Structural construction work

Level-III
Based on October 2023, Curriculum Version 2

Module Title: Job Estimation and Costing

Module code: EIS SCW4 M12 1023
Nominal duration: 120 Hours

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

October, 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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 Contents
Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................................................4
Acronym......................................................................................................................................................5
Introduction to Module................................................................................................................................6
Unit One: Basic concepts of job estimation and cost prepartion.............................................................7
1.1Introduction to Job Estimation and Costing........................................................................................9
1.1.1Defintions of job estimation and costing.....................................................................................9
1.1.2 Purpose of cost estimation.........................................................................................................9
1.1.3 Information required for cost estimation.................................................................................10
1.1.4 Knowledge and managerial skills for cost estimation...............................................................10
1.1.5 Factors Affecting Cost Estimation.............................................................................................11
1.1.6Types of Costing or Estimation..................................................................................................12
1.1.7 Components of cost estimation................................................................................................13
1.2 Plan and specification......................................................................................................................14
1.3Quantities Measurement...................................................................................................................16
1.4 Fundamental approach to construction cost Estimation...................................................................18
Self-check 1.1.....................................................................................................................................24
Unit two Job estimation and cost prepartion.....................................................................................27
2.1Material cost.....................................................................................................................................28
2.1.1Types of construction material..................................................................................................28
2.1.2Material quantity calculation.....................................................................................................37
2.1.3Material cost..............................................................................................................................39
Direct material cost = ∑Total material quantity × Material unit cost.........................................40
2.2 Labor cost calculation......................................................................................................................41
2.2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................41
2.2.2Types of Construction Labor......................................................................................................41
Table 2.2 Worker Classification Definition Sheet.............................................................................42
2.2.3Components of Labor Costs....................................................................................................44
2.2.4Basic Principle for Estimating Labor.....................................................................................45

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 Direct Labor Unit Cost (F) calculation............................................................................................46
2.3Equpment cost calculation................................................................................................................50
2.3.1Introduction...............................................................................................................................50
2.3.2 Classification Construction equipment.....................................................................................50
Direct Equipment Cost (G) calculation..........................................................................................51
2.4 Head office overhead.......................................................................................................................53
2.5 Site overhead costs..........................................................................................................................55
Site Overhead Cost (I) Calculation.................................................................................................56
2.6Risk Allowance Cost........................................................................................................................57
2.7 Profit and Income Tax.....................................................................................................................58
Gross Profit (M) calculation...........................................................................................................58
2.8 Total unit price without VAT(N).....................................................................................................59
2.9 Developing unit costs analysis for each items of work and material...............................................60
Self-check 2.1.....................................................................................................................................65
Operation 2.1.....................................................................................................................................67
Lap Tests............................................................................................................................................68
Reference..........................................................................................................................................69

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 Acknowledgment

The Ministry of Labor and skill wishes to thank and appreciation to MoLS leaders and experts,
Regional Labor and skill/training Bureaus leader, experts, TVT College Deans, Instructors and
industry experts who contribute their time and professional experience to the development of this
Training Module.

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 Acronym
LAP test ……………………………………Leanring Activity performance Test

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 Introduction to Module
In structural construction work, Preparing Job estimation and costing are a fundamental element
in predicting a structure's overall construction costs. It helps to know Material cost, Labor cost,
Equipment cost, Overhead cost and constructer’s profit of construction project.

This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the structural construction work
occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Preparing Job estimation and
costing.

This module covers the units:

 Basic concepts of job estimation and cost prepartion

 Job estimation and cost prepartion

Learning Objective of the Module

 Identify prepartion of job estimation and costing

 Preper Job estimation and cost

Module Instruction

For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:

Read the information written in each unit

Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit

Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units

Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and

Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

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 Unit One: Basic concepts of job estimation and cost prepartion
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Introduction to Job Estimation and Costing
 Project plans and Specifications
 Measurements and quantities
 Fundamental approach to construction cost Estimation
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify to Job Estimation and Costing
 Reade and understande project plans and Specifications
 Making measurements and identifying quantities
 Identify Fundamental approach to construction cost Estimation

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 1.1Introduction to Job Estimation and Costing

1.1.1Defintions of job estimation and costing

Construction job costing is a detailed pricing method used to accurately calculate project
expenses by looking at all the granular costs for each project. This level of specificity helps you
more precisely bid similar projects in the future and improve budgeting by monitoring the many
individual costs that go into a large construction project. Job costing also helps construction
businesses manage their cash flow and protect their profit margins, especially when new requests
and changes occur while a project is in progress.

Construction businesses use job costing to calculate project expenses. Job costing gives you a
complete picture of all costs associated with a specific job and looks at labor, materials and
overhead. The more detailed the breakdown, the more accurately a business can track expenses
and identify issues that could affect its profitability — for example, an unexpected expense or
ballooning worker hours.

1.1.2 Purpose of cost estimation

Over all the main purpose of cost estimation can be summarized as follow:

 know the volume of work in reference to the fund available

 determine actual cost per unit of item
 identifying engineering estimate of the work for bidding purpose
 work out economical use of materials , labor and equipment
 in cases of variations to determine the extra cost to be incurred
 when there is escalation, to work out the escalation in cost

1.1.3 Information required for cost estimation

The following information is required to define cost per unit of work

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  Correct information of the market price of the materials at the time of need to be used as
a basic price
 Correct information of the rates of various categories of skilled and unskilled laborers as
wage rates to be used for daily work rate
 Output of laborers per day for various types of items (productivity)
 Correct information of the rates of various categories of equipments and tools as rental
rates to be used for major items of rates
 Up-to-date knowledge of the construction methods.

