt's presence, and certainly never at her best. And yet, Mrs. John had no intention of
being otherwise than just and kind to her little niece, and was vexed when she observed
that Mavis' affection for her uncle was deepening day by day, whilst she held more and
more aloof from herself.

"Aunt Lizzie doesn't like me," Mavis thought frequently, and she would wonder if she could
have possibly done anything to evoke her aunt's displeasure. "I try to please her, but I see
she doesn't care for me, and I'm afraid I don't care for her—much."

CHAPTER VI
ROSE IN TROUBLE

AUTUMN had given place to winter, a wet, depressing winter with rain and westerly gales,
and the flat country between W— and Oxford was flooded. There had been almost
incessant rain for weeks now. And Mavis, as she sat at the little table by her bedroom
window engaged in writing a letter to her mother, which she was taking great pains to spell
correctly, considering every word, glanced at the leaden sky every now and again, in the
hope of seeing a break in the clouds.

"I don't think we ever had such bad weather in London," she reflected. "But perhaps I
didn't notice it so much there. What will happen, I wonder, if the floods go on increasing?
We seem almost surrounded by water as it is."

By-and-by, Rose came to the door, wanting to know if her cousin had nearly finished her
letter.

"Yes," Mavis replied, "I'm ending up now. Come in, Rosie."

So Rose came in. The two little girls had become very friendly by this time, for, though
there was a difference of two years in their ages, in many ways Mavis appeared as old if
not older than her cousin, no doubt because she had always been to a great extent in her
mother's confidence. Rose had lived her twelve years in a home where she had had every
comfort. Whilst Mavis had known times when she and her mother could not have told from
what source the wherewithal was to come to provide them with the necessaries of life, and
yet God had never allowed them to want, He had given them always sufficient for their
needs.

"What is the matter, Rose?" said Mavis, as, having put away her writing materials, she
turned her attention to her cousin, who stood at the window with an expression of gloom
on her face.

"Nothing more than usual," Rose answered, in a tone which implied that she generally had
much to bear. "Mother's been scolding me," she proceeded, as Mavis continued to look at
her inquiringly. "She says she's most dissatisfied with the progress I'm making at school,
that if I'm not careful you'll soon get ahead of me, and—and I can't help it, if you do. I try
to learn, Mavis, but I'm so slow, and—oh, you mustn't think that I'm jealous of you, for I'm
not!"

"Of course I don't think that, Rosie," Mavis replied, greatly distressed at the sight of her
cousin's tearful eyes and quivering lips. "It wouldn't be true, if you did. I told mother that
Miss Matthews said it was quite likely you would be raised into my class next term. I
thought she'd be pleased; but, instead, she was angry with me, and called me a dunce.
Perhaps I am a dunce," Rose admitted, with a sob. "If I am, I can't help it."

Mavis did not know what to say. She was aware that Rose learnt with difficulty, and that
her mother was frequently impatient with her for being so slow, which seemed to her very
unkind. And she had looked forward to being in the same class as her cousin, because she
thought it would be pleasant for them to do their lessons together.

"Miss Matthews knows that I try to get on," Rose continued, in the same aggrieved tone.
"She never complains of me, and I don't consider mother ought to have scolded me, just
because I'm not so sharp as other girls. She doesn't worry Bob about his lessons like she
does me. Bob's her favourite, and he can do nothing amiss. I declare I won't try to learn
any more, for mother's sure to find fault with me, anyway! It's most unjust."

"I don't suppose Aunt Lizzie understands how hard you try to learn," Mavis said, putting
her arms around Rose and kissing her flushed cheek. "Don't be unhappy about it, dear. You
do your best, I'm sure."

"That's why I feel it's so hard mother should be cross with me, Mavis. I don't idle my time
away, like some of the girls at school do, and—and she says I must, or I shouldn't be so
backward." Rose brushed away an angry tear, and choked back a sob. "Let us talk of
something else," she said. "You've been writing to Aunt Margaret, haven't you?"

