UNIT 1/12(2023-2024)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PLANNING

Planning is the initiation of action. Before conducting any Physical Education programme, we need to
plan. Planning means preparing or getting ready to perform a task. We need to think about the
availability of sports equipment, availability of officials, fund, budget, even weather condition etc. before
conducting any sports event. Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. Planning is a trap laid to
capture the future.

OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING

1. Planning increases the rate of success.

2. Planning decreases the rate of failure.
3. Planning helps to remain in budget.
4. Planning brings innovation and creativity.
5. Planning helps to avoid overlapping while giving assigning duties and responsibilities.
6. Planning achieves coordination.
7. Planning helps in decision making.

ORGANISING

Organizing is the successful completion of any event. Before conducting any Physical Education
programme an organizing committee is formed which chalk out or design everything. Organizing is the
establishing of authority relationship among selected work, persons and work places to work together
smoothly and efficiently. Before organizing any Physical Education programme, the following things
need to be considered.

- Venue to be fixed.
- Budget to be prepared.
- Boarding and catering (food) arrangements are to be made.
- Transports facilities to be made.
- Medical facilities to be arranged.
- Volunteer staff to be arranged.
- Officials and equipment are to be made available.
- Respective duties to be assigned.

STAFFING

Staffing means the required manpower at every post and area to complete the task on time. The staff
may be taken from the school or it may be hired or outsourced form any association, organization or
federation. For example, to conduct volleyball or kabaddi competition we can hire officials from
volleyball association or kabaddi association.

DIRECTING

Directing is the process of giving directions to the concerned staff. It is the process of reminding the staff
about their duties and responsibilities. It is also known as the process to train. For achieving this, the
director arranges the workshop so that the members don’t feel difficulty while working. Directing is the
complex function that includes all those activities which are designed to encourage subordinate to work
effectively and efficiently in both short and long run.

CONTROLLING

Controlling is the basic need of any sports competition. It is done before and during any tournament. It
improves quality and effectiveness of any competition. Controlling is the process of verifying whether
everything is going perfectly as per planning or not. Its objective is to point out weakness and errors in
order to rectify them.

VARIOUS COMMITTEES AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES

Sports activities are the most popular and biggest among all other activities. Games and sports
competitions are organized at different levels. Some are organized at block level. Afterwards these are
organized in district level, state level, zonal level, national level and international level etc. Sports
competitions need careful planning and for this purpose various committees are formed and they are
assigned specific duties. Some committees start working beforehand, some committees work during
competitions and some committees even work after the completion of the tournament. The duties and
responsibility of various committees are given below:

Pre-tournament committees:
 1. Organizing committee: This is also known as the core committee. This committee is generally
headed by the chairman who is selected as the overall in charge of conducting the event. The
members of this committee can interfere in any aspects related to the event.
2. Finance committee: This committee prepares budget. They also look after the source of income
and expenditure and the any amount received by any sponsor etc. They prepare the financial
receipts and bills. They also work under the directions of organizing committee.
3. Publicity committee: They look after the newspaper and media coverage. They also look after
the printing of festoons, banners, flex, handbills, posters etc. They are also responsible for the
publicity regarding dates, venues etc.
4. Technical committee: This committee is responsible to ensure the availability of equipment,
ground, officials etc. They also look after the weather condition and visibility for organizing and
event.
5. Purchase committee: This committee is responsible to purchase the equipment and other items
required to organize the event.

During tournament committees:

1. Reception committee: This committee is responsible to receive the chief guest, other
distinguished guests, guests of honour, other outstation teams etc.
2. Transportation committee: This committee looks after the transportation of teams and officials
from the railway station to venue and from venue to the railway station or airport. They also
look after the arrangement of vehicles for the chief guest and other guest of honour.
3. Boarding and lodging committee: This committee is responsible to provide rooms and
dormitories for the participants and officials if needed.
4. Medical committee: This committee consists of qualified doctors and nurse. They attend if any
one becomes injured or sick. They also provide first aid to the injured participants.
5. Tournament committee: This committee takes entries, draws fixtures, checks equipment and
makes the ground ready, appoints officials and compile result.
6. Ceremony committee: They look after the programmes of opening and closing ceremony. They
also look after the other filler programmes in between the events.
7. Award committee: This committee looks after the distribution of medals, prizes, mementos,
certificates etc. among the participants.
8. Refreshment committee: This committee looks after the distribution of refreshment, snacks,
drinking water etc.

Post tournament committees:

1. Winding up committee: This committee works after the tournament is over. They bring back all
the furniture and equipment in their respective places after the vent is over.
 2. Refund committee: This committee looks after the refund of security deposits and other articles
to be refunded.
3. Transport committee: This committee also works even after the event is over. After the
tournament is over they still keep on providing vehicles to the teams or participant to drop them
in the railway station or airport.

