Department of English Language and Literature

Subject/Course: Grammar Instructor: Dr. Yasmina BENZIDA

Level: First Year (Freshmen) Semester: One / For L1

Learners

Contents of the Syllabus (NEW CANEVAS)

 The Parts of Speech: basic definitions
 The sentence, the clause, the phrase: basic definitions
I. The Parts of Speech
1. Nouns
1.1. Kinds of Nouns ( common, proper, abstract, collective)
1.2. Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
1.3. Countable Vs. Non-countable nouns
1.4. Singular Vs. Plural (formation of regular/irregular plurals)
1.5. Formation of compound nouns
1.6. Possessive nouns (formation of the possessive case)
1.7. Functions of nouns (subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object
complement, object of preposition)
2. Pronouns
2.1. Types of pronouns (personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative,
indefinite, reciprocal)
3. Adjectives
3.1. Kinds of adjectives (demonstrative, distributive, quantitative, interrogative, possessive, qualitative)
3.2. Participles used as adjectives
3.3. Agreement
3.4. Position and order of adjectives
4. Quantifiers
4.1. Definite Quantifiers ("all," "every," "each," "both," "neither," "either," "none")
4.2. Indefinite Quantifiers ("some," "any," "several," "a few," "many," "few," "a lot of," "lots of,"
"most," "a little," "much," "none")
4.3. Numerical Quantifiers ("one," "two," "three," "seventeen," "twenty," "hundreds," "thousands")
4.3.1. The Indefinite Articles (a / an)
 4.3.2. The definite article (the)
4.4. Fractional Quantifiers ("half," "a quarter," "one-third," "two-thirds")
4.5. Quantifiers of Frequency ("always," "usually," "often," "sometimes," "rarely," "never")
4.6. Collective Quantifiers ("a bunch of," "a group of," "a herd of," "a pack of.")
4.7. Quantifiers of Degree or Intensity ("very," "quite," "too," "enough," "absolutely," "extremely")
5. Adverbs
5.1. Kinds of adverbs (manner, place, time, frequency, degree, interrogative, relative, sentence)
5.2. Formation of adverbs
5.3. Adverbs and adjectives with the same form
5.4. Position of adverbs
6. Prepositions
6.1. Types of prepositions (time, place, location, mouvement)
(in, on, at, to, of, for, Ø preposition)
7. Conjunctions
7.1. Coordinating, Subordinating, & Correlative conjunctions
8. Interjections
II. The sentence, the clause, the phrase
1. The sentence, the clause, & the phrase
1.1. Definitions
1.2. Independent & dependent clauses
1.3. Differentiate between independent & dependent clauses
1.4. Differentiate between clauses and phrases
1.5. Types of sentences
Second Semester
I- Verbs
1.1. Kinds of verbs (action [transitive Vs. intransitive], linking, helping)
II- Tenses
1. The present simple (affirmative/negative/ interrogative forms)
2. The past simple
3. The future simple
4. The present perfect
5. The present continuous
6. The past perfect
7. The past continuous
8. The future perfect
9. The future continuous
 III- Modals
IV- Phrasal verbs
V- Special verbs : get, do, make

Course Description

Semester: 01
Teaching Unit: Fundamental 1 (UF1)
Module: Grammar
Credits: 04
Coefficient: 02
Course Objective
 Improve students‘ knowledge of language structure

 Perfecting the use of parts of speech in context

NB. Subject Contents can be adapted according to students’ language needs (you may assign a
diagnostic test)

Assessment: 50% - 50% (Written exams and continuous Assessment)

Sources and references

- Alexander, L.G. (1990). Longman English Grammar Practice for intermediate students. Self-
study edition with key. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. Longman.
- Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in Use. A self-study reference and practice book for
intermediate students of English: with key. Third Edition. Cambridge University Press.
- Nettle, M.,Hopkins.D. (2003). Developing Grammar in Context. Grammar reference and
practice: Intermediate with Answers. Cambridge University Press.
- Vince, M. (2008). Macmillan English Grammar in Context: Advanced with keys. Design and
Illustration Macmillan Publishers Limited. Oxford.
- Walker,E.,Elsworth, S. (2004). New Grammar Practice for Pre-intermediate Students: with key.
Pearson Education Limited 2000. Longman.
 Parts of Speech : 1/ Nouns

1. Nouns
Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the noun, the verb, the pronoun, the
adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection.

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, or an idea. A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a
direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

1.1. Kinds of Nouns ( common, proper, abstract, collective)

1. Common nouns: refer to general, unspecific categories of entities. They name any person, place or thing. e.g : man,
table, country, hotel, student, …
2. Proper nouns : name particular persons, places or things and begin with a capital letter. They can refer to :
→ Personal names (Robert, Betty, Dr. Wilson, President Obama, Uncle John, ..)
→Festivals/holy days (Christmas, Independence Day, Aid El Adha, Halloween, Thanksgiving, ...)
→ Time units (days, months) : Monday, August, .... ( seasons are not capitalized).
→ Geographical units (cities, countries, rivers, mountains, oceans, seas, monuments ..) : London, Spain, the
Mississippi, the Alps, the Pacific, the Eiffel Tower...
→Institutions/organizations (Cambridge University, the BBC, the Red Cross, ...)
→Nationalities (English, American, French, ..)
→Religions/ creeds ‗1‘ / denominations ‗2‘(Islam, Christianity, Sunah, Catholics, ...)
‗1‘ (/kri:d/: a set of principles or religious beliefs.)/
‗2‘(a branch of Christian Church/ a unit of ....)

3. Abstract nouns: used for theoretical concepts. They name anything (intangible) that cannot be perceived through the
five physical senses. e.g: courage, fear, wisdom, luck, honesty, happiness, democracy, decency, politeness,
conversation, running, reading, breathing ...
→ As a contrast to abstract nouns come the Concrete Nouns. These name anything (or anyone) that can be perceived
through our physical senses. e.g : salt, wool, board, music, gold, smoke, air, water….