"Yes. Aunt Lizzie said I might enclose a letter with one she has written. I wonder how long
this rainy weather will last, Rosie."

"Father thinks we shall have a change soon, for the wind is getting more northerly; it's
been due west for weeks. If we get frost now the floods are out, we shall have fine
skating; you will like that, Mavis?"

"I can't skate," Mavis answered. "I never tried."

"Oh, we will soon teach you. I am looking forward to a long spell of frost, like we had last
winter."

"Are you? We thought that frost was dreadful in London, because it made things so hard
for the poor—they don't feel the wet so much as long as it's mild, but when it's cold and
frosty, the distress is terrible. Last winter, not far from where we lived, a poor old woman
was found dead on a doorstep; I couldn't sleep for nights afterwards for thinking of her."

"How shocking!" exclaimed Rose, in an awe-struck voice. "Had she no home?"

"No. There are hundreds and hundreds of people in London without homes. Mother knew a
great many poor people, and it used to make her so sad when she couldn't help them.
Often they'd come and tell her their troubles, because, you see, being poor herself, she
could understand better than if she had been rich," Mavis explained, with a wisdom beyond
her years.

"Were you, then, very poor, Mavis?" Rose inquired, wonderingly.

"Yes," nodded Mavis; "but we always had enough to eat, though sometimes it was only
bread-and-butter. Once we couldn't pay our rent, and mother was in great trouble about
that, but Miss Tompkins was very kind, and said she would willingly wait for it. And then,
mother had a good engagement to nurse a rich old gentleman for a few weeks, so Miss
Tompkins hadn't to wait long."

"Why didn't your mother write to father for some money, Mavis?" asked Rose. "I am sure
he would have been very pleased to send her some."

"I am sure he would, too, now I know him. I don't know why she didn't write to him;
perhaps she did not like to bother him, yes, that must have been it."

"Father says Aunt Margaret has been a wonderful woman to do as she has done, with no
one to help her," remarked Rose.

"God helped her," said Mavis, simply; "mother says He helps all who trust in Him."

"You tell Him all your troubles, don't you, Mavis?" Rose asked. Then, as her cousin nodded
assent, she said, "I don't mean only great troubles, but little ones?"

"Oh yes."

"Well, I don't. I just say my regular prayers twice a day, and that's all. I don't feel God's
my Friend, like you do."

"Don't you? Oh, but you should. I'd tell Him everything, if I were you."

"What, that mother's vexed with me for being slow at school, for instance?"

"Yes. God knows you do your best, Rosie, if Aunt Lizzie doesn't. I'd ask Him to make her
believe it, if I were you. Mother says when we've told God our trouble, we oughtn't to
worry about it any more, but just leave it to Him, and He'll be sure to put it right."

"Do you really think that?"

"Of course I do. He has promised to bear our troubles, and you know it says in the Bible,
'there has not failed one word of all His good promise.' I'll show you the verse, if you like."

"It astonishes me that you should be so religious," Rose observed, after a few minutes'
thought, "because you're such a merry little soul as a rule, always singing about the place
and ready for any fun, and I thought religious people were generally very solemn."

"Oh, do you think so? Mother says religion ought to make people joyous and happy, and
that it's mistrusting God to be gloomy and sad. That's why I've tried not to trouble about
her leaving me; but sometimes I haven't been able to help crying when I've thought how
far she's gone away, and then I've felt so bad about it afterwards."

At that moment heavy footsteps, easily recognizable as Mr. Grey's, were heard ascending
the stairs, and a minute later came a knock at the door, and a voice outside called—

"Mavis, I've news for you, my dear."

"News?" Mavis sprang to the door and flung it open wide. "Oh, Uncle John," she cried, as
she saw her uncle standing smiling at her, "do you mean that you have news of mother?
But no, it cannot be that!"
"Yes, it is, child," Mr. Grey responded, "and good news, too. The 'Nineveh' has arrived at
Sydney. Your mother's in first-rate health, and Miss Dawson is better. I've had a letter from
Mr. Dawson, and he has had a cablegram from your mother. It seems, he promised her he
would let us know as soon as he heard from her. It is very good news, isn't it?"