TOURNAMENTS:

Tournament is a series of matches organized in systematic order to bring out the best team or the best
individual player in his/her respective games. Tournament is the way to bring out the deserving
champion.

OBJECTIVES OF TOURNAMENT:

1. To find out best team or player.

2. To popularize games and sports.
3. To learn new skills, technique and style.
4. To provide a platform to showcase their talents.
5. To develop integration and harmony in various levels.
6. To provide a source of recreation to the spectators.
7. To promote brotherhood and friendship.
8. To improve international relationship.

TYPES OF TOUNAMENT

There are 5 types of tournament. The selection of any types of tournament depend upon the availability
of time, officials, equipment, availability of fund, number of field/court/playing arena, number of
participants etc. The various types of tournaments are as follows:

1. KNOCK OUT OR ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT

2. LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
3. CONSOLATION TOURNAMENT
4. COMBINATION TOURNAMENT( i. Knock out followed by knock out ii. Knock out followed by
league iii) League
Followed by league and iv. League followed by knock out.)
5. CHALLENGE TOURNAMENT

KNOCK OUT TOURNAMENT:

Knock out tournament is also known as elimination tournament. When a large number of team or
participant take part and that has to be completed in limited number of days, the organizer selects
Knock Out or Elimination method. Here, all the participants are kept in a single vertical line and they are
paired off and they are made to play against each other. The winners proceed in the next round and the
defeated teams/players are eliminated from the tournament. This process continues till final.

(draw fixture)

MERITS OF KNOCK OUT TOURNAMENT

1. It can be conducted in less time.

2. It is easy to conduct.
3. It can be conducted in limited or less budget.
4. It can be conducted with less officials.
5. It can be conducted with less number of equipments.

DEMERITS OF KNOCK OUT TOURNAMENT

1. There is no any second chance of rectifying the mistakes.

2. There is no any second chance to revise or reconsider or rethink about the strategies and tactics.
3. Sometimes undeserving team comes out as champion.
4. Sometimes a good team is eliminated in the very first round.
5. The goods players get demotivated after their unexpected defeat.
6. Mediocre teams avoid participation.

SEEDING

To make the tournament more interesting seeding is done. The seeded teams or players are kept in the
fixture as far as possible. On the basis of performance in the previous 1 or 2 years the seeded players are
selected. The exceptionally brilliant teams or players are designated as seeded teams or seeded players.
For example, if there are 8 teams with two seeded teams, one team is kept on the top of upper half and
the other is kept on the bottom of lower half so that they don’t meet in the early rounds and the
tournament becomes less interesting.

(Draw fixture for example)

BYE

“Bye” is the privilege given to a team or player in the very first round. If the number of participating
team is odd or not in the square of 2, we need to give bye. In such case we subtract the number of
participating team from the next higher square of 2. For example, if the number of participant is 11, the
number of bye will be (16-11) = 5. If the number of participating team is 12(even number, but not the
square of 2) the number of bye will be (16-12) = 4. In Knock out tournament, the 1 st bye is given to the
last team of lower half, the 2nd bye is given to the first team of upper half, the 3rd bye is given to the first
team of lower half and the 4th bye is given to the last team of upper half and so on.

(Draw fixture for example)

(BYE IS GIVEN IN ALL THE CASES EXCEPT WHEN THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPATION IS 4,8,16,32,64,128,256
AND SO ON.)

THINGS TO BE REMEMBERED BEFORE DRAWING A KNOCK OUT FIXTURE:

1. If the number of participating team is in even number, divide them in equal numbers in 2 halves
i.e. upper half and lower half
2. It the number of participating team is in odd number, the number of team in upper half will be 1
more than the number of participating teams in the lower half. (Formula N+1/2 and N-1/2.
N+1/2 is for upper half & N-1/2 is for lower half.
3. To calculate the number of bye in upper half, apply the formula NB-1/2 & to calculate the
number of bye in lower half, apply the formula NB +1/2
4. Give the bye in order. Start from the last team of lower half.

LEAGUE TOURNAMENT OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT

League tournament is also known as Round Robin tournament. It is also known as “Berger System” of as
Mr. Berger proposed this system of tournament. In league tournament all the teams play against each
other. In a single league tournament, all the teams play one match against each other. In a double
league tournament, all the teams play two matches against each other. In league tournament winner
gets the full point, no point is given to the defeated teams and in case of tie, point is equally divided. In
league tournament, point table is prepared and the team at the top of the point table is declared
champion.

In league tournament fixture is prepared in cyclic method, staircase method and also in tabular method.

(Draw fixture for example)

MERITS OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT:

1. In league tournament, a deserving champion comes out.

2. Every team/player gets chance to play at least one match against each other.
3. In league tournament, there is always a chance to rectify the mistake.
4. In league tournament, there is always a chance to revise strategy or tactics.
5. In league tournament, there is always a chance to improve or excel.
6. In league tournament, the players learn new skills.
7. It gives ranking to all the competitors and as a result all the teams know their position in the
league table.
8. It keeps the interest of the players alive till last.