1.1.4 Knowledge and managerial skills for cost estimation

The following knowledge, managerial talents, and degree of construction experience make a
good estimator.

 Ability to read and understand contract documents, with special skills in reading
construction drawings for all specialties and related specifications.
 Ability to accurately take off the quantities of construction work for which he or she is
preparing the detail estimate.
 Ability to visualize the future building from drawings, which usually requires some years
of construction site experience.
 Knowledge of arithmetic, basic geometry, and statistics.
 Familiarity with estimating software in depth and with available building cost databases.

 Knowledge of building construction methods.

 Knowledge of labor productivity, crew composition, and impacts of various forecasted

site conditions on crew output.

 Possession of office managerial skills in organizing project-related cost information.

 Ability to work under pressure and to meet all bid requirements and deadlines.

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 1.1.5 Factors Affecting Cost Estimation
Factors which affect the cost estimation are summarized as follow:

 Type and documentation of the project

 Construction scheduling

 Bidding environment

 Quality and availability of material and labor (given in specification)

 Construction facilities /tools and method of construction

 Location of the site: Transportation charges

 Proper management

 Land charges (lease)

 Nature of subsurface condition

1.1.6Types of Costing or Estimation

Estimation can be broadly classified as preliminary (approximate) and detailed.

I. Preliminary /approximate costing

This type of cost estimation is required to know the financial position of the client before costly
detailed designs are carried out.

Such estimates are based on practical knowledge and cost of similar previous works. Examples
of approximate cost estimations are as follows:

A. Cost per functional unit

Hospital =cost per bed, Dormitory = cost per student, Cinema or theatre = cost per seat,
residential buildings = cost per area, road works = cost per kilometer length, culverts or bridges
= cost per meter span, water supply or sewerage projects = cost per head of population.
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 2
B. Plinth area method – cost per m

Based on Plinth Area- roof area or external dimensions at the plinth level (Courtyard & open
area shall not be included)

The rate per meter square is deduced from the cost of similar building projects in the locality.

3
C. Cubical Content method – cost per m

Based on cubical contents of various buildings, i.e. Plinth area of the building x height x cubic
content rate.

Height should be taken from the top of flat roof (or halfway of the sloped roof) to the top of
concrete in foundation.

II. Detailed Cost Estimate (Based on Item Rate)

This is the most reliable and accurate type of estimate.

The quantities of items are carefully prepared from the drawings and the total cost worked out
from up to date market rates.

 A detail cost estimate thus requires:

 Quantity surveying and
 Analysis of the different rates for the quantities prepared.

1.1.7 Components of cost estimation

 Materials

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 From the estimate of a work it is possible to determine what materials and in what
quantities will be required for the work so that the arrangements to acquire them can be
made.
 Labor
The number and kind of workers of different categories who will have to be employed to
complete the work in the specified time can be found out from the estimate.
 Plant
An estimate will help in determining amount and kind of equipment needed to
complete the work.
 Time
The estimate of a work and the past experience enable one to estimate quite closely the
length of time required to complete an item of work or the work as a whole. Whereas the
importance of knowing the probable cost needs no emphasis, estimating materials, labor,
plant and time is very useful in planning and implementation of any work.

1.2 Plan and specification

I. Plans
Plan are the documentation prepared to convey physical information so that designers,
reviewers, and the public can understand both the existing conditions and the project.
Plans also allow a contractor to construct the project and define the right-of-way
available or to be acquired.

Key Components of Construction Drawings

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 As you might imagine, a set of construction drawings is not just a random assortment of
blueprints. Rather, it’s a carefully crafted collection of documents that work together to tell a
complete story of a construction project. This set includes several key components, each serving
a unique purpose in painting a comprehensive picture of the project.

Floor Plans: Think of these as the ‘Google Maps’ of construction drawings. Floor plans
provide a bird’s-eye view of each building level, showing the arrangement of rooms,
hallways, and other spaces. They also indicate the locations of doors, windows, and stairs.
They’re vital for understanding the flow of the building and the functional relationship
between different spaces.

Elevations: These are the face of the building—literally! Elevations provide a flat view of
the building’s exterior from each side, illustrating the structure’s design, materials, and
height. They give an idea of what the finished building will look like from the outside.

Sections: These are the ‘X-ray’ view of the building. Sections are cutaway views that show
the building from the inside, revealing elements like floor and ceiling heights, wall thickness,
and the relationship between different parts of the building.

Details: Ever heard the saying, “The devil is in the details?” That’s what this component is
all about. Details provide a close-up view of specific parts of the building, focusing on
complex or unique areas that need special attention. These could be things like custom
window installations or intricate ceiling designs.

Schedules: Don’t let the term ‘schedules’ throw you off. In construction drawings, schedules
are essentially detailed lists of specific elements in the building, like windows, doors, or
finishes. They provide information like quantities, sizes, materials, and locations.