4. Collective nouns: name a group of persons, things, or animals acting as one unit. You need to recognize collective
nouns in order to maintain subject-verb agreement.
e.g: team, band, group, club, troupe, gang, choir, public, crew, army, navy, class, audience, staff, family, police,
committee, union, jury, firm, government, parliament, senate, society, faculty, department, minority, orchestra, panel,
bunch, shoal, cattle, herd, flock, …
→ When they refer to a group as a single unit, a collective noun takes a singular verb.
e.g: - Some cynics claim that the American family is no longer functioning.
- The public isn‘t really interested in what the government is doing unless it increases taxes.
- The town council has approved plans to create a new park.
- The flock of birds flies south for the winter.

→When referring to a group‘s members as individuals, the collective noun takes a plural verb.
e.g: - The Rogers family have been parking their cars in the backyard.
- The public are more likely to complain if they have to pay more taxes.
- After taking a test, the class start their research papers on famous mathematicians.
- The jury disagree about the guilt of the accused and have told the judge that they are hopelessly deadlocked.
 1.2. Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
There are three genders in English :
1. Masculine (belongs to the male sex) : man, boy, husband, bull, ... (he/his/him)
2. Feminine (belongs to the female sex) : woman, girl, wife, cow, ... (she/her/hers)
3. Neuter (belongs to neither sex) → inanimate things, animals : table, bag, elephant, cat, ... (it/ its)
Exceptions :
 Ships, cars, countries when regarded with affection/respect are considered feminine.
e.g. The ship/Titanic crash an iceberg which tore a huge hole in her side.
Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions.
 Some abstract nouns which are noted for strength and greatness are in the masculine gender.
e.g. the sun, anger, death, war, summer, ocean, time, love, ....
Others are noted for beauty, gentleness, weakness are in the feminine gender.
e.g. the moon, the earth, hope, charity, liberty, fame, faith, justice, life, truth, ....

Formation of Feminine/ Masculine

 Most nouns have the same form for masculine and feminine (common gender) : parent, child, infant, cousin, baby,
friend, student, guest, teenager, teacher, journalist, artist, doctor, leader, dancer, speaker, artist, rider, author, prisoner,
cook, leader, colleague, ....

 Some nouns have different forms for masculine and feminine:

Man ≠ woman lord ≠ lady
Boy ≠ girl monk ≠ nun
brother ≠ sister widower ≠ widow
son ≠ daughter gentleman ≠ lady
father ≠ mother nephew ≠ niece
duke ≠ duchess bridegroom ≠ bride
hero ≠heroine uncle ≠ aunt
husband ≠ wife king ≠ queen
→ It is also the case for many domestic and wild animals :
bull ≠ cow drake ≠ duck
stallion ≠ mare gander ≠ goose
cock ≠ hen fox≠ vixen
dog ≠ bitch stag (deer) ≠ doe
 Some nouns form the feminine by adding ess to the masculine :
prince ≠ princess lion ≠ lioness
conductor ≠ conductress tiger ≠ tigress
actor ≠ actress waiter ≠ waitress
heir ≠ heiress host ≠ hostess
 Some nouns form the feminine by changing a word that is before or after the masculine noun :
land-lord ≠ land-lady male-servant≠ female-servant
salesman ≠ saleswoman chairman ≠ chairwoman

1.3. Countable Vs. Non-countable nouns

A countable noun refers to things we can count. It has both a singular and a plural form. Countable nouns are
normally used to refer to people, creatures, objects, actions and events which can be thought of as separate individual
things. They can be used with articles (a/an) , numbers, and quantifiers (some, many, any, few). I eat a / one
banana → I like bananas (no article in the plural)
e.g. Library, dollar, chair, car, bird, monkey, mountain, child, man…
Arrival, crash, goal, lesson, mistake, party, problem, theft, reading, emergency, belief, ....
 An uncountable noun refers to things as substances, materials, qualities, abstract ideas, feelings, states and
activities rather than to individual objects or events. It does not have a plural form and always takes a singular verb.
It is not used with a/an and numbers, but can be used with some quantifiers (some, much, little)
WRONG: a rice, a sand BUT you can often use “ a……of ”
RIGHT a bowl of rice a grain of sand
e.g. travel, chess, jogging, photography, research, tennis, shopping, work, advice..
Anger, bravery, education, evidence, love, safety, freedom, ignorance, luck ...
Alcohol, chocolate, cotton, iron, wood, ink, meat, rice, salt, milk, butter, paint, water, ....
Luggage, furniture, money, work, information, accommodation, weather, progress, time,...
Notes:
 Some expressions are used to speak about one separate unit/part of an uncountable noun.
e.g. a flash of lightning – a loaf of bread – a piece of advice – a drop of water – a bar of soap – a can of cola – a sheet of
paper – a kilo of sugar – an ounce of salt- a cup of coffee – a clap of thunder – a peal of laughter –
Nobody likes having to move furniture.
There wasn‘t a piece of furniture left in the house.
 Different quantifiers are used with countable (plural nouns) and uncountable nouns:
many much A lot of some Few/a few Little/ a any
little

* Countable * Uncountable *Coun/ uncoun *Coun/ uncoun *coun *uncoun *Coun/uncoun

-I have many -I possess much -I have a lot of -There are some -I speak few -There is -Do you have
friends. words in little food any problems?
money. friends/ money letters for you. Spanish. in the
fridge. - Is there any
-I am going to trouble?

buy some
furniture.

