Partial Dierential Equations of Finst Order | 313

z efr+y)
both sides w.r.t.xand y, we get
quation (1) partially
atiating
..(2)
ef'"(x+)
ax
3)
= ef'(x+y)+ef (+)
(5), we have
(1), (2) and
equation
Fom

z
z
dx dy
differential equation.
Which is the required aferenttal equation
by eltminating
the arbitraryfinction
Form a partial
Example13.
dFfrom z = fr+ at) +xF (x+at).
Solution: Given ...(1)
2 fr+at) +xF (+ at)
sides w.r.t. x,
We get
() partially both
Differentiating equation
-..2)
(x+at)+F(x+at)
dz J (x+at) + xF
we get
both sides w.r.t. ,
partially
Dilterentiating equation ()
3)
(x+ at)
a (r+at) +axF
a
w.r.t. x, We get
Ditferentiating (2) partially
F x + at) +F (t+at)
"(x+ at) +
( + a r ) + xF
a2
.(4)
+xF "(x+
at)+2F "(x+ at)
J"(x+ar)
d?
w..t. A, we Be
cuang equation (3) partially
both sides

"x+ at) 6)
+aF
(+an)+ ax F"(x+at)
dxot
we
k 8
n g equation (3) partially both sides w.r.l
..(6)
+a'x F "(+ a t )
at)
a 2 a f"(x+

From (6) "(x+ al)l

o r 2 a faf" (t+at) + ax
F
 (lInd Year)
Equation
Dilferential

314/RPUnilfied
(x+at)
af" (x+a) +ax F )
2
or
we have
(5) and (),
From equation

( a t at) 8)
a
dr2u
dxo
From equation (4)

" ( + a t ) +xF "(x +ar)]

2F +at) =

at) +ax F "x+ a))

or
2F '(r+ at) =
l a f " (r +

Or F'x+ ar) 2ar? 2a2 ar2

From equation (8) and (9)

dxdt

axar2aar*2a
a?
ax 2adxo a2

Which is the required differential equation.

Example 14. Eliminate the arbitrary function ffrom
z X+y+fcy)
form a partial differential equation.

Solution: Given
z x+y+fCy)
Differentiating ) partially w.r.t. x and y, we
get
...(13)
d f'y) y
and
..(i)
dyf'ay)x
dividing equation (1) by equation (iin), we
get
 153
i ad nimas valies of the function t w f - w e 1

b function
waoary ptnls the
1 e -15-15y72
the maxnun
and minimum
of the function
8 Dcs
- S S y -5y
peini within a tiangle such that the sum of the squares of its distans fom th
a minimum
polnts
hret angular

ac LAGRANGE'S MEHOD OF UNDETERMINED MULTIPLIERS

(SIMPLE APPLICATIONS)
L a s v tx y ) be a function of # variahles g y Let these variables
7 cquations
e cosnccicd Dy ton g
A2 A )=0

Ts ) = 0
J Agp
vanables out of n variables.
n othere are onlyn-m independent we have
or minima ol u,
Now for maxima
du=dr +d t d, 0

.(in)
AISAT df,-de d e .x,d 0

df=dr d+ d , =0

d=da, +dg d=0

Wmultuplying cquations (ii), (üi). (iv) ( )

by hg hm Tespectively and adding.
(V)
P, da +
Pa de +
P, d, = 0

where P
where 1, 2, 3.
pIFFERENIALCALCULus

LUS-I
155
sOLVED EXAMPLES
2.55. Use Lagrange's method to determine the minimum
Example
3t +2y +2= 12.
distance from the
arigin to the plane
ltion.
Solutio
The distance ol any potmt Fo, y, 3) on the plane 5x + 2y + - 1 2 = 0 from the

origin is given by y + o r the square of the distance is cqual to a+y+

fx, y. ) = +y+
Now f is to be maximzed or minimized subject to the constraint
3x+ 2y + 2-12 =0 ie, d. y. 3)=0 ..(ii)
Let F = f t 19 where 5 Lagrange s multipliers. Since f is t o , the extremised, we have

