ME 203

Thermodynamics

Work and Heat

 Engineer’s Job ?

• All our efforts are oriented towards how to

convert heat to work or vice versa:

• Heat to work Thermal power plant

• Work to heat Refrigeration / Heat Pump

• It needs to be done in a sustained manner.

• Sustainability is ensured from a cycle.
 Work
• Positive work is done by a system when
the sole effect external to the system could
be reduced to the rise of a weight.
• Raising of a weight ~ Force acting through
a distance
• Hence, Work is a means of transferring
energy.
 Work
• How the force varies with the displacement?
• The value of W depends on the details of
the interactions taking place between the
system and the surrounding during a
process and not just initial and final state.
• It is not a property. It is a path function.
• The differential of work, δW is said to be
inexact, as it can not be evaluated without
specifying the details of the process…….
Types of Work Interaction

• Expansion and compression work

(displacement work)
• Work of a reversible chemical cell
• Work in stretching of a liquid surface
• Work done on elastic solids
• Work of polarization and magnetization
Displacement Work (pdV work)

• Force exerted, F= p A
• Work done δW = F.ds = p A.ds = p dV
• If the piston moves through a finite
distance say 1-2,then work done has to be
evaluated by integrating δW=∫pdV

• To evaluate the integral, we need to know

how p is changing with v ?...............
 Work is Area under the Curve

• Work done = Shaded area

 Heat
• It is the energy in transition between the
system and the surroundings by virtue of
the difference in temperature.

• All temperature changes need not be due

to heat alone.
• eg: Friction

• All heat interaction need not result in

changes in temperature.
• eg: Condensation or Evaporation
 First Law of
Thermodynamics
Statement:
• When a closed system executes a
complete cycle the sum of heat
interactions is equal to the sum of work
interactions.
• Mathematically
ΣQ=Σ W
• The summations being over the entire
cycle.
Alternate statement:

• When a closed system undergoes a cycle,

the cyclic integral of heat is equal to the
cyclic integral of work.
• Mathematically ∫ δQ = ∫ δW ………

• For a closed cycle 1-A-2-B-1

A∫ δQ + B∫ δQ = A∫ δW + B∫ δW

A∫ δQ - A∫ δW = B∫ δQ - B∫ δW = ……..
• Since A and B are arbitrarily chosen, the
conclusion is, as far as a process is
concerned (A or B) the difference δQ−δW
remains a constant as long as the initial
and the final states are the same.
• The difference depends only on the end
points of the process.
• Note that Q and W themselves depend on
the path followed. But their difference does
not.
• In a closed system, energy is transferred
between system and surrounding only by
means of heat or work.
•
 Energy
• This implies that the difference between
heat and work interactions during a
process is a property of the system.
• This property is called the energy of the
system.
• It is designated as E and is equal to some
of all the energies at a given state.
• δQ-δW=dE,
where E=U+KE+PE
 Adiabatic Process
During an adiabatic process, energy
transfer by heat is not allowed, hence all
the energy transferred by work is equal to
change in internal energy.
As change in internal energy is point
function, work automatically becomes
function of state.

δW=dE
 Isolated System
An isolated system that does not interact
with the surroundings
Q=0 and W=0.

Therefore, E remains constant for such a

system.
 The Net Work Interaction
1-A-2-B-1
• Net Work = Shaded Area
• Therefore some work is derived by the
cycle.
• First law compels that this is possible only
when there is also heat interaction
between the system and the surroundings.

In other words,
If you have to get work out,
You must give heat in.
First Law to a Process

• We can have Q=0 or W=0

• We can extract work without supplying
Heat but sacrificing the energy of the
system.
• We can add heat to the system without
doing work which will go to increasing the
energy of the system.
• The Ist law now becomes Q - W = ΔU
• δQ-δW=dU
• Per unit mass of the contents of the
system
(Q - W)/m = Δu

• If only displacement work is present

δQ-pdV=dU
• Per unit mass basis δq-pdv=du
• Which can be rewritten as δq = du+pdv
 Energy Accounting
Closed System

Change in the amount of energy contained within

the system during some time interval δt =
Net amount of energy transferred in across the
system boundary by heat during the same
interval +
Net amount of energy transferred out across the
system boundary by work during the same
interval
 Energy Accounting
Rate Form

Time rate of change of energy contained within

the system at time t =
Net rate at which energy is being transferred in
across the system boundary by heat transfer at
time t +
Net rate at which energy is being transferred out
across the system boundary by work at time t
 Flow Process
• There is mass interactions between the system and
its surrounding.
• Focus of attention shifts to definite volume in space,
instead of definite mass.
• The approach is called control volume (CV)
approach.
• Virtually all the practical systems involve flow of
mass across the boundary separating the system
and the surroundings.
• A steam turbine or a gas turbine or a compressor or
an automobile engine, there exists flow of gases/gas
mixtures into and out of the system.
• So we must know how the first Law of
thermodynamics can be applied to an open system.
 Control Volume
• The region in space enclosed by open system
boundary.
• It may or may not correspond to physical walls.
• The shape of control surface (CS) should be so
chosen that each mass interaction occurs
perpendicular to CS.
• Flow of matter performs work, as if piston of fluid
is pushing mass mi into the CV.
• Similarly, at exit zone, mass me is driving piston
of fluid outward.
• Both these work transfer are called flow work.
Control Volume
• The fluid entering the system will have its
own internal, kinetic and potential
energies.
• Let ui be the specific internal energy of the
fluid entering,
• Vi be the velocity of the fluid while
entering,
• Zi be the potential energy of the fluid while
entering,
• Similarly let ue ,Ve and Ze be respective
entities while leaving.
Analysis
m is fixed quantity of mass of the system at time t.
A part of it occupies CV (mcv(t))
Remaining part is in the intake zone (mi)
m = mcv(t) + mi

• Total energy of the mass m at time t is

E(t) = Ecv(t) + mi(ui+ vi2/2 + gZi)
(energy associated with mi)

Ecv(t) is the energy associated with mcv

contained within CV
• Out of mass m of the system, mcv(t + δt) is
contained within CV and the remaining
part is in the exit zone (me).
m(t+ δt)= mcv(t+δt) + me

• Total energy of the mass m at time t + δt

E(t+ δt) = Ecv(t+δt ) + me(ue + ve2/2 + gZe)
(energy associated with me)

Ecv(t + δt) is the energy associated with

mcv(t + δt) contained within CV
• mi is not necessarily equal to me.
• But m(t) should be equal to m(t+ δt).
• It is the same mass occupying different
regions in space at different times.
• Hence, Closed system energy balance
can be applied.

Q – W = E(t+ δt) - E(t)

Ecv(t+δt )-Ecv(t) = Q-W+mi(ui + vi2/2 + gZi)
- me(ue+ ve2/2 + gZe)
Evaluation of Work for a CV
• For flow process, the work transfer is of
two types
• Flow work
• Shaft work ( External work at the boundary)
• Flow Work
Work associated with the flow of matter
under fluid pressure (making it to flow into
and out of CV)
= p v m(.)
• W = Wcv + Wf
For a non-flow process (closed system)
• It is the difference in the internal energies.

For a flow process (open system)

• It is the difference in the enthalpies.
 First Law to Flow Process

Ecv(t+δt )-Ecv(t) = Q-W+mi(hi + vi2/2 + gZi)

- me(he+ ve2/2 + gZe)