DEMERITS OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT:

1. League tournament is always time consuming.

 2. League tournament cannot be organized in limited budget or fund.
3. It needs more number of official.
4. Large quantity of resources and equipment are needed.
5. Accomodation and mess services are needed for number of days.

BRITISH METHOD OF DECLARING WINNER IN LEAGUE TOURNAMENT:

In British method, the total points obtained are divided by total possible points. For example if a team
plays 10 matches and wins 8 matches, the point will be 8x2=16. But the total possible points would have
been 10x2=20.

In British method the percentage of points will be Total points obtained

--------------------------------------- X 100 = 16/20 x 100 =

80%

Total possible points

AMERICAN METHOD OF DECLARING CHAMPION

In American method, the total number of matches won is divided by the total number of matches
played. For example if a team plays 10 matches and wins 9 matches, the percentage of points will be
calculated

Total number of matches won

--------------------------------------- X 100 = 9/10 x 100

= 90%

Total number of matches played

COMBINATION TOURNAMENT

1. Knock out followed by knock out or Knock out cum knock out : In this method, the total number
of teams are divided into four equal zones or pools. First of all the teams play in their respective
zones or pools on knock out basis. Then one team come out as champion. Similarly 4 teams
come out as champion from 4 zones or pools. Later on these 4 champions play again on knock
out basis and finally a champion comes out.

Champion of pool A vs Champion of pool B

Champion of pool C vs Champion of pool D
 (Draw fixture for example)

2. Knock out followed by league or Knock out cum league tournament: In this method all the
teams are divided into four zones or pools. All the teams play on knock out basis first and 4
champions come out from 4 pols or zones. Later on these 4 champions play on league basis and
a point table of these 4 teams is prepared. The team which remains at the top of the point table
is declared champion.

(Draw fixture for example)

3. League followed by league or league cum league: In this type of tournament, all the teams are
divided into 4 zones or pools. At first, all the teams play on league basis in their respective zones
or pools and 4 champions come out from 4 pools. Later on all these 4 champions again play on
league basis and a point table is prepared. And the team which remains at the top of the table is
declared as champion.

(Draw fixture for example)

4. League followed by Knock out tournament or league cum knock out: In this method, all the
participating teams are divided in 4 zones or pools and they play on league basis first in their
respective zones or pools and after this 4 champions come out from 4 pools. Later on, these 4
champions play on knock out basis and a champion comes out.

(Draw fixture for example)

CONSOLATION TOURNAMENT

Consolation tournament is a tournament which is conducted after taking the defeated teams in the very
first round. This is a separate and parallel tournament which is conducted side by side of the main
tournament. The champion of a consolation tournament is known as consolation champion.

(Draw fixture)

CHALLENGE TOURNAMENT

In challenge tournament, the former champion keeps his/her title until they are defeated by a
contender or challenger. The for champion is known as defending champion whereas his/her
challengers are known as contenders. This is mainly seen in boxing, chess etc. If a defending champion
retires, then the present best challenger may be announced as the champion.
INTRAMURAL SPORTS

The word ‘intramural’ is the combination of two words – ‘intra’ means ‘under’ and ‘mural’ means ‘walls’.
The activities and sports which are conducted under the boundary walls of an institution are known as
intramural sports. In Indian schooling system the total number of students are divided in 4 to 6 houses
and many competitions are organized among the houses. Inter House activities are also known as
intramural competitions.

SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE/MERITS OF INTRAMURAL SPORTS

1. To provide opportunities for self-expression.

2. To prepare the students for sound, healthy life.
3. To promote healthy competitions.
4. To create interest in sports.
5. To enhance social qualities like cooperation, teamwork, sympathy etc.
6. To build strong bond.
7. To serve as a training ground for future sportsmen.

DEMERITS OF INTRAMURAL SPORTS

1. Sometimes disrupts the normal school routine.

2. In intramural sports, competitions are not so high and keen.
3. In intramural sports, exceptionally brilliant players don’t get the charm of competition as it is
one sided.

INTRAMURAL COMMITTEE/ORGANISATION OF INTRAMURAL SPORTS

To organize intramural or inter house sports properly the organization pattern can be represented as
follows:

PRINCIPAL INTRAMURAL DIRECTOR OR HOUSE MASTER DIRECTOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION OR

ADVISOR  HOUSE INCHARGE  HOUSE CAPTAIN  CAPTAINS OF HOUSE TEAMS

ACTIVITIES UNDER INTRAMURAL SPORTS

The intramural school programme should be selected according to the interest of students and facilities
available in a school. Activities in intramural sports in schools can be held in the following categories:

1. Games and sports:- Badminton, basketball, volleyball, kho-kho, kabaddi, athletics, football,
hockey etc.
2. Rhythmic Sports:- Like lazium, dumb bell, aerobics, yoga, drills and march past etc.
3. Combative Sports:-Like judo, boxing, wrestling etc.
EXTRAMURAL SPORTS

The word ‘extramural’ is the combination of two words – ‘extra’ means ‘outside’ and ‘mural’ means
‘walls’. The activities which are conducted outside the boundary walls are known as extramural sports.
Interschool, Intercollege, Interuniversity games and sports competitions are the examples of extramural
competitions.