REMEMBER:
There are some nouns that are usually uncountable in English but countable in other languages.
e.g. advice- bread- chaos- information- work- behaviour- damage- luck- permission- traffic
→ SO - you cannot use a/an with them ( an advice → incorrect > a/one piece of advice)
- They are not usually plural : we do not say → advices – breads
- News is uncountable not plural : The news is/ was very depressing . [not the news are/ were]
- Travel (noun) means traveling in general. You cannot say a travel to mean a trip
we say: We had a very good trip [ not a good travel]
COMPARE:
- I am looking for a job - I am looking for work
- It is a nice day! - It is nice weather!
- We had a lot of bags and suitcases. - We had a lot of luggage.
- It was a good suggestion. - It was good advice.
 Some nouns can be countable in one meaning and uncountable in another(variable nouns). It depends
whether we‘re using the noun to refer to a single thing or to a substance or general idea.
e.g. She owns a business. Business is booming.
There‘s a hair in my tea. He has long hair.
Three coffees, please. He likes coffee.
 Did you hear a noise just now? (=specific noise) I can‘t work here. There‘s too much noise
I bought a paper to read (= newspaper) I need some paper to write on.
Enjoy your vacation. Have a good time. I can‘t wait. I don‘t have time

1.4. Singular Vs. Plural (formation of regular/irregular plurals)

The plural of a noun is usually made by adding ‗s‘ to the singular (regular nouns) :
day , days dog, dogs house, houses
 ‗s‘ is pronounced /s/ after p, t, k, or f sound : cups, pots, books, stops,....
 ‗s‘ is pronounced /iz/ after s, z, ce, ge, re sounds : buses, sizes, bridges, oranges, ...
 ‗s‘ is pronounced /z/ after b, d, g, .... : dogs, apples, doors, shoes, ...

 Nouns ending in ch, sh, ss, o, x form their plural by adding es to the singular :
watch → watches brush → brushes box → boxes
glass → glasses
tomato → tomatoes hero → heroes BUT video → videos radio → radios
BUT words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in „o‟, add ‗s‘ only :
dynamo → dynamos piano → pianos
kilo → kilos photo → photos

 Nouns ending in „y‟ following a consonant form their plural by dropping the ‗y‘ and adding ies :
baby → babies lady → ladies country → countries
fly → flies story → stories army → armies
BUT words ending in ‗y‘ following a vowel form their plural by adding an „s‟ :
boy → boys day → days donkey → donkeys
play → plays key → keys guy → guys

 Some nouns end in f or fe ; these letters are dropped and replaced by ves :
calf, half, knife, leaf, life, sheaf, loaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, self. → calves, halves, …
BUT - the nouns scarf, wharf, hoof take either s or ves : scarfs/ scarves
- Other words ending in f or fe are added ‗s‘ in the ordinary way :
cliff → cliffs handkerchief → handkerchiefs safe → safes
roof → roofs belief → beliefs

 A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change (irregular nouns) :

man → men woman → women child → children ox → oxen
tooth → teeth goose → geese foot → feet
mouse → mice louse → lice

 Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb : clothes, belongings, goods, surroundings, thanks, remains,
stairs, proceeds, congratulations, groceries, .... + police
e.g. Her clothes are always fashionable.
Good manners are important.
+ words consisting of two parts (trousers (Bri), pants(Amer), pyjamas, jeans, shorts, glasses, binoculars, scissors)
. e.g. These trousers are tight.
BUT A good pair of scissors is difficult to find.

 Some words have the same form in the singular and plural :
crossroads, means, series, species, brackets. + sheep, deer, salmon, trout, aircraft, fish.
→ Fish is normally unchanged. Fishes is used in biology to refer to multiple species of fish

e.g. The telephone is a means of communication.

There are several means of solving the problem.
  Some words ending in „s‟ or „ics‟ are singular /uncountable and take a singular verb :
athletics, gymnastics, physics, politics, statistics, electronics, mathematics, ethics + rabies, diabetes, mumps, cards,
billiards, bowls, dominos, news...
e.g. Maths is my best subject.
Statistics was a difficult course.
Rabies has become a deadly disease.

 Irregular plurals concern also foreign nouns:

singular Plural singular Plural singular Plural

bacterium bacteria axis axes crisis crises

curriculum curricula analysis analyses parenthesis parentheses

datum data basis bases thesis theses

stimulus stimuli syllabus syllabi phenomenon phenomena

 Sometimes, there are two plural forms with different meanings :

- appendix → appendices/ appendixes (medical term) / appendices (addition to a book)

Initials can be made plural : MPs (Members of Parliament) - VIPs (Very Important Persons)

1.5. Formation of compound nouns

Compound Nouns
Compound nouns consist of two (or more) words/parts used together as a single noun. The first part tells us what kind of
object or person it is, or what its purpose is. The second part identifies the object or person in question. Compound nouns
often have a meaning that is different, or more specific, than the two separate words.
There are very common compound nouns, and new combinations are invented almost daily. e.g.
 bus driver , car mechanic , history teacher , airline inspector, policeman.
 application form , fire extinguisher , swimming pool , emergency exit door.
 detective story, horror movie , health food magazine.
 chicken soup , glass bottle , paper plates , feather pillows, gold medal
 birthday party , street lights , winter coat , November fogs , dining room table
 a house-husband , a get-together , a do-it-yourself-store., a five-year-old child

→You have noticed that the compound noun can be written either as a single word, two separate words, or two words
separated by a hyphen. There are no clear rules about this and it best to check in an up—to-date dictionary.

Compound nouns can be formed by combining nouns with other parts of speech :
 noun + noun : Tower Bridge - winter clothes – river bank - bedroom
 noun + gerund : weight-lifting - lorry driving - bird-watching
 gerund + noun: waiting list - driving license– swimming pool – washing machine
 noun +verb : wind surfing - fire-eater - rainfall
 verb + noun : cookbook - rocking chair - swimsuit -
 adjective + noun : highway - blackbird - easy chair - greenhouse

→ We can also make compound nouns from time expressions : a three-week holiday, a four-hour delay , a ten-minute
drive.

→ The plural of compound nouns is formed by adding ―s‖ at the end of the main/principal word in hyphenated or
separated words (daughters-in-law or mayors-elect) or at the end of the compound noun ( go-betweens , higher-ups ,
break-ins).
When the compound noun is a single word (e.g., banknote, letterhead, mailbox), the plural is formed using the usual rules
for forming a plural, which is adding ―s‖ to the end: banknotes, letterheads, mailboxes.