Legends and Symbols: These are like the Rosetta Stone of the construction drawings world.
Legends and symbols decode the specific language used in the drawings, explaining what

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 various abbreviations and symbols mean. They ensure everyone reading the drawings is on
the same page.

II. Specification
A specification defines the materials and methods to be used by the contractor when
constructing a project and is discussed.

A specification is a general term applying to all directions, provisions, and requirements

appropriating to the performance of the work and payment for the work.

Specification is defined as the designation or statement by which written instructions are given
distinguishing and/or limiting and describing the particular trade of work to be executed. In short
specification is a statement of particular instructions of how to execute some task. Specification
is one of the contract documents.

Specifications are written based on the prepared design, drawings, general and scientific trends
of workmanship, quality expected, equipment involved and materials to be used for the particular
trade of work.

The specifications should clearly specify: -

 Design and drawing

 Labor employment
 Materials to be used
 Construction method
 Equipment used
Specifications should be clear, concise, and brief descriptions of what is required to execute the
proposed trade of work. The information that is needed for construction is usually conveyed by
two basic communication lines. They are Drawings (pictorial) and Specifications (written).

In so doing the methods of communication should complement each other and neither should
overlap or duplicate the other. Specifications are devices for organizing the information depicted
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 on the drawings and they are written descriptions of the legal and technical requirements forming
the contract documents.

Their difference is that the drawings should generally show the following:

 Dimensions, extents, size, shape, and location of component parts

 Location of materials, machineries, and fixtures
 Interaction of furniture, equipments and space
 Schedules of finishes, windows and doors
Specifications generally describe the following:

 Type and quality of materials, equipments, labor or workmanship

 Methods of fabrication, installation and erection
 Standards, codes and tests
 Allowance, submittals and substitutions
 Cost included, insurance and bonds
 Project records and site facilities.

1.3Quantities Measurement
Measurement

Measurement of works holds a very important place in the planning and implementation of any
civil engineering work.

It is vitally important that measurement practice applied to buildings is both accurate and
consistent.

There are a number of situations that require a quantity surveyor to measure and record
dimensions from both drawings as well as on site, depending on the stage of the project.

The main system of measurement today is the metric system.

Metric system is very simple as the units are a multiple of ten or one tenth of the other.
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 For construction works the units which are commonly used are:

 Meter for Length

 Square meter for Area
 Cubic meter for Volume
 Kilogram for Mass
 Liter for Capacity
General Rules of measurement

Unless otherwise stated all works shall be measured net as fixed in position.

Same work done under different conditions or stages shall be measured separately.

The measurement of wall finishing is taken from floor to ceiling.

Area Measurements

Measuring an area is measuring a two dimensional object or a plane surface, and is expressed in
square unit. (Length & width or Length & Height or width & Height)

Unless otherwise mentioned the following works shall be measured in square meters.

2
 Form work. – ( m )

2
 Concrete finishing and curing. – ( m )

2
 Pre-cast roof slabs, floor and wall panel. – ( m )

2
 Light weight partition. – (m ) stating thickness

 Site clearing
 Top soil excavation
 Wall, floor and ceiling finishes, where the width exceeds 300mm.
 Ceiling works and etc

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 Volume Measurements

Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object or region of space,

expressed in cubic units.

Unless otherwise mentioned measurements of the following works are measured with cubic
meters.

 Earth work
 All concrete works except lean concrete
 Brick pillars or columns
 Stone masonry works
 Deep excavation
 Back filling
 Disposal of excavation materials and etc.
Enumerated items

 Switches, socket outlets, light points (luminaries) and other accessories

 Appliances: heater and electric heating units
 Equipment: boilers and cylinders
 Sanitary appliances: wash basins, shower trays and sinks
 Valves and etc.

1.4 Fundamental approach to construction cost Estimation

Efficient construction cost estimates shall address properly the required project quality, time for
completion of works and of course the construction cost of the project.

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 In deciding to participate in the intended project tender, the contractor shall carefully assess the
impact of the following key factors:

 Type of project
 Method of tendering
 Type of construction contract
 Number and progress of contracts already at hand
 Resource availability i.e. skilled manpower, plants and machineries
 Financial position
Once decision is made to participate in the intended tender, the contractor shall give due
attention to the following major items listed below

 General and particular conditions of contract contained in the bidding documents

 Technical specifications

 Drawings

 Estimated bill of quantities

 Method of measurement

 Supporting documents such as information regarding geological formations and

hydrological data

 Site visits

 Construction method statements

A. General and particular conditions of contract

Proper understanding of the general and particular conditions of contract is mainly important for
construction cost estimation in identifying the responsibilities and cost implications on the
project

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  Amount and type of performance security

 Amount of advance payment and type of advance repayment guarantee

 Time for completion of the whole project

 Limit of liquidated damages

 Retention money

 Claims and disputes settlement

 Price escalation

 Tax exemptions

 Insurance of the works

 Owner’s risks

 Applicable laws

B. Technical Specification

Technical specifications specify the following crucial information to the contractor and it is the
sole basis both for the construction methods to be adapted and the construction cost of the
project.