SIGNIFICANCE

1. It provides additional opportunities to participate.

2. It provides much needed match practice to the players.
3. It enables a school to assess their strengths and weaknesses.
4. It helps to excel in sports.

ADVANTAGES

1. It provides exposure to the various activities.

2. Students share their skills and knowledge.
3. It helps to develop their skills and moral values.
4. It makes the students more independent and confident.
5. It helps to raise self-esteem.
6. It helps to face new challenges.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Winning becomes more important.

2. Normal school activities becomes disrupted.
3. Sometimes competitions do more physical and emotional harm to the participants.
4. Due to extra importance on winning, the cases of unfair means increase.
5. These activities are sometimes financial burden to some schools.
6. Due to extra participation the brilliant players lag behind in their studies.

SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMMES

SPORTS DAY

Sports Day/Days is the inseparable part of any school – big or small. On this day, different sports
activities are organized. Almost all the students take part in selection process and on this day the finals
of various games and sports are organized. In some schools sports week is celebrated .The main
objective of sports day is to encourage the students to participate. Sports day originated from the
Women’s Play Day Movement.

ADVANTAGES

1. A large number of players can participate in a variety of activities.

 2. Such activities afford opportunities to display leadership qualities.
3. Such activities improve social bonds.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Having one or two sports days in a year cannot achieve much.

2. Sports Day lacks competitive spirit.

HEALTH RUNS

Running is a natural human activity. Running satisfies our biological and physiological needs. Thus
running is always enjoying and satisfying. Another reason for its popularity is that running is the
cheapest method to remain fit. The only gear one needs to run are a pair of shoes, socks, shorts and a T-
shirt and an open space to run.

Health Runs are organized in solo or in teams. Health runs are regularly organized in Army, Police or
Camps to maintain the health of soldiers.

Health runs are generally organized to promote health and well being of public in general. Health runs
also benefit to increase confidence, self esteem and a sense of well being among the people .

RUN FOR FUN

Run for fun means that the participants run for the sake of enjoyment rather than for competitions. Like
health runs, run for fun is also organized to promote health and fitness but in a relaxed way.

When an individual runs for fun, he is physically and mentally relaxed. In run for fun, an individual
doesn’t run for competition. He runs slowly for enjoyment. And in this course, his muscles and all the
systems become strong.

Run for fun is also organized for raising funds for charity or for some other caused. The expenditure is
paid by the sponsors. These are organized in the form of a marathon or half marathon.

RUN FOR UNITY

The country like India has always remained a soft target for the terrorist attack. They have always tried
to disturb the peace, harmony and unity of the country. In such cases, running plays a crucial role to
maintain peace in the country. Group running foster friendship, brotherhood, helpfulness and
cooperation. In 1993, a serial blast occurred and many persons were killed. Recently we have seen bomb
blast and terrorist attack at Taj Hotel, Mumbai. In both the cases, all the industrialists, business tycoons,
actors and actresses, players and the celebrities ran together to maintain the interim peace and
harmony of the country and in both the cases group running was successful. This run for unity is known
as the MUMBAI MARATHON. MUMBAI MARATHON is organized in every year and it is sponsored by
Standard Chartered Bank and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) under the guidance of Athletic Federation
of India and the Maharashtra Athletic Association. The run starts from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and
ends at Chhtrapati Shivaji Terminus only. Around 40000 participants including celebrities took part in the
run.

RUN FOR AWARENESS

Run for awareness is organized with the noble intention to spread the message that running keeps a
man healthy. It is also a drive to make countrymen aware that running helps to get rid of many life style
diseases and it keeps someone fit. When a group of men runs, naturally it becomes the source of
interest. The onlookers soon get motivated to develop the habit of running. Such runs inculcate the
health awareness.

RUN FOR CAUSE

Some people run for cause also. In many villages, the villagers are still superstitious and illiterate. They
still believe in black magic and they still go to an enchanter after a snake bite. They still don’t know the
reasons of TB, AIDS and other such life taking diseases. Group running with posters, placards can make
them aware. Such running can raise funds for the downtrodden people also.

Apart from this, in case of natural disaster like earthquake, Tsunami, draught, flood etc. such group
running play a very important role to raise the fund for the victims. A walk for the senior citizens can
also work in this.