1.6. Possessive nouns (formation of the possessive case)

Possessive Nouns (possessive case)
A noun that is the possessor or owner of something is in the possessive case. We use it to express the idea of ‗having‘ or to
refer to a relationship which exists between the first noun (people/animals) and the second noun (things). We form
possessive nouns by adding an apostrophe -s (‟s) to most nouns, or only an apostrophe ( ‟ ) to nouns ending in s.
e.g. Justin‟s uncle is an advocate. (relationship)
Kevin‟s desk is broken . (ownership)

form:
 with singular and irregular plurals, we use ‟s :
John‟s book mother-in-law‟s house women‟s clothes
 with regular plural nouns(ending in ―s‖), we use only « ‟ » : students‟ tables girls‟ school
 with singular noun/proper names ending in ―s‖, we can add (‟s) or just (‟)
The Duchess‘ jewels or the Duchesses‘s jewels
Gilles‘(‟s ) shop Socrates‘ philosophy
Use:
 The possessive case is used in simple statements of possession instead of the preposition ― of ‖ :
The car of my wife is red → better → My wife‟s car is red.
The bedroom of the parents are upstairs = The parents‟ bedroom is upstairs.
Everybody met at the front gate of the museum. = Everybody met at the museum‟s front gate.

BUT “ of ” is used when the possessor noun is immediately followed by a phrase or a clause:
That is the furniture of the woman murdered by the aggressor.
That is the fault of the conductor who drove very quickly.

NOTE that, when the possessive case is used, we keep the article preceding the possessor, but the one before the possessed
person or thing disappears.
 We also use possessive nouns in personification, that is, when something abstract is treated as if it was a person, or
when an object is described as ‗having‘ something.
e.g. Death‟s cold hand – jealousy‟s dark thoughts

 Possessive nouns can sometimes be used without a following noun when that noun is treated as known, or it presented
as one of a larger number rather than a particular one.
It‘s a film of Hitchcock‟s It‘s bigger than Paul‟s.
She is a friend of Margaret‟s. (= one of Margaret‘s friends)
Pamela hair is longer than Anna‟s. (= Anna‘s hair)

 Two succeeded nouns are very often put together without “of ”, using the first one as a sort of adjective: The kitchen
sink- the toilet door- public transport- football ground- police novels.

1.7. Functions of nouns (subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object
complement, object of preposition)

 Subject:

 Example: "John runs every morning."

 Function: "John" is the subject of the sentence, performing the action of running.
 Direct Object:

 Example: "She ate an apple."

 Function: "Apple" is the direct object of the verb "ate," receiving the action of the verb.

 Indirect Object:

 Example: "He gave Mary a gift."

 Function: "Mary" is the indirect object, indicating the recipient of the gift.

 Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative):

 Example: "She is a teacher."

 Function: "Teacher" is a subject complement, renaming or describing the subject "she".

 Object Complement (Direct Object Complement):

 Example: "They elected her president."

 Function: "President" is an object complement, describing what "her" became as a result of the action.
 She considers him her best friend (obj.c).==> "her best friend" is an object complement that further defines
"him" by specifying his role as her best friend.

 Appositive:

 Example: "My friend Sarah is coming."

 Function: "Sarah" is an appositive, providing additional information about "my friend."

 Adjective:

 Example: "The red car is fast."

 Function: "Red" functions as an adjective, describing the noun "car."

 Adverb:

 Example: "She sings beautifully."

 Function: "Beautifully" is an adverb modifying the verb "sings," describing how the singing is
performed.
 1/ Nouns : Exercises

Exercise 1: Read the following passage. Notice that the plural nouns are missing. Write the correct plural
form of the singular nouns in parentheses
Three ............................ (lady) in pink ............................ (dress) took their ............................ (baby) for a walk
in the zoo. They saw four ............................ (giraffe), three ............................ (hippo), two ............................
(kangaroo) and an elephant. They walked for so long that their ............................ (foot) became sore, so they sat
down on a bench for a rest near some ............................ (monkey). The ............................ (monkey) were playing
with cardboard ............................ (box) and throwing ............................ (stick) at each other. After a while, the
............................ (lady) looked at their ............................ (watch) and decided it was time to go home.

Exercise 2: Complete the sentence with a singular or a plural form of “be”.

a) The news .............. on Channel Five at nine o'clock.
b) These loaves .............. really fresh.
c) I think that maths.............. the most difficult subject.
d) The coffees you ordered.............. on the table over there.
e) The works of Shakespeare.............. still popular.
f) Everyone says that money .............. hard to come by these days.
g) The people I know .............. all on holiday at the moment.
h) The traffic.............. really terrible this evening.

Exercise 3: Underline the correct form.

a) There are more than a thousand sheep / sheeps on this farm.
b) Please accept my thank / thanks for your beautiful present.
c) Helen is the only person / people I know with three cars.
d) There are two knife / knives in the top drawer.
e) Alan hurt his leg when he felt down the stair / stairs.
f) Kate decided to change her style and bought new cloth / clothes.
g) Paul found his belonging / belongings outside in the street.
h) Would you like to try a chocolate mouse / mice?
i) World Airways has bought 20 new aircraft / aircrafts·
j) We have already sent the good / goods you ordered.

Exercise 4:

Type of Proper N Compound N Abstract N Plural N Singular N

Nouns

........................... ................................................ ........................... ........................... ...........................

Words ........................... ................................................ ........................... ........................... ...........................

........................... ................................................ ........................... ........................... ...........................

........................... ................................................ ........................... ........................... ...........................

........................... ................................................ ........................... ........................... ...........................

Exercise 5: underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences:
1. I told Uncle John about my accident.
2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween.
3. The lawnmower is broken.
4. We‘re going to the movies tomorrow.
5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs.
6. My sister‘s favorite soccer player is David Beckham.
7. I‘m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert.
8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum*.
9. Does this bus go to the stadium?
10. We‘re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter.