0 , ie 0, ie, 2x + 3 =0 or r=

0 , ite. 0 , ie, 2 +2 =0 or y = -

0 , ie.. 0 , ie. 22 +2 = 0 or z=

Putingthe values of x, Y, 2 in (11), we have

f&. y. ) = +y +z= (9)-(9)-9

Minimum Distance

be minimum, since the

)-6)-9)-maximum distance Can be as large as we
required has. to
ke. i.e., infinity.
p r e 2.56. Find the minimum value of x+y + , Subject to the condition

0) and subject to condition

Solution. Let fExty+z
 154 ENGINEERING MATHEMATOS
Now the m muliplhers 2 gy r C at our choice and we choose
o0se them
them in s
ih such
that
aw
P =0=P =Ps P0
Then the cquation (vi) is reduced to

0
A1 m 1An+2 d 2t tAdr, =

Here (n- m) variables are independent.

4St 2
and ds dtma 2, d , are independent; so their coetficients are separately zero and we have

From (V7i) and (ix) we have

P=0P2 PmPm+1 Pa
rrom i, we inave j = j =
From (x) and (xi), we get (n + m) equations which determine the
and get the possible values of u.
m
multipliers , )
Working Rule
Let x, y, 2) be a function of three variables x y and z. where the
connected by a relation variables (, y. 3) he
VER. y, 2) = 0

Then we
get d 0
4)
and we Bet
dedy d 0 Oy -(in)
Now, (i) + (üt) 2 gives

Ox dz = 0 =
Odx +
Ody +
Odz
= 0

nd
20
Onsolving (Ö, (iv), () and (v), we can 1md the
ias stalionary value. values ot x, y, z
und 2. for which ft. y.
Note. With the help ol
Lagranges method the nature ol
stalionary potnt
cannot be determined.
DEFERENITALCALCULUs
LUS-l 157

minimum if,
d15
Now
0 and 0

Lagrnge
s tunction given by
the
s here Fis
F-l-+03-u+ -1)+2b +Naxy -2/3)
CE =0. gives -2( 4) +
2k =0 )

0 . gives 2( A1) + v3h.2 = 0 o(00)

C =0 and = 0 gives
Similariy, Oy Oy2
o(11)
-20-)+ 21=0
20-y)+ = 0 .Civ)
The equations (, (), (it) and (iv) along with the equations of circle x + yi = I and
straight line 2= V3(2-x2). Constatute sIX Cquattons, which on solving give j Ag Yi yz A

andA
and (iti)
Wehave from ()
From (1) it is clear that the shortest distance lies on the line passing through the origin and
neeting thie point P and
From ( ) and (v), we have

-..(V)

From (v) and (vt),

V3y

ich on substituting in a +i =I gives

uaton (Vi) shows that the straight line joining P and Q and passing through the origin,
makes an angle of 30 with x-aXiS.

Coordinates o oint are

Again from (vi), we have

 156 ENGINEERNG MA DRAEREN
Let

Now we have the Lagranges cquations.

NOW

0 I- -0*= Via
0 1+2 0y= V where P

and =0 1+ 0 z = Vhe
Now puting all these values of y and z in (), we get

V Va+ Vb+ ve =

Now from (üt). Simi

From (iv),
x =

valNa +Vb+ Ne)

From (),
y =

Vb(va+ /b+ve)
Now let us assume
z clva+wb+ve) The
that z as a
function of x and y
then from (),
We have straight l
und
Now differentiating ()
partially w.r. tox takingy as Ne
a
constant, we get
Fro
necting
From
CX

1-
Fror
which is
positive for the 2az2ar 2a2
Hence f 1s minimum values of x. y and z.
cr
at the
stationary poini Mich c
f=
Nalyab+e)+B(Va+ Vb+ve)+ve(va +Nb+Ne)
(Na+ B+ )
minimum
Ans.
and the
value o1 Equ
Example 2.57. Find the
straight line y = v3(2-x). shortest distance
tance
between the circle
Solution. Let Pa,, y) circle x +
y = 1 and
such that the and Qa
distance d betwecn P
3y) be the
and points on the cirele and straight fine
is given
by respe ctise
 158
ENGINEERING MATHEMAT
Now, Point

Taking point Pas

d-)--300
d = 4-23. the required minimum
distance
The gives maximum distance.