"Splendid!" cried Mavis, her face aglow with happiness. "How kind of Mr. Dawson to write
to you, Uncle John! I never guessed we should get news so soon, did you?"

"Well, I thought it just possible," Mr. Grey admitted, "but I didn't say a word about it, for
fear you should be disappointed. Mr. Dawson is evidently in high spirits, judging from the
tone of his letter. And I don't believe your mother would raise his hopes about his
daughter, if she had not good cause for doing so. The change of climate may really set up
the poor young lady's health, after all, and I sincerely hope God may spare her life. Her
father has my sympathy. I know how grieved I should feel if I had to send my little girl
away from me, especially if she was ill."

And Mr. Grey smiled affectionately at Rose as he spoke.

She threw her arms around his neck and hugged and kissed him again and again,
exclaiming the while—

"Oh, you dear father! You do love me, don't you, just as much as though I was clever?"

"Bless the child, yes," he replied, with his hearty laugh. "Why, Rosie, there are tears in
your eyes. What's the meaning of that?"

She would not tell him, however, and he was wiser than to press the question.

Meanwhile, Mavis had gone in search of the other members of the household to impart her
news to them. Her heart was singing with joy, and her aunt thought she had never seen a
brighter, happier pair of eyes than those which peeped around the kitchen door to see if
she was there.

"Such good news, Aunt Lizzie!" cried Mavis, and she proceeded to explain what it was.

"Thank God they have made the journey in safety!" exclaimed Jane, who had stopped in
the midst of the important business of stove-cleaning when the little girl had appeared.

"I do thank Him," Mavis answered, softly.

"How relieved in mind Mr. Dawson must be!" exclaimed Mrs. John. She was rubbing the
contents of the plate-basket with a piece of chamois leather, her usual task on a Saturday
afternoon. "Poor man, I sympathize with him greatly," she continued, "especially as Miss
Dawson is his only child. How grateful he will be to your mother, Mavis, if she brings him
back her patient restored to health!"

"Mother will take good care of her," Mavis responded. "She's a capital nurse, every one
who knows her says that; but only God can make Miss Dawson well."

"That's so," agreed Jane, with a nod, as she returned to her stove. "I don't believe that
child ever forgets that God's above all," she remarked, as Mavis left the kitchen to look for
Bob, to impart her news to him. "It's to be hoped she'll always remember it."

"She's a strange little thing," her mistress answered, "so very childish in some ways, and
in others thoughtful beyond her years."
 CHAPTER VII
A GREAT GIFT

THE heavy rains had ceased, and there had been several nights of hard frost, which had
covered the flooded meadows surrounding W— with a thick coating of ice.

"The ice will bear to-day," remarked Mr. Grey, one morning at breakfast. "I believe we're in
for a spell of dry weather. You must look to your skates, children, for, if all's well, you'll get
some skating now."

By the following morning—a Saturday—the ice was in splendid condition, and the young
people of the village spent nearly the whole day on it, as well as many of their elders.

Mavis had been supplied with an old pair of skates which had belonged to Rose, who had
bought a new pair the previous season. And during the morning, her uncle gave her, her
first lesson in skating; but he was called away on business in the afternoon, and she was
left to her own resources. She got on by herself fairly well, and managed to keep her feet
unaided; but it was slow work, and she grew tired and cold long before her cousins were
ready to leave the ice. By-and-by she divested herself of her skates, and declared to Rose
her intention of going home.

SHE WAS LEFT TO HER OWN RESOURCES.

"What, already?" cried Rose. "Why, how cold you look! I'm most beautifully warm. You
don't want me to go with you, do you?" she asked.

"Oh no," Mavis replied, "certainly not. I don't think I've got on badly. But I can't skate fast
enough to keep warm like you, and my feet are so cold, there's no feeling in them.
Otherwise I should like to stay and look on."