(*The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an ancient Roman amphitheater located in the center of
Rome, Italy. It is one of the most iconic and well-preserved landmarks from ancient Rome and is considered one of the
greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering.)

Exercise 6: Read the following passage containing common nouns and proper nouns. Put a C in the box after a
common noun and a P in the box after a proper noun.
Mr. Peters (....) lives in Maine (....) in a big house (....) by the sea (....). He has three cats (....) and a dog
(....).
He likes to travel to different countries(....) . Last Christmas(....) , he went to Paris(....) saw the Eiffel Tower (....).
He enjoyed eating French food (....) in nice restaurants(....) .
Exercise 7: Rewrite each phrase using the possessive apostrophe:
a) The son of Mr. Smith ........................................................................................................
b) The daughter of Mrs. Charles ...........................................................................................
c) The books that belong to the students  ............................................................................
d) The photo of the author  ....................................................................................................
e) The water bowl of the dog  ...............................................................................................
f) The project of Guillaume and Henri  .....................................................................................
g) The motorbikes that belong to Sam and Phil  ........................................................................
h) The speech of the president  ..............................................................................................
i) The research of Dr. Ulrich  ...............................................................................................
j) The products that the company makes ............................................................................
k) The feathers of the birds  ...................................................................................................

Exercise 8: Choose the right option:

1. I see two ...................… on the table.
a) boxs b) boxes c) box
2. There are eleven ...................… in each football team.
a) men b) mans c) man
3. Can you find three ...................… in the picture?
a) sheepies b) sheeps c) sheep
4. Mothers always give us ...................….
a) many advices b) many advice c) much advices d) much advice
5. The little boy always wears ...................….
a) glass b) glassies c) glasses
6. There is ...................… in my soup.
a) a hair b) hair c) hairs
7. David has caught a lot of ...................….
a) fishes b) fishs c) fish
8. There are three ...................… on the bathroom shelf.
a) brush b) brushes c) brushies
9. Carla was sitting with two nice ...................….
a) woman b) womans c) women
10. How many ...................… do the Browns have?
a) children b) childrens c) childes
11. There are 10 ...................… in the field.
a) oxes b) oxen c) oxs
12. My grandmother has got 12 ...................… in her village.
a) geese b) goose c) gooses
13. My cat has caught four ...................… today.
a) mouse b) mouses c) mice
14. Oh, no, there are about two ...................… of bugs in the kitchen.
a) dozes b) dozen c) dozens
15. Could you buy two ...................…?
a) sandwich b) sandwiches c) sandwichs
 16. I‘ve spent too much time outside today. My ...................… are frozen.
a) foot b) foots c) feet
17. I‘ve seen four ...................… in the forest today.
a) deer b) deers c) deeres
18. Every human has got 32 ...................….
a) tooth b) teeth c) tooths
19. I watched three ...................… of ―Lie to me‖ today.
a) series b) seris c) serieses
20. My grandparents have several ...................… in the village.
a) swines b) swinies c) swine
21. Have you already heard this ...................…?
a) newes b) news c) new
22. How many natural ...................… do you know?
a) phenomena b) phenoms c) phenomenon
23. I can‘t remember all these ...................….
a) formulaes b) formulae c) formulas
24. There are a few ...................… in deserts.
a) oasis b) oasises c) oases

Exercise 9: Look at each sentence. If it is correct, give it a tick (✓). If it is wrong, rewrite it correctly.

a. Marie Curie is famous for radioactivity‘s discovery.  Marie Curie is famous for the discovery of
radioactivity.

b. Sunday‘s meeting was to vote for the European Constitution.  ✓

c. We have a class in Information‘s Technology tomorrow.  ………………………………………………………..

d. Next week‘s exam will be a disaster.  ………………………...……………………………………………………..

e. Have you seen the new scooter of Heinrich?  ……………………………………………………………………..

f. The cat climbed up to the tree‘s top.  …………………………………………………………………………………

g. He asked to see me at the end of the class.  ………………………………………………………………………….

h. I don‘t like this coat‘s colour. 

…………………………………………………………………………………………

i. Europe‘s trees are in danger of being damaged by acid rain. 

……………………………………………………….

j. Shakespeare and Goethe‘s work cannot really be compared. 

………………………………………………………..

k. I cried at the end of the film. 

……………………………………………………………………………………………

l. Do you like the new book of Simon Clarke? 

…………………………………………………………………………..
m. The CD‘s cover is broken. 
………………………………………………………………………………………………

n. Marek‘s and Pawel‘s exam results were very good. 

………………………………………………………………….
 2. Pronouns

2. Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or a noun phrase (called its antecedent) to avoid repeating it. It is
also used to make our writing clearer, smoother, and less awkward.
In the sentence, ―Roberto feels that he can win the race,‖ he is the pronoun, and Roberto is the antecedent.
There are eight types of pronouns.

 Personal Pronouns
They refer to specific persons or things (that have been already mentioned) and change their form to indicate person,
number, gender, and case. They can be subjective personal pronouns ( I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they) used to act as
subjects of a verb. e.g: I do the washing; he does the cooking; and they watch TV.
→ We usually use « it » for an animal. We can use he and she when we think of the animal as having human qualities or a
special personality ; for example, when it‘s a pet or a character of a story.
e.g : Pooh is a friendly bear. He enjoys eating and playing with his friends.

Personal pronouns can work also as direct or indirect objects (objective personal pronouns) of a verb or after a
preposition. They are me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them.
e.g. I saw her yesterday. (direct object)
You told us news. (indirect object)
She travelled only with him. (object of preposition)
 Possessive Pronouns
They are forms of personal pronouns that show ownership or relation. They are: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs.
We use them in place of possessive noun phrases
e.g. I couldn‘t work in Mary‘s room. Hers is even smaller than yours or mine.
 Reflexive Pronouns
They are used to refer back to the subject of the sentence and stand as objects (of a verb or a preposition). They indicate
that someone or something acts upon itself. They are formed by combining personal pronouns with « self » or « selves »:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
e.g. She stretched herself out in the sofa.
I wrote it to myself.
→ Reflexive pronouns are also used after nouns or pronouns to emphasize them. They are called intensive pronouns.
e.g. The teacher himself gave me his address.
We met the Queen herself.
 Demonstrative Pronouns
demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to
Demonstrative pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun. They are : this, these, that, those. → near in distance
or time (this, these) → far in distance or time (that, those)
e.g. This is my seat ; that is yours. (subjects)
→We can use this/these to introduce people and that/those to identify people.
This is Ann Thomas and these are her two sons, Nick and Jason. (introducing them)
 That‟s Mrs. Parker and those are her two grandchildren. (identifying them in the distance)

BECAREFUL Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but a
demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.