 Quality of materials
 Quality of machineries and plants
 Quality of workmanship
 Erection and installation methods
 Test and inspection requirements and methods

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 Technical specifications basically have restricted applications, which usually define specific
work items. Therefore, for a better understanding and cost estimation of the project, the
contractor must check the given specifications for:

 Technical accuracy and adequacy

 Define and clear stipulations

 Fair and equitable requirements

 Formats which can be easily used during bidding and construction

 Legal enforceability

C. Drawings

The contractor mainly understands from the drawings what type of construction methods to be
adapted during cost estimation as well as construction of the project. Some of the construction
methods which need to be addressed during cost estimation of this building project are:

 Concrete production

 Concrete transportation and placement

 Transportation of construction materials to different floors

 Methods and type of scaffolding

 Types and methods of shuttering works

 Erection and installation of glazing works

 Temporary access for manpower working at different floors

 Skilled manpower requirement

D. Estimated Bill Quantities

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 Estimated quantities of work are also the basis to determine the type and number of resources to
be deployed during construction of the project.

Moreover, construction methods shall be selected in such a way the given quantity of works can
be executed during the completion time of the project.

Based on the estimated quantity of works, the contractor shall decide the method of construction
to be adapted during executing of the project such as:

 Type and size of crushing plants

 Type and size of mechanical mixers or batching plants
 Type, size and number of machineries such as dozers, graders, loaders, rollers, dump
trucks and so on.
 Skill and number of manpower requirement
 Type and quantity of construction materials
 And so on
E. Supporting Documents

Supporting documents such as geological formations, hydrological data and other technical
reports like socio-economic studies are usually provided by the owner to contractors for their
own interpretations for heavy construction projects.

Therefore, the contractor shall have the technical ability and experience in interpreting the
technical data provided to determine construction methods to be adapted which directly affects
the construction cost estimates.

F. Site Visit

In order to prepare competent and reasonable construction cost estimates, the contractor must
visit the project site unless the site is familiar to the contractor with previous reliable site
information.

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 Site visits are critically important especially when the contractor is working with heavy
construction project cost estimates such as road works and hydropower projects.
The contractor shall prepare his own checklists during the site visit which shall address, but not
limited to, the following issues which have direct impact on the construction costs of the
intended project.

i. Location of the site:

 It helps to determine the mobilization and demobilization costs.

 It also helps to determine the transportation cost of materials from main material
suppliers.
 Availability and expected wages of daily labors can be fairly estimated based on the
location of the site.
 Site location also helps to determine the type of camp facilities required to be
constructed such as project offices, living areas, food accommodations and so on.
 Having proper understanding of site location and local weather condition helps the
contractor to determine salaries and benefits of staffs, skilled manpower and daily
laborers.
ii. Location of local construction material

 The contractor shall identify the location and quality of local construction materials
such as quarry area for gravel production, sand, selected material, water as well as
sub base and base course materials in the case of road projects.
 Moreover, the contractor shall have the general understanding of the site layout for
different plants such as batching and crushing plants.
iii. Access Roads

Site access roads to the main works, quarry areas, water supply, sand, and the like shall be
identified which incurs additional construction and maintenance costs. These costs are
extremely high, in case of heavy construction sites such as road works, hydropower projects
and
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 iv. Water and power supply

v. Communication facilities

vi. Environmental protection

vii. Existing facilities

Self-check 1.1

Part I Multiple choose

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 Instruction: Choose the correct answer

1. Is a detailed pricing method used to accurately calculate project expenses by looking at

all the granular costs for each project.
A. Specification B. Construction job costing C. Drowning D. Take off
sheet
2. The main purpose of cost estimation is
A. know the volume of work in reference to the fund available
B. determine actual cost per unit of item
C. work out economical use of materials , labor and equipment
D. All
3. Which one of the following is a factor that affects cost estimation
A. Type and documentation of the project
B. Construction scheduling
C. Bidding environment
D. All

Part II match column B to column A.

A B
1. Approximate costing A . Gantt charts
2. Detailed Cost Estimate B. Cost per functional unit

3. Components of cost estimation C. Elevation plan

4. Working drawings . D. BOQ Development Guideline

E. Taking Off

Part III Give short answer

Write at list 4 Knowledge and managerial skills for cost estimation

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 A. ------------------------
B. ------------------------
C. ------------------------

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 Unit two Job estimation and cost prepartion
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Material cost calculation
 Laboe cost calculation
 Equpment cost calculation
 Head office overhead costs
 Site overhead costs
 Risk Allowance
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identifay and calculete Material cost
 Identifay and calculete Laboe cost
 Identifay and calculete Equpment cost
 Identifay and calculete Head office overhead costs
 Identifay and calculete overhead costs
 Identifay and calculete Risk Allowance
 Identifay and calculete Profit and Income Tax

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 2.1Material cost

2.1.1Types of construction material

Many types of building materials are used in the construction industry to create buildings and
structures. These categories of materials and products are used by architects and
construction project managers to specify the materials and methods used for building projects.

Some building materials like cold rolled steel framing are considered modern methods of
construction, over the traditionally slower methods like block work and timber.