Rose nodded, and skimmed away over the ice. Whilst Mavis left the meadow by the
gateway, and turned into the road leading to the village, through which she had to pass on
her way home, walking briskly to get herself warm.

It was a perfect winter afternoon. The sun was sinking rosily in the western sky, and the
keen, frosty air was most invigorating. Mavis had enjoyed the day; but she sighed, and her
pretty face grow grave as she thought of those to whom frost meant only added misery,
and she felt glad that there were no extremely poor people in W—.

"I don't suppose there's any one in the place who hasn't enough to eat," she reflected.
"For I heard uncle say last night that the villagers were very well looked after; they get
coal-tickets, and they belong to blanket clubs, and they have good homes."

She had reached the village by this time, and was passing the post-office when the Vicar
came out, followed by his dog. A smile lit up Mr. Moseley's kindly countenance as his eyes
fell on the little girl.

"All alone?" he said. "How is that?"

"I got so very cold on the ice that I thought I'd go home," Mavis explained, as she patted
Max. "I only began to learn to skate to-day, and I grew very tired."

"Naturally. You are warmer now?"

"Oh yes, thank you. I have been walking fast. Max is very pleased to see me, isn't he?"

"Very. He counts you as a friend, there is no doubt about that. I am glad to hear you have
had good news of your mother. I saw your uncle a few days ago, and he mentioned that
Mrs. Grey had arrived at Sydney safely."

"Oh yes. I shall be having a letter from her from Sydney before Christmas, I expect. Did
uncle tell you that Miss Dawson is better, Mr. Moseley?"

"Miss Dawson is the young lady your mother is nursing, I suppose? No, your uncle did not
tell me that; but I am very glad."

"She is such a pretty young lady, and so rich; but she is very delicate, though you wouldn't
think it to look at her. I never saw her but once, and then she was very kind to me. She
gave me a beautiful gold locket and chain for a keepsake. I had nothing of the kind before,
and we got quite friendly, though we were only together for a little while. Isn't it odd how
quickly one gets friendly with some people?"

He smiled and assented. They were walking in the direction of the vicarage, which Mavis
had to pass on her way home.

"I think it's very strange," the little girl continued, knitting her brows thoughtfully. "Now,
Rose and I are great friends, and, on the whole, I get on well with Bob, and I'm very fond
of Uncle John; but, do you know—" she dropped her voice confidentially as she spoke—"I
never can quite like Aunt Lizzie. I do hope it isn't very wrong of me."
"Why can't you like her?" the Vicar asked, looking surprised.

"I don't know," Mavis admitted, shaking her head.

"She's kind to you, I'm sure."

"Oh yes, yes!" The little girl grew red, and hesitated. "Please, Mr. Moseley, what is it to be
superficial?" she asked, by-and-by. "Is it something one ought not to be?"

"To be superficial is to be all on the surface—shallow," he replied. "But why do you ask
that?"

"Aunt Lizzie says I'm superficial," Mavis explained. "I heard her tell Uncle John so. But he
said no, I was not. Indeed, I was not trying to listen," she proceeded quickly. "I was
coming downstairs, and they were in the hall. I didn't know they were talking about me.
Then it's nothing very bad if one is superficial, Mr. Moseley?"

"No," he answered, with an involuntary smile; "and it's nothing for you to trouble about.
But I agree with your uncle. I think, perhaps, your aunt is mistaken; she probably does not
understand you, and you evidently do not understand her. No doubt you will get to know
each other better by-and-by. I am coming to see your aunt about you one day soon."

"About me?" Mavis exclaimed, questioningly.

"Yes. I am going to get up a concert—not just yet, during Christmas week—and invite all
the villagers to attend. It will be held in the schoolroom, and I think you can help me, if
your aunt will permit it."

"I!" cried the little girl in amazement. "What can I do?"

"You can sing. I have heard you on several occasions when you have been with your
cousins in the woods, though you have not known I have been listening. Once I heard you
sing a most beautiful version of the twenty-third psalm, and that is what I should like you
to sing at my concert."