That smells bad. (demonstrative pronoun)

That dog smells bad. (demonstrative adjective + noun)

 Interrogative Pronouns
They are used to ask questions. They are : who, whom, which, what, whose.
→ who, whom, and occasionally which are used to refer to people.
→ which and what are used to refer to things and animals.
e.g. Who told you? John told me. (subject)
Whom did you tell? I told Mary. (object)
What's happened? An accident's happened. (subject)
What do you want? I want coffee. (object)
Which came first? The Porsche 911 came first. (subject)
Which will the doctor see first? The doctor will see the patient in blue first. (object)
There is one car missing. Whose hasn't arrived? John's (car) hasn't arrived. (subject)
We've found everyone's keys. Whose did you find? I found John's (keys). (object)
Note: We sometimes use the suffix "-ever" to make compounds from some of these pronouns (mainly whoever,
whatever, whichever). When we add "-ever", we use it for emphasis, often to show confusion or surprise. Look at these
examples:
Whoever would want to do such a nasty thing?
Whatever did he say to make her cry like that?
They are all fantastic! Whichever will you choose?

 Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its
relative clause modifies.They are who, whom, that, whose, which, where, why, when, what, whoever, whomever,
whichever.
e.g. George, who is my best friend, is a teacher.
relative clause

→ We use « who », « whomever », « which », « that » to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence. e.g. The candidate who
wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected. (in this sentence, the relative pronoun ―who‖ is the subject of the
verb « wins » and introduces the adjective clause « who wins the greatest popular vote ». This clause acts as an adjective
modifying « candidate »).
→ We use « whom », « which », « that » to refer to the object of a sentence.
e.g : The girl whom you saw is my sister.
The cake which you gave me is very sweet.
→ We use « whose » for possession. e.g. My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
→ Relative clauses can be restrictive (defining) or non-restrictive (non-defining)
e.g. Mrs. Pratt, whom I like very much, is our neighbour. (Non-restricive)
The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. (Restrictive)
The blue car, which is a taxi, exploded. (Non-restrictive)
The car which I drive is old. (Restrictive)
 Indefinite Pronouns

They refer to identifiable but not specified persons or things. They do not indicate exactly who or what they are. We use
them to talk about people and things in a very general way, usually because we can‘t or we don‘t want to identify them
more specifically. The most common indefinite pronouns are : all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere,
each, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, little, no one, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere,
one, ones, several, some, someone, somebody, something, somewhere, either, neither, both, other, others, another.
e.g : - Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.
S
- We donated everything we found in the attic to the women‘s shelter. (affirmative sent)
D.O
- There isn‘t anything to eat. (negative sent)
- Make sure you give everyone a copy of the program.
I.O
- Give a registration package to each.
Object of preposition

→ We use a singular verb with somebody, everybody,....(Everybody is happy) and we use he/she, him/her, .... to refer
back to these pronouns
e.g. Somebody left his or her book.
BUT → In everyday informal English, a plural personal pronoun is often used to refer to an indefinite pronoun.
e.g. Someone has left their coat in my car.
Everybody is enjoying themselves.
→ Indefinite pronouns can work also as adjectives if they are followed by a noun.
e.g. Each knows what to do. (pronoun)
Each man knows what to do. (adjective)
 Reciprocal Pronouns

They are used for an action or feeling that is reciprocated. The two most common reciprocal pronouns are "each other"
and "one another". (both have the same meaning)
e.g : - You can shout at each other/one another as much as you like outside.
→ We can use reciprocal pronouns after prepositions and as possessives.
e.g : The two girls never argued with one another.
They even wore each other‟s/one another‟s clothes sometimes.
 You can use one another instead of each other
 How long have you and Ben known each other? or ... known one another?
 Sue and Alice don't like each other. or ... don't like one another.
→We can use each as subject and the other(s) as object when the action of the verb goes both ways. e.g. I asked the boys
if they had broken the window and each blamed the other.
 Compare: -selves and each other:

 Kate and Joe stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves. (= Kate and Joe looked at Kate and Joe)
 Kate looked at Joe; Joe looked at Kate. They looked at each other.
 2/ Pronouns : Exercises

Exercise1: Insert the pronoun between brackets making any necessary changes.
o Our teacher praised (I)........yesterday.
o The letter was addressed to (he)........
o The car one belonged to Paul‘s mother, but now it‘s (he).......
o Their teacher is taking (they)........to the museum.
o He didn‘t bring his book, so I lent him (I) .........
o Let‘s contact (we) ........ once we‘ve made some progress.
o She made (she) ....... a sandwich and a cup of coffee.
o We are going out. You can come with ......
o I cannot use my pen. Can I use ..... ?

Exercise 2: Circle the correct answer.

1. Did somebody/anybody notice that Luke wasn‘t at the meal ?

2. No one/anyone asked about him.
3. Nobody from our group was/were there.
4. There was/were somebody from Tom‘s drama group.
5. I haven‘t seen nobody/anybody today.
6. Everyone is/are at home with his/ their family.
7. I am very tired, so I don‘t want to go somewhere/anywhere.
Exercise3: Put in myself / yourself/ ourselves etc. or me / you / us etc.

1) Amy had a great holiday. She enjoyed .................................................... .