Example 2.58. Find the minimum value

of x+y+ given that
Solution. Let
ax +
by +ez=P
f =rty+
u Dy C P = 0
Let
9 ax+ by
Now we have the
+
cz-P = 0
Lagranges equations

= 0 2x+ ha =0 x=

=
0
2y hb
-
+
=0 y )

= 02
+hc =0
Now putting the values of x, y and z in (i)
z=-
We g
) )-
Ma+b+)=-2P a +
2P

From(iü).
From (iv)
bP
and From ()
 ERENTIAL CALCULUS-ll

2 as a
function o f x and y then from (). we have
et
us
ssume that
a s s u m

Now

2x+ 2
taking y as a constant, we get
(ao) p a r t a y W
ow differentiating
a+e0

=2x-2
C

22
-22
the value ot x, y and 2. Hence J 1S minimum at the stationary point and
which is positive for
minimum
value of f
the

a'p b'p
( a b c ab+ca+b +e

maximum and minimum distances

of the point (3, 4, 12) from
Example 2.59. Find the
1.
the sphere r + y + =
Solution. Let Plx. y. 2) be any point on the sphere and A6, 4, 12) be the given point

Distance berween A and P =AP= yr-3) +(-4) +(z-12)

AP= (-3)+ y 4)+(2 12)
Let JG. y, 2) =
(-3) +0- 4 ) + ( 1 2 )
Subject to the condition that
=0
o y. 2) =+ y + - 1
Let F y, 2)
=
Ja, y, 2)+ Ap Y, 2)
= (-3)+0-4) + (- 12) +A0 +y + - 1)

Then 24-3) +2t 20 4) + 2

22-12) +21z.

maximum or minimum value - 0 = 0 , 0

X -3+ x = 0
 N T A LCALCULUS-1
161
s tohe o x t e m i z d

Be a v e

400y+22x= 0
0
400ce+ 2y
=

800xy2 + 2AE = 00

X. (0) Dy (ui) Dy z and adding we get

iolving () by
=-800xyz

we have
1n (0,
Puting

from ( ) + (in)
Similarly

Taking y=z= (For maximum value)

e have T= 400xyz =50 Ans.

Example 2.61. Find the maximum and minimum S412)

irom the sphere x
of the point (5, 4, 12)
distances
TUP Ist Semester 2002

Solution. Let Plx, y, 2) be any point on the sphere

nd S(3 4, 12) be the given point. Let d be the distance P(xy. 2)
herween P and S

then =(t-3+-4) + (- 12)

Let us asSume

fad=t-3)+ -4)+ (-12)

and

Let + y + - 1 =0 (0)
NOw we have
Lagrange's equations

=0 2x-3) +22x =0 (iit)

+ = 0 20-4) + 2hy =0 .(v)

=0 22- 12) + 242 = 0

+
 ENGINEERING MATHEn
160 4+y= 0
-12+22 = 0
The above equauons ghves
3-12

Of
r=-+3

Similarly y= andz =

Putting the value of X. Y. t in (u), we get

9-16-144
d+3
o r 169 = (1 +
2
1+2 = 13
= 12 o r - 1 4

When 12.
When
-14, -
Thus we two
get points P
maximum or minimum distance
on the
sphere which are
from the
given point A.
PA

-)-(-B)-2
Minimum distance
Example 2.60. The
12 and
)-)-(2-R)-
maximum distance =
14.
hehighest temperature temperature
on
T at
any point (r, y, z) in
unit spere x+ space is
the surface of 7= 00xy Find
Solution. T 15 to be maximized subject the y+ 1.
A0u
PTU NMay, a
y+ = 0. Le, to the
constrant + y+ Ior f4,
FT+ 30
ere à is the Lagrange s multiplier
F-400ey2 24+y+2-1)
 162
Now
muluiplying tii) by x, (iv)y and (v) by t and
(r+y+c)- 3x- 4y -12 adding, swe
+2t++ 0
1-3x-4y-12+ = 0
Now from (in),