"Oh, Mr. Moseley, I don't think I could—before a lot of strange people!"

"Not if it gave them pleasure?" he inquired, with a smile.

"I should be so nervous," faltered the little girl.

"Perhaps, at first, but you would very soon get over that."

"But I have never learnt to sing properly—not with music, I mean. I couldn't sing with a
piano; it would put me out."

"I should like you to sing without an accompaniment, as you have been accustomed. God
has given you a groat gift, my dear, don't you think He expects you to use it for the benefit
of others?"

"Do you think that?" Mavis asked earnestly.

"Certainly I do. The poet Longfellow says that God sent His singers upon earth—"

"'That they might touch the hearts of men,

 And bring them back to heaven again.'"

"Those lines recurred to my memory when I heard you sing that beautiful, comforting
psalm."

Mavis' face broke into a sudden, radiant smile. In imagination, she heard Miss Dawson's
well-remembered voice saying: "You have given me comfort, and reminded me that I am
not setting out on a long journey without support from God." She knew the sick girl had
referred to the words she had previously sung—

"The Lord is only my support, and He that doth me feed;

How can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need?"

Had God indeed given her a great gift, expecting her to use it for the benefit of others?
She had never thought of her voice in that light before; she had sung instinctively, like the
bird after which she had been named.

"Mr. Moseley, I will sing at your concert gladly, if Aunt Lizzie will let me," she said, at
length.

"Thank you, my dear. I felt sure you would. Well, I shall call at the Mill House shortly. You
will soon run home from here?"

"Oh yes," assented Mavis.

They had reached the vicarage gate, and, having shaken hands with her companion, and
put her arms around Max's neck and given him an affectionate hug, she hastened on. She
felt very light-hearted, and hummed a little tune happily to herself as she tripped along.
But her voice suddenly ceased as she neared the Mill House and caught sight of a man's
figure ahead of her, clad in a ragged suit of clothes. A pang of pity shot through her
sympathetic heart.

"I suppose he's a tramp or a beggar," she thought, "he looks dreadfully poor."

The man turned at the sound of her light footsteps, and looked at her. She saw his face
was pinched and blue with the cold, and that it wore a very wretched, dispirited
expression. As she caught up to him, he spoke.

"Have you a penny you could spare me, missie?" he said, in a voice which sounded weak,
she thought. He was quite a young man, tall and broad-shouldered, but extremely thin.

"No, I haven't," she replied, regretfully. "Oh, I'm so sorry! You do look miserably cold."

"Aye, I'm cold," he agreed, with a short, bitter laugh, "cold and hungry, too."

"Hungry? Oh dear, how dreadful! Do you live here—at W— I mean?"

"No. I'm on the look-out for work—have been for weeks—but it's very scarce. I'm not a
beggar from choice. I've been hanging around the mill in hopes of seeing the miller,
thinking that he might give me a job. They told me in the village that he wanted a man to
drive a waggon."
"I believe he does," said Mavis. "But he's not at home this afternoon. I live at the Mill
House; Mr. Grey's my uncle. Go round to the back door, I'm sure my aunt will give you
something to eat."

The man looked at her doubtfully, but he did as he was told.

Meanwhile Mavis passed through the wicket-gate, ran up the garden path, and entered the
house by the front door. She found her aunt in the parlour, engaged in darning stockings,
and immediately informed her that there was a poor starving man outside.

"Do give him some food, please, Aunt Lizzie, and let him warm himself by the kitchen fire,"
she said, pleadingly. "He wants to see Uncle John, to ask him if he can give him work.
Mayn't he come in and wait? I have sent him around to the back door."

"Really, Mavis, you take too much upon yourself!" cried her aunt, irascibly. "I never
encourage tramps; the workhouse is always open to them. I must send this man off at
once."

"Aunt Lizzie, you don't mean it!" exclaimed Mavis, aghast. "Oh, you won't be so cruel! He
is hungry, I am certain he is, and, oh, it will be unkind if you don't give him something to
eat—if only a slice of bread!"