2) It's not my fault. You can't blame .................................................... .
3) What I did was really bad. I'm ashamed of ............................................ .
4) We've got a problem. I hope you can help ....................................................
5) Can I take another biscuit?' 'Of course. Help .................................................... !
6) You must meet Sarah. I'll introduce .................................................... to her.
7) Don't worry about us. We can take care of ....................................................
8) Don't worry about the children. I'll take care of.................................................... .
9) I gave them a key to our house so that they could let .................................................... in.
Exercise 4 : Complete the sentences with ourselves / themselves or each other.

1) How long have you and Ben known .................................................... ?

2) If people work too hard, they can make .................................................... ill.
3) I need you and you need me. We need ....................................................
4) In Britain friends often give .................................................... presents at Christmas.
5) Some people are very selfish. They only think of .................................................... .
6) Tracy and I don't see .................................................... very often these days.
7) We couldn't get back into the house. We had locked .................................................... out.
8) They've had an argument. They're not speaking to .................................................... at the moment.
9) We'd never met before, so we introduced .................................................. to .................................................
Exercise 5 : Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body / -thing / -where :

1) I was too surprised to say anything .

2) There's ................................................. at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3) Does ................................................. mind if I open the window?
4) I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ..................................................
5) You must be hungry. Why don't I get you .................................................. to eat?
6) Quick, let's go! There's ...................................... coming and I don't want ..................................... to see us.
7) Sarah was upset about................................................ and refused to talk to ................................................
8) This machine is very easy to use. .................................................. can learn to use it very quickly.
9) There was hardly ................................................. on the beach. It was almost deserted.
10) 'Do you live ................................................. near Joe?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.'
11) 'Where shall we go on holiday?' ' Let's go................................................. warm and sunny.'
12) They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go .................................................
13) I'm going to a meeting now. If ................................................. needs me, tell them I'll be back at 11.30.
14) Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost .................................................?
15) This is a no-parking area. ................................................. who parks here will have to pay a fine.
16) Jonathan stood up and left the room without saying ..................................................
17) 'Can I ask you ..................................................?' 'Sure. What do you want to ask?'
18) Sue is very secretive. She never tells ........................................... ................................................... (2 words)

Exercise 6 : Complete these sentences with no- or any-+ -body/-thing/-where.

1) I don't want anything to drink. I'm not thirsty.

2) The bus was completely empty. There was ................................................. on it.
3) 'Where did you go for your holidays?' ' ................................................. I stayed at home.'
4) I went to the shops, but I didn't buy .................................................
5) 'What did you buy?' ................................................. I couldn't find ................................................I wanted.'
6) The town is still the same as it was years ago. ................................................has changed.
7) Have you seen my watch? I can't find it.................................................
8) There was complete silence in the room. ................................................said .................................................

Exercise 7 : Choose the right word.

1) She didn't tell nobody / anybody about her plans. (anybody is correct)
2) The accident looked bad, but fortunately nobody / anybody was badly injured.
3) I looked out of the window, but I couldn't see no-one / anyone.
4) My job is very easy. Nobody / Anybody could do it.
5) 'What's in that box?' 'Nothing / Anything. It's empty.'
6) The situation is uncertain. Nothing / Anything could happen.
7) I don't know nothing / anything about economics.
8) I'll try and answer no / any questions you ask me.
9) 'Who were you talking to just now?' 'No-one / Anyone. I wasn't talking to no-one / anyone.

Exercise 8 : Complete the sentences with both / neither / either.

1) Do you want tea or coffee?' ............................................. I really don't mind.'

2) 'What day is it today - the 18th or the 19th?' ............................................. it's the 20th.'
3) a: Where did you go on your trip- Korea or Japan?
 b: We went to ............................................. A week in Korea and a week in Japan.
4) Shall we sit in the corner or by the window?' ............................................. I don't mind.'
5) Where's Lisa? Is she at work or at home?' ............................................. She's away on holiday.'

Exercise 9 : Complete the sentences with both / neither / either + of us / of them.

1) I asked two people the way to the station, but ...........................................could help me.
2) I was invited to two parties last week, but I couldn't go to ...........................................
3) There were two windows in the room. it was very warm, so I opened ............................................
4) Sarah and I play tennis together regularly, but we're not very good. ...........................................can play very
well.
5) I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted, but ...........................................had it.

Exercise 10 : Put in each or every :

1) There were four books on the table. ........................ book was a different colour.
2) The Olympic Games are held ........................ four years.
3) ........................ parent worries about their children.
4) In a game of tennis there are two or four players. ........................ player has a racket.
5) Nicola plays volleyball ........................ Thursday evening.
6) I understood most of what they said but not........................ word.
7) The book is divided into five parts and ................................................ of these has three sections.
8) I get paid ........................ four weeks.
9) I called the office two or three times! but ........................ time it was dosed.
10) Car seat belts save lives. ........................ driver should wear one.
11) A friend of mine has three children. I always give ........................ of them a present at Christmas.
12) (from an exam) Answer all five questions. Write your answer to ........................ question on a separate
sheet of paper.

Exercise 11 : Put in the missing pronouns (including who).

TOO MUCH TO BEAR!

If you‘re on holiday in the Western Islands of Scotland and 1. ________ see a bear, avoid 2. ________!
It might turn out to be Hercules, the famous star 3. ________ has appeared in TV ads, films, and
cabaret. Hercules disappeared when his owner, Andy Robbins, took 4. ________ for a swim. Police
and troops have joined in the search, but 5. ________ haven‘t had any success. After all, Hercules is
unlikely to appear suddenly, shouting, "It‘s 6. ________! Here 7. ________ am!" The search party are
carrying yogurt and bananas to offer the bear because that‘s what 8. ________ likes best. 9. ________
isn‘t dangerous, but 10. ________'s very hungry," a searcher said. So if you see a ten-foot bear in the
Western Islands, make sure 11. ________ are carrying some bananas. 12. ________ may be just what a
hungry bear is waiting for and if 13. ________ don‘t find 14. ________, you can always eat 15.
________ yourself !
 3. Adjectives