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 2.1.2Material quantity calculation

The first part of an estimating task is to determine the amount of materials that will be required.
Material quantities are the fundamental data forming the foundation on which all estimating
processes build. This first step in determining the necessary amount of materials is called
quantity take off.
 Quantity Take Off
Quantity take off is an extremely important task with direct implications for the many estimating
tasks that follow it.
The unit prices and the total prices of materials to procure, labor and equipment requirements
and the scheduling of each activity are all based on the quantity take off. Therefore, it is clear
that quantity take off is the foundation and the basis for all other estimating work and ultimately
affects the total cost estimate of a project. Therefore, a quantity surveyor must be careful and
thorough in her work in order to produce the most accurate calculations for the quantities of all
the materials in the project.
 Quantity Take off Procedures
The quantity surveyor performs quantity take off from drawings and specifications. Drawings
provide a graphical representation of the details of the project, including dimensions, type of
materials, and location information of a component. Specifications complement the drawings by
providing additional vital information that is difficult to show on the drawings, such as a specific
type of paint to be used and the number of coatings for interior finishes.

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 The calculations involved in quantity take off can be categorized into four basic components:

 linear,
 area,
 volume, and
 unit measures.
Linear calculations are used in determining perimeter, length, width, and height, and are the
most basic type of construction calculation. Area calculations are obtained by multiplying two
linear measurements.

Volume calculations are obtained by multiplying three linear measurements.

Unit measures are applied to construction items, such as the number of bricks, blocks, windows,
and doors. When performing quantity take off, a quantity surveyor should visualize the entire
project, thinking in terms of actual field procedures that will take place during construction.

 Pricing materials
After making a list of materials and their proposed quantities, the next step in determining the
cost of materials is to price each and every item.

 Pricing

Pricing is a process of assigning a birr value to a work item based on given specifications and the
predetermined quantity required.

 The pricing of each work item should include the cost of each of these
subcomponents: Permanent and temporary materials to be procured,
 Labor required for installing the materials,
 Equipment required for moving and installing materials, and
 Other consumables, such as fuel and tools.

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 2.1.3Material cost

Material costs are obtained by getting quotations from suppliers, generally in a unit price of birr
per unit of measure of a specified material. Many unit prices may be provided for the same
material depending on the volume of purchase at a given time. Generally, the more the amount of
purchase, the lower the unit price is.

This is called quantity discount. When using the unit price, the contractor has the responsibility
of determining the quantities of materials to be purchased.

The cost of materials includes not only the direct cost of the material items, but the contractor
shall add the following costs to the material supplier’s price to get the material unit cost at the
project site:

 Loading expenses at the supplier’s place of delivery

 Transportation costs to the project site
 Insurance charges during transportation to the project site
 Unloading expenses at the project site

 Direct material unit cost(E) calculation

Direct material cost is the total cost of construction materials required to execute a unit of
specific activity in a project.
In estimating the direct material cost, the contractor shall obtain the quantity and quality of
materials required to produce the specific unit of an activity.
General formula to calculating direct material cost

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 Example
1. Calculete direct material cost for 1.3 m3 coarse aggregete.

Direct material cost = ∑Total material quantity × Material unit cost

= 1.3m3×198.00birr/m3 = 257.40birr

Activity 1.

1. Calculete Direct material cost for the follwing slab case.

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 2.2 Labor cost calculation

2.2.1 Introduction

The construction industry, to which crafts men belong, is one of the most labor- intensive
industries in the world. The labor cost component of a building project often ranges from 30-
50%, and can be as high as 60% the overall project cost. Therefore, it is clear that construction
labor is a vital component of a construction project.

A building is a very complex product, made of many different systems, such as the structural,
exterior enclosure and interior enclosure system. These system can be broken down into
many more sub-systems and sub- subsystems. In this way, a building construction project is
divided into numerous work packages. These work packages can then be assigned to and
completed by an individual worker, or a crew. A crew is a team of workers, which can be of the
same trade or a composite of many different trades.

2.2.2Types of Construction Labor

A building is a very complex product, made up of many different systems, such as the structural
system, exterior enclosure system, and HVAC system. These systems can be broken down into
many more subsystems and sub subsystems. In this way, a building construction project is
divided into numerous work packages. These work packages can then be assigned to and
completed by an individual worker or a crew.

A crew is a team of workers, which can be of the same trade or a composite of many different
trades. Due to the diverse nature of the different tasks associated with all the building systems,
many types of craftsmen from many different trades are required in a building construction

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 project. Table 2.1 provides a list of types of workers that can be involved in a building
construction project, along with their description.

Table 2.2 Worker Classification Definition Sheet

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 2.2.3Components of Labor Costs

Labor costs in construction are determined by two factors:

 Monetary and
 Productivity.
1. Monetary
The monetary factor is related to hourly wage rates, wage premiums, insurance, fringe benefits,
and taxes. Estimating the components of the monetary factor are more difficult in construction
industry .This is due to the variety of work involved in construction, as well as the many types of
trades involved. The problem is further complicated by the presence of the unions with their craft
structures and collective bargaining processes. Although the computational process of this

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 component seems complex and tedious, it is only a matter of accounting as the needed numbers
(such as wage rates, fringe benefits, and insurance) are readily available.

2. Productivity

The second factor, which is much more difficult to deal with, is productivity. In the most general
sense, productivity is the ratio of input versus the respective output. In construction, the input is
often the work hours of a worker or a crew, such as the 8 hours of a bricklayer. The output is the
amount of work produced, such as laying 500 bricks. Thus construction productivity is defined
as the quantity of work produced in a given amount of time by a worker or a specific crew, that
is, the quantity of construction output units produced in a given amount of time or a unit time. In
the latter case, labor productivity is identified with value of construction birr per labor hour.