The little girl repented having spoken so hastily the moment after the words had passed
her lips, and she hung her head and commenced a stammering apology. Her aunt did not
stay to listen to it, however, but hurried to the kitchen. The man was already at the back
door, and Jane was speaking to him.

"I dare say missus will give you a bit of bread and meat," she was remarking, as Mrs.
John, closely followed by Mavis, entered the kitchen.

"How often have I warned you not to encourage tramps, Jane!" said her mistress, severely.
"Go away, or I'll report you to the police for begging," she declared, imperatively motioning
to the man to depart.

"The little lady thought you'd give me something to eat, ma'am," he said. "She told me to
come."

"Yes, I did," asserted Mavis, nearly weeping. "Oh, Aunt Lizzie, don't, don't send him away
hungry."

Mrs. John wavered. She looked scrutinizingly at the man, and saw he was evidently
wretchedly cold and inadequately clothed, and her heart was stirred with pity. So she went
into the larder and cut some bread and meat, which she gave him.

"Thank you, ma'am," he said, his tone evincing real gratitude. But though he addressed
the donor of the food, his glance went past her to Mavis. He was not allowed to say more,
however, for at that moment the door was shut in his face, and he had no choice but to go
away.

"I am never knowingly unkind to any one, Mavis," Mrs. John said, as she turned her
attention to her little niece, who was furtively wiping her eyes, "and I am greatly
astonished that you should have spoken to me in such an unbecoming manner."

"It was very wrong of me, and I'll never do so again, Aunt Lizzie," Mavis responded, in a
tremulous voice. "But you didn't seem to understand that the poor man was really hungry.
Won't you forgive me? I did not mean to be rude. I spoke without thinking."
"Yes, I forgive you. But never presume to dictate to me again. Why have you returned
before the others?"

Mavis explained, and went on to repeat the conversation she had held with the Vicar, to
which her aunt listened with an expression of disapproval on her countenance, afterwards
remarking—

"You are too young, in my opinion, to sing in public. However, I will hear what Mr. Moseley
has to say, and consult your uncle upon the matter. The idea of a child like you singing at a
concert. It is preposterous to think of it!"

Mavis made no answer, for she saw Mrs. John was greatly displeased. She thought it was
because of the manner in which she had addressed her in reference to the hungry
stranger, and was quite unaware that, added to that, her aunt was jealous on her
children's account. Truth to tell, Mrs. John was annoyed that the Vicar should seek to bring
Mavis into notice. She would not admit, even to herself, that the little girl had a
wonderfully beautiful voice.

CHAPTER VIII
LOOKING FORWARD TO CHRISTMAS

THE miller's thrifty wife was not by any means a hard woman, but she lacked that quick
sympathy for others which is generally the outcome of a vivid imagination joined to a
kindly heart. She never realized the sorrows of her fellow-creatures without they were set
plainly before her. And though she was in many ways much shrewder than her husband,
she often made mistakes of which he would have been incapable.

She had been a worker all her life, and consequently entertained a great contempt for
idlers. And she believed that if people worked they always got on well, for that had been
her own experience. She had lived rather a narrow life, with few interests outside her own
family.

Had it been otherwise, doubtless she would have known that sometimes God denies
success—as the world counts success—to those who do their best and work their hardest.
Thus it was, that rarely did any one come to her for help or sympathy, whilst many were
the tales of woe which were poured into her husband's ears.

When Mavis had hastened to her aunt requesting food for a hungry man, Mrs. John had
immediately jumped to the conclusion that he must be a professional beggar, and
therefore a dangerous character. Her eyes had shown her the real misery of his condition,
however, so she had fed him. But she had not been possessed of sufficient discernment to
notice that he was not an ordinary mendicant, so that when her husband informed her, a
few days later, at dinner-time, that he had engaged the man she had so unwillingly
assisted, to drive one of his waggons, she was greatly astonished.