From (iv).
and from (v).
+2
Futing all these values of x, y and z in (v), we have

I+2-644
1+2- =
0=(1 +3 = 169
NOW
I+2 =+ 13.
putting the values of (1 + ) in (vin), (Vit) and
(), we have

The minimum distance

The maximum distance

Example 2.62. Use the method of the Lagranges

)-() 1231
multipliers to find the volume of the largest rectangular
parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid

= 1.
UP, I Semester, 2000]

Solution. Let 2x. 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and

height of the rectangular paralelopiped inscribed in the
ellipsoid

then V =
(2x) (2y) (22)
V=8xyz
Let

Now we have Lagranges equations

=ax 0 8yz+ 0
 ENGINEERNG ATDsEM
164 the Lagrange's equation
Now we have 2a- cos x sin y
cos sinysin z+ m0
2 5

A0

0 i n r cos yy sin z+
0mA -sin x cos y sin

0 i n r sin y cos t+2

= 0 > % = - Sin x sin y cos z
Fom (i. (i) and (o. we ger
cos &sin y sin 2 sin F COSy Sin 2 Sin t sin y cos z -

Dividing by sin z sin y sin

cot r e cot y = cot Le. r =y = z =

Let us asume that z is a function of x and y, then from () ad

sin y sin z cos x+sin x sin y cos z

Also from (a

CE Sin y sin z cOs X Sin & sin

y cos
and
-sin y sin z sin x+ Sin
y cOs COs nd

cOs Sin y cOS

2+ Sin x siny
-2 sin x sin y
Also sinz- 2 sin y cos X cOS 2 sin
r cosy sin zcos.X+ sin y cos.r cosz

Sinx coS
y cOsz + sin x sin ysin:
cOs y Sin z
cosX- sin y cos x cos 2
Hence putting Sn
x y
t=.we ge
cos y
cos
2-sin Sin y S
P
 163
EERENTIALCALCULUS-1

+ 0 8t+2-0

(V)
0 8y-2-o
and (), by , y, z respectively and adding we get
(v)
Maltinlying (i).

22 (1) = 0 = -12 xyz.

24xy+
AFrom (in).
8yz+(-12xy)
0 1- 0x-
a a
and (v), we get y
= and z
= 3
Similarly from (tv)
us assume that
z is a tunction of r and y, then from () we have
Now let
8y2 +8x
as a constant, We gCt
w.rt. x taking y
Dillerentiating (i). partialy
2x2 CE = 0
a

a y +8ay: y-Sey

nd so
ax
6cy_8cxy cr
az az
a
which is negative. When x
d c-
maximum volume V-
V=
nce i s maximum and the

V Sabe Ans.

maxima and minima of the function 4 = sin x sin y sinz,

EXample 2.63. Discuss the
wherea r e the angles of a triangle.
4 Sn & sin y Sin z .. (0)
Solution. We a .(i)
and y
+y +2
Let 9 t y + z - T =0
r O R E N I A LC A L C U L U S - I
165
point =y=a w e have
wthe stationary
n- 3- 0
rE-V3<0.

u is maximum when y=2 a n d the maximum value of u =

Honce
Fxample 2.64. Find the maxImum or minimum value of x" y' z subject to the
P+9+1
adition ar +y ez
Solution. We haVe

ax + by+c Ptq+r (44)

a + by + Cz- P 4 - r = 0
log u = p log x t 9 1og y + r log z
Now from (0).

Similarly y and
nd a, =b. CC
=C.
Now we have the Lagrange s equations

+ = 0 Ra= 0 t = P
Ox -Ad

=0 +2b =0 y =- -Ab

+ =0 +.c = 0 z = c

Puting all these values in (i) we get

Plq =p+t

Ptg+r = p +q+r A=-

= =-

and z=
function of x and y; then from (), we have
assume z as a
g (u) partially w.r. tor takingy as a Constant,
we get