The formula for labor productivity shown in equation ( Eq 2.1 )

Construction productivity = Quantity of work produced ÷ Time duration

Example1

If a bricklayer can lay 500 bricks in 8 hours, the associated construction productivity is
500bricks divided by 8 hours, which is 62 bricks/bricklayer hour.

To accurately estimate productivity, an estimator not only needs a good historical record, but a
lot of experience.

2.2.4Basic Principle for Estimating Labor

The formula for computing the total cost of labor is quite simple. It requires the knowledge of the
total work hours or labor hours needed to perform all the tasks and then applying the

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 corresponding wage rates. The formula for calculating the total cost of labor shown in

equation (Eq 2.2)

For example, assume that a crew for a work item includes three bricklayers and two helpers.
The crew works for three days under straight time (8-hr day) to complete the work package. The
wage rate for each bricklayer is 28.55birr and each helper is 22.40birr. In this instance, the total
cost of labor is 3131 birr as determined by computations shown in 4.1.

Work description Hour Straight time Total cost

birr/ hr
3brick layers × 3 day× 8hr/day = 72hr 28.55 birr 2055.60 birr
Brick layer 2 helpers × 3 day × 8hr/day = 48hr 22.40 birr 1075.20birr
Heliper

Determining the total work hours for a task involves knowledge of the quantity of work required
for the task and the productivity rate for the specific crew that will be performing the work. The
quantity of work associated with the material quantity is determined by the quantity take off
discussed

. For example, the quantity of work for placing concrete would be associated with the amount of
concrete to be placed.

The formula for calculating the total work hours (Eq 2.3)

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 Work hours computation example
Work description Quantity Productivity per Unit Total work hours
hour
Exterior Plastering 440 11 M2 40
2
Interior plastering 378 14 M 27
67

Direct Labor Unit Cost (F) calculation

In calculating the direct labor cost, contractors need to calculate the direct labor hourly cost
which is the total hourly cost of labor crew required to execute a specific activity in the project.
In estimating the direct labor hourly cost, the contractor shall obtain the:
 Number of labor,
 Skill and labor utilization factor (UF)
 Labor basic salary and
 Labor index from his previous records and the labor market.

Labor index is a multiplying factor of the basic salary which represents the additional benefits
whereby a worker gets from the contractor such as:
 Severance pay
 Annual leave
 Occupational accident expenses
 Occupational disease expenses
 Overtime pay
 Occupational safety, health and working environment

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  Benefits resulting from collective agreements
Labor Index Calculation

25.71 days/ mth

1. Regular Salary = = 1.00
25.71 days/ mth

2.0 days/ mth

2. Annual Leave = = 0.078
25.71 days/ mth

0.92 days/ mth

3.Public Holidays = = 0.036
25.71 days/ mth

1.5 days/ mth

4. Miscellaneous Leave = = 0.058
25.71 days/ mth

5 Benefits

0.08 days/ mth

5.1. Closing & supplies = = 0.003
25.71 days/ mth

3.43 days/ mth

5.2. Avg Annual Increase = = 0.133
25.71 days/ mth

5 days/ mth
6. Rainy Season Salary = = 0.1945
25.71 days/ mth

Sub Total 1.50

Contingency ( for work injury, dispute & labor union)

5 % of the total indexed cost = .05*1.46 0.08

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 Grand Total Indexed Factor 1.58

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 2.3Equpment cost calculation

2.3.1Introduction
Modern construction is characterized by the increasing utilization of equipment to accomplish
numerous construction activities. According to Means’ Illustrated Construction Dictionary,
equipment refers to all the equipment, tools, and apparatus necessary for the proper construction
and acceptable completion of a project.

In a construction project, equipment costs are typically divided into portions. The first and bigger
portion covers the cost of equipment and is often referred to as equipment cost. The cost of
equipment is one of the major cost categories in a construction project. It represents the cost of
acquiring the equipment and the cost of operating that equipment during the construction
processes.

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 The second and smaller portion covers the cost of hand tools. This represents a smaller portion of
the project cost and is often calculated as a percentage of payroll costs. It is added to the indirect
cost under the jobsite overhead.

2.3.2 Classification Construction equipment

Equipment can be classified as specific use or general use
I. Specific Use Equipment
Specific use equipment, as the name implies, is for a specific work item or items on the
job. Units are assignable to jobs and are not shared by other subcontractors. This
equipment is only for specific construction operations and is removed from the jobsite
soon after the task is completed. Its usage is shorter term when compared to general use
equipment. These works are voluminous, repetitive, and are ideal for equipment
utilization.
Some typical equipment used for site work includes:
 Tractors,  Loaders and backhoe loaders,
 Scrapers,  Hauling units, and
 Front shovels,  Compactors
 Hoes,
II. General Use Equipment
General use equipment has shared utilization by all subcontractors on the construction
site and is not associated with any particular work item or items. These pieces of
equipment are kept on the site over a longer period of time, throughout almost the entire
construction phase.
Some examples of general use equipment include:
 Cranes,
 Air compressors,
 Floodlights and light towers,
 Forklifts and Pumps.