"You cannot mean it!" she explained. "Why, he was literally in rags! John, surely you are
very unwise."
"That remains to be proved, my dear," responded her husband, gravely, "but I hope I am
not. The man is accustomed to horses; he has been in the employ of a farmer living near
Woodstock, and I see no reason why he should not suit me, if he keeps the promises he
has made me to be honest and steady. His name is Richard Butt, and he's twenty-five
years of age, and has a young wife, who is at present living with her parents at
Woodstock."

"Then he doesn't support her? He has been out of work some time, I suppose? Why did he
leave his last place?"

"Well, he got himself into trouble, my dear; he was very frank about it, and I have made
inquiries, and find he told me the truth. Remember, children," Mr. Grey proceeded,
addressing the three young folks, who were present and listening with great interest, "this
is not to go beyond our own household, you are not to speak of it to outsiders."

"We will not!" they agreed eagerly.

"Well, he was caught poaching, and sent to prison for six weeks," Mr. Grey went on to
explain. "No doubt he deserved his punishment. Of course, when he was released from
jail, he found his master had filled his place and had no work for him. And his young wife,
unable to pay the rent of their cottage, had been obliged to give it up and return to her
own people. For several weeks now, he has been tramping the district for miles around in
search of employment, without any success, ashamed to return to Woodstock, where he is
well-known, to be a disgrace to his relations."

"On Saturday, he heard I wanted a waggoner, so he waited about the place till he could
see me, which was on Monday. I believe he slept two nights in the cattle shed in Brimley
meadow, and I'm certain he's been half starved."

"Oh, how terrible!" cried Rose.

Whilst Mavis, a little paler than usual, glanced at her aunt, who was listening with an
impatient frown on her forehead.

"This cold, frosty weather, too!" exclaimed Bob. "To think of us all with plenty to eat, a fire
to warm ourselves by, and comfortable beds to lie on, and some one close to our house in
that old tumble-down shed!"

"You must look over my stock of clothes, Lizzie," said the miller, "and see if I can't spare
the poor fellow a suit. You don't approve of my having engaged him to work for me, I see."

"How can I approve of your befriending a man of that class? Do you expect a poacher to
be honest? He'll rob you for a certainty."

"I trust not; but if he does, I shall get rid of him at once. And at any rate, I shall have
given him a chance to redeem his character. I've written to his late master, who informs
me that Richard Butt is a strong, willing young fellow, and that he believes he took to
poaching for the love of sport. I don't know about that, I'm sure; but I don't fancy he'll
attempt anything of that kind again. Mind you, I'm not making excuses for him. As I've
told him, a man who poaches a rabbit is as much a thief as a man who robs a poultry-
yard, the principle is the same. But I can't help being sorry for him, and I wouldn't have it
on my conscience for anything that I might have assisted a fellow-creature and hadn't
done it. It's the right thing, I take it, to give a helping hand where one can."

"Perhaps God sent him to you on purpose, Uncle John," said Mavis; "because you could
give him work, I mean."
"May be so, my dear," agreed the miller.

"When does he commence to work for you?" inquired his wife, still looking dubious.

"Next Monday. He has found lodgings in the village."

"How has he managed about money?"

"Well, I have advanced him a little," Mr. Grey admitted. "I offered to do so, and I believe
he is very grateful to me."

"It is to be hoped he will keep faith with you, John," his wife remarked drily.

"You will look-out a suit of clothes for him, won't you, Lizzie?"

"I will, if he turns up on Monday as arranged. But it would not astonish me, if he does not.
We shall see."

Richard Butt did keep faith with the kind man who had befriended him, however. And
proved himself quite equal to the task he had undertaken, to drive the big waggon with its
pair of fine horses.

Mrs. John duly presented him with a suit of her husband's clothes, and various other
articles of clothing which she thought might be useful to him. And she took the opportunity
to question him about his wife, whom he said he was going to send for as soon as he could
make a home for her.