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 Direct Equipment Cost (G) calculation
In order to calculate the direct equipment cost, contractors need to calculate the direct equipment
hourly cost which is the total hourly cost of equipment crew required to execute a specific
activity in a project.

In estimating the direct equipment hourly cost, the contractor shall obtain

 The number of equipment,

 Capacity and equipment utilization factor (UF), and
 The equipment hourly cost.

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Page 51 of 70 Ministry of Labor and Module Title: Prepare Job estimation and costing Version -2
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 2.4 Head office overhead
Head office overhead costs are all costs required to run the whole operation of the construction
company, which usually administers different projects at a time.

These costs are not usually associated with specific project but rather shared proportionally by all
projects under the company.

Some of the checklists for head office overhead costs are given below with further clarifications.

Senior management costs – These refer to costs related with salaries and benefit packages of
the senior management in the head office.

Indirect labor costs – Staffs other than the senior management members working at the head
office such as the technical, administrative, marketing, finance and supply staffs.

Head office building costs – In both cases, costs are incurred in such a way either rental costs
will be paid, if the building is rented and building depreciation will be considered, if the building
is owned.

Bidding Expenses – These costs are usually associated with bid document purchases, site visit
expenses, bid bonds and so on. These costs are sometimes called sunk costs.

Expertise service costs – These costs will be incurred when professional services are required
such as the services of external auditors, lawyers, management consultants and external
trainings.

Office furniture and equipment – Different office furniture and equipments are required
depending on the size and standard of the company.

Office running expenses – The head office operation requires lots of miscellaneous expenses
such as telephones, fax, internet services,

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 Workshops, garages and warehouses – Costs related to central workshops, garages and
warehouses such as the depreciation costs of the buildings or rental expenses.

Bank charges – It is very natural that companies may borrow money from banks. Therefore, the
interest to be paid on the borrowed capital shall be considered under the head office costs.

Insurance charges – Employees medical insurance, office building and small vehicles
insurance.

Transportation and travel expenses –costs related to transportation, per diem and living
expenses.

Sundry expenses – These are miscellaneous expenses such as advertisement expenses, reception
parties and donations.

 Head Office Overhead Cost (J) calculation

2.5 Site overhead costs

Identifying Site overhead costs

Site overhead costs are all costs required to run the whole operation of a specific construction
project at site level.

These costs are not associated with specific activity in a project but rather shared proportionally
by all activities within the project. Some of the site overhead costs are listed below with further
clarifications.

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 Site management costs – These costs refer to costs related with salaries and benefit packages of
the site management members in the project site.

Indirect labor costs – salaries and benefits of staffs other than the site management members
working at the project site such as site engineers, office engineers, administrative and finance
staffs, data collectors and so on.

Mobilization and demobilization costs –These costs are mainly transportation costs.

Tender Expenses – These costs are related with the costs of the contract performance security,
advance repayment guarantee, contractor’s all risk insurance, insurance of the works and third
party insurance depending on the contract conditions agreed.

Site offices –site offices are constructed from different materials such as corrugated iron sheets,
prefabricated materials, material packing steel containers, steel structure and normal hollow
concrete blocks.

Expertise service costs – These costs will be incurred when professional services are required at
the project site such as lawyers, claim experts and so on.

Office furniture and equipment – Different office furniture and equipment are required
depending on the size and location of the project.

Office running expenses - The site office operation requires different expenses such as
telephones, fax, internet service, mail service and stationery.

Radio communications - If the coverage area of the construction project is vast, hand held and
stationed radio communications may be used within the site and with the head office.

Camp facilities – The costs of construction and operation of other facilities such as restaurants,
recreational centers and playgrounds are also included under the camp facilities.

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 Access roads – Depending on the topography and location of the project site, different access
roads may be required to construct such as detour roads, access roads to quarry and disposal
areas, etc.

Water and power supply – All the site offices, camp facilities, the construction itself requires
water and power supply for operating the whole project properly.

Workshops garages and warehouses, Bank charges, Transportation and travel expenses,
Insurance charges, etc…

Site Overhead Cost (I) Calculation

It is easier to express the site overhead costs as a percentage of the direct unit cost of an activity.

2.6Risk Allowance Cost

Identifying risk allowance

Usually contractors incorporate risk allowances in their tender prices to compensate the negative
impacts of different risks such as contractual, technical, political and economic risks.

Contractual risks are usually stemming from the contract agreements with the project owner,
subcontractors and suppliers.

Technical risks are associated usually with the clarification of the technical specifications,
working drawings, construction technology and difficulties in understanding new method of
constructions.

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 Political and economic risks reflect the impact of political situations, stability of economic
policies, inflation and price escalation on the execution of the intended construction project.

Risk Allowance (L) Calculation

Let’s assume the following factors represent the percentage cost increment of each cost
component and the risk allowance will be calculated as follows:

2.7 Profit and Income Tax

Identifying Profit and Income Tax

Construction projects are executed by contractors whereby these contractors will commit to
invest their capital to get maximum possible profit from the contracts to be performed.

A profit margin entirely depends on the market competitiveness and company strategies.

Any construction company operating a profitable business in Ethiopia shall pay 30% of its gross
profit as an income tax as per the income tax proclamation No. 286/2002.

If the contractor is registered for VAT, which is usually the case, the contractor’s construction
cost estimate shall also include Value Added Tax which is 15% of the tender amount in
accordance with the Value Added Tax proclamation No. 285/2002.

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 Gross Profit (M) calculation
As an illustration, if the net profit margin is assumed to be P% of the breakeven cost (direct costs
+ indirect costs + risk allowances), the gross profit (net profit + income tax) can be calculated as
follows, which is X% of the breakeven cost

2.8 Total unit price without VAT(N)

If the contractor is registered for VAT but the contract is VAT exempted, the contractor’s unit
price in his tender is the sum of direct unit cost (H), indirect unit cost (K), risk allowance (L) and
gross profit (M).

IX. Total unit price without VAT

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Page 58 of 70 Ministry of Labor and Module Title: Prepare Job estimation and costing Version -2
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 2.9 Developing unit costs analysis for each items of work and material

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Page 61 of 70 Ministry of Labor and Module Title: Prepare Job estimation and costing Version -2
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Page 63 of 70 Ministry of Labor and Module Title: Prepare Job estimation and costing Version -2
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 Self-check 2.1

Part I Multiple choose

Instruction: Choose the correct answer

2 Used in the construction industry to create buildings and structures.

A. Material B. Specification C. Drowning D. Take off sheet
3 Is an extremely important task with direct implications for the many estimating tasks that
follow it.
A. Material B. Specification C. Drowning D. Take off sheet
3. Are obtained by multiplying three linear measurements.

A. Area B. Volume C. Mater length D. Pcs

4. Is a process of assigning a birr value to a work item based on given specifications and the
predetermined quantity required?

A. Pricing B. Costing C. Estimation d. All

Part II match column B to column A.

A B
2. team of workers A. Mason
2. Laying stone in buildings. B. A crew

3. Builds wooden structures C. Finisher

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 4. Laying Ceramic in building D. Carpenter

. E. Painter

Part III Give short answer

1. Write at list 6 Construction making materials

D. ------------------------
E. ------------------------
F. ------------------------
G. ------------------------
H. ------------------------
I. ------------------------

2. Write the difference between

 Monetary and
 Productivity

Operation 2.1
Operation Title: Labor cost estimation
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 Purpose: To calculate the time and cost it takes the crew
Conditions or situations for the operations:
 Safe working area
 Check working drawing
Equipment Tools and Materials:
 A4 paper
 Pen
 Pencil
 Calculator
 Eraser
Instruction

If the daily production rate for a crew that works in an activity is 175units per day and the total
crew cost per day is 1800Birr. The material needed for daily work is 4.5units and 100Birr/unit.

1. Calculate the time and cost it take the crew to finish 1400units

2. Calculate the total unit cost. Consider an eight hour work day.

Steps in doing the task

1. Calculate Duration (units of time)
2. Calculate Cost (labor cost)
3. Calculate Total direct cost

Lap Tests
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks accordingly. Duration 4hrs

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 Activity. If the daily production rate for a crew that works in an activity is 175units per day and
the total crew cost per day is 1800Birr. The material needed for daily work is 4.5units and
100Birr/unit.

Task 1: Calculate the time and cost it take the crew to finish 1400units

Task 2. Calculate the total unit cost. Consider an eight hour work day.

Reference

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 Frederic C. Jelen, James H. Black, Cost and Optimization Engineering, Third Edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 2028

Risk Management Manual, International Federation of Consulting Engineers,2023, Pg 52

Cost Estimating Guide for Program and Project Management, U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of Management, Budget and Evaluation, DOE G 430.1-1X, April 2016

Standard Classification for Cost Estimate Classification System, ASTM E2516-11

Cost Estimate Classification System, AACE International Recommended Practice No. 17R-97

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 Educational
S Trainer Address
N Name of Background In
e
o. Trainer Level and Regi
x College Phone E-Mail Address
Profession on
Federal
Addi Technical
M.Sc. in
Bekalu s and 0921988 fikruyibeltal@gmai
1 M Structural
Yibeltal Abab Vocational 863 l.com
Engineering
a Training
Institute
B.Sc. in Woliso
Desalegn Oro 0926771 dasalegnalemu&gm
2 M Construction Polytechnic
Alemu mia 683 ail.com
Management College
M.Sc. in Batu
Muluken Oro 0912289 mulecot99@gmail.
3 M Construction Polytechnic
Solomon mia 146 com
Management College
B.Sc. in
Woliso
Solomon Building Oro 0921207 samuelsolomon071
4 M Polytechnic
Urga Construction mia 462 @gmail.com
College
Technology
5 Tesfaye M M.Sc. in Cent Butajira 0913442 tesfayeassegidew@
Assegide Construction eral Polytechnic 444 gmail.com
w Technology & Ethio College

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 Management pia
Tibebnes
M.Sc. in Hawassa
h Sida 0916116 tibebineshg1@gmai
6 F Construction Polytechnic
Gebremi ma 049 l.com
Management College
chael
Addi General
Zekarias B.Sc. in Civil s Wingate 0912421 zekarias1502@gma
7 M
Gebre Engineering Abab Polytechnic 317 il.com
a College

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