"She's been able to save a few bits of our furniture," he explained, "and if I give Mr. Grey
satisfaction, and find he's willing to keep me on, I shall look-out for a cottage in the
village. Meantime, my wife will stay with her parents, she's no expense to them, for she
earns enough for herself by doing plain needlework."

The children, Mavis especially, took great interest in the new waggoner. And they were
careful not to tell any one the circumstances which had brought him to the deplorable
position he had been in when Mr. Grey had taken pity upon him. He had paid the penalty
for his sin, and was starting life afresh.

The severe frost continued for more than a fortnight, and Mavis learnt to skate very nicely.
Many happy hours did she spend with her cousins and her schoolfellows on the ice; and
deeply regretful were the young people when a thaw set in, and weather-wise folks began
to prophesy a mild Christmas.

Rose and Bob were looking forward to Christmas with much eagerness, for the season had
always been a very happy one for them. But Mavis was anticipating the coming festival
with very sober thoughts. Hitherto, she and her mother had been together at Christmas;
now they were divided by thousands and thousands of miles of land and sea. She listened
somewhat half-heartedly to her cousins' plans for making the most of the holidays, until
Rose gave her a look of wonder and reproach, and said—

"What is the matter? You don't seem yourself, Mavis."

"I've been thinking of last Christmas, and that has made me rather sad," Mavis answered.
"Mother and I were together then," she added, the tears rushing to her hazel eyes as she
spoke.

"Oh!" cried Rose, comprehendingly, whilst Bob inquired—

"Did you have a lot of presents?"

"No; I only had two—a work-basket from mother, and a story-book from Miss Tompkins.
But it was a lovely Christmas! Mother and I were so happy together! On Christmas Eve, it
was fine, and we went out and had a good look at the shops. We enjoyed seeing all the
pretty things, and thinking what we would buy, if we were rich. We spent Christmas Day
quite by ourselves. In the morning, we went to the service at a little mission church where
father used to preach sometimes—the people who go there are mostly poor people, some
of them so poor that they wouldn't like to go and sit with those who are well-dressed. And
in the afternoon, after dinner, we sat by the fire and talked, and never, never dreamed that
we should be so far apart from each other when Christmas came again."

And Mavis heaved a deep sigh.

"Oh, you mustn't get sad," said Rose, earnestly. "I'm sure your mother wouldn't like you to
be that. We want you to have a very happy Christmas. We shall break up at school about
the twentieth of December, and then we shall be very busy at home, making mincemeat
and puddings, and preparing our Christmas presents."

The time had arrived now when Mavis might expect her mother's first letter from Sydney.
It was delivered one afternoon whilst she was at school, and given to her immediately on
her return. She ran upstairs to her bedroom to enjoy it undisturbed, and her heart
throbbed with happiness as she read that her mother was well, and that Miss Dawson was
continuing to improve in health.

"You are constantly in my thoughts and prayers, little daughter,"

Mrs. Grey had written, "and ever in my heart. God bless and keep you,
my darling child. I enclose a money-order for a pound, for you to spend
as you like; doubtless you will find it useful at Christmas."

"Oh, how nice!" exclaimed Mavis, delighted beyond measure. "Now I shall be able to give
presents to every one! A whole pound! I never had more than half a crown in my life
before!"

She finished reading her mother's letter, then went back to the beginning, and read it right
through to the end again before she looked into the envelope for the money-order. There it
was safe enough, and a half-sheet of notepaper, on which were written a few lines in an
unfamiliar handwriting—

"DEAR LITTLE MAVIS,"

"This is to wish you a very happy Christmas. I am really better, and I

believe God is going to allow me to get well. Often I have been very low-
spirited and sad since we left England, but when I have thought of the
Good Shepherd, of whom you sang to me so sweetly, I have felt better.
'The Lord is only my support,' dear Mavis, and I am learning to trust in
Him more and more. Your mother is so good to me, so patient, so kind;
we have become great friends."

"I have written to my father asking him to send you a present from
London for me; you may expect to get it a few days before Christmas. It
will be my Christmas-box to you, and please accept it with my love.