3.Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies nouns and pronouns. It defines and describes them.
e.g : - A tall boy stepped from the curious crowd. (describing)
- That boy is my brother. (pointing out)
- Twelve children and several parents attended. (telling how many)
Adjectives normally come directly before the words they modify ( a big town , a red car, …), or after a linking verb ( he is
sad, they are excited) but sometimes a writer places descriptive adjectives after the word they modify. e.g : The stallion,
long and lean, galloped past us.

a. Kinds of Adjectives :
1- Qualitative/ descriptive adjs : fat, heavy, square, yellow, golden, clever, ….
- The big, new, white house has been sold.
2- Demonstrative adjs : this, that, these, those. (they must be followed by a noun)
- These women gossip a lot.
3- Distributive adjs : each, every, either, neither (they are normally used with singular nouns)+ both (used with
plural nouns)
- Each/ every man carried a torch.
- Each of the participants received compensation.
- Either book is interesting, but I suggest the former. (“Either” implies one or the other of two options)
- Either of these movies would be interesting to me.
- Neither pen seems to work. (“Neither” implies not one or the other of two options)
- Both students have been punished by the teacher.
4- Quantitative adjs : all numerals+ a, some, any, many, much, little, few, no, one.
- He has seven apples. – He has got many dogs at home.
- I‘ll cut you some bread. – I didn‘t receive any guests recently.
- Much milk is let in the bottle. – I have no money for a meal in this restaurant.
5- Interrogative adjs : which, what, whose.
- Which book have you read lately?
- Whose car is this ?
- What papers do you read ?
6- Possessive adjs : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.
- The girls are playing with their dolls.
7- Proper adjs/ adjs of nationality : Algerian, American, French, …
_ She is German.
- I like Italian food.

→ Proper adjectives may refer also to geographical places, religions, holidays, dates, names of people or organizations,
titles, ….
- Italian food - Islamic nation - Parisian style – Freudian theories – Shakespearian plays
 b. Participals used as adjectives :

Both present participle (ing) and past participle (ed) can be used as adjectives.
 Present participle adjs are active and mean « having the effect ». We use them to talk about the person, thing, or
situation which has caused the feeling.
e.g : - He told an amusing story. - This is a boring lesson.

 Past participle adjs are passive and mean « affected in this way ». They are used to talk about how someone feels.
e.g. He was amused by the story. – He seems bored .

c. Agreement :

Adjectives in English have only one form, which is used with singular and plural, masculine and feminine nouns : a good
boy, good boys a good girl , good girls
The only exception are the demonstrative adjectives this and that, which change to these and those before plural nouns :
this cat , these cats / that man , those men

Formation of Adjectives :
→We can form adjectives from other parts of speech. That is by the use of suffix. The principal suffixes are : -y, -ful, -less,
-en, -ous, -able, -some, -ed, -like, -al, -an, - ian, - ical, -ish.
 An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of the same adjective that ends in -ful:
careful – careless useful – useless colorful – colorless harmful – harmless
( -ful means having a lot of something. -less ending means without)
 Some adjectives end in –y : a dirty street a noisy room an oily pot
a sleepy passenger a sunny day
 Some adjectives end in –ive : an active child an attractive hat a creative toy
 Some adjectives end in –ly : a costly diamond ring an elderly woman
lively kittens a lonely boy a lovely girl
a weekly magazine a friendly dog
 Some adjectives with the endings –able : a comfortable chair a loveable koala
-al : a musical instrument a national costume
-en : a wooden table a woolen sweater
-ible : a horrible smell a terrible mess
-ish : a foolish act a childish behaviour
-ous : a dangerous place a disastrous storm

Let’s practice : Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives.
wind fool gold charm friend
peace storm mud nation forget
dust spot play

Comparison of adjectives :
 Equal Comparisons
To show an equal comparison, use the form: as + [adjective]+ as.
e.g. Julia is as tall as the bookshelf.
The water is as cold as ice.
 When you compare two people or things, use the comparative form of the adjective.
→ Short adjectives ( 1 syllable or 2 syllables ending in « y »/ « er » ) form their comparative by adding –er + than
e.g. Jack is taller than John. A sports car is faster than a motorbike
cheap, cheaper clear, clearer loud, louder new ,newer old , older
rich, richer short, shorter slow, slower clever, cleverer late, later
happy, happier easy, easier pretty, prettier silly, sillier
→ Long adjectives ( 2 syllables not ending in « y » or 3/more syllables) form their comparative by adding more + than
e.g. Kevin is more active than his brother. My chair is more comfortable than yours.
charming, more charming delicious, more delicious dangerous, more dangerous
+ interested – frightening- expensive – obscure – thoughtful – cheerful - modern
 Use the superlative form of an adjective to compare three or more nouns.
A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality.
→ Short adjs form their superlative : the + adj+ -est. e.g. Peter is the tallest boy in his class.

long longer longest

dark darker darkest
thick thicker thickest
clean cleaner cleanest
easy easier easiest
narrow narrower narrowest
heavy heavier heaviest
noisy noisier noisiest
happy happier happiest
simple simpler simplest

 adjectives having only one syllable and end with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. We
double the last letter before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to form the superlative :
big bigger biggest
dim dimmer dimmest
mad madder maddest
sad sadder saddest + hot - fat – wet

→Long adjs form their superlative : the most + adj. e.g. This is the most pleasant place I have ever seen.
the most beautiful - the most attractive - the most comfortable- the most charming
the most powerful – the most valuable- the most intelligent - the most interesting

→ The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives are completely different words (irregular comparisons) .
Adjectives Comparative Superlative
Little less least
good better best
bad worse worst
few less least
many/much more most
far farther/further farthest/furthest
3.4. Order of adjectives
 In English, it is common to use more than one adjective to describe a noun. These adjectives must be used in the
proper order
e.g. Here is a beautiful, red, cloth flag.
Why does beautiful come before red? Why does red come before cloth?
 Understanding the proper order of adjectives takes practice. Use the following table to practice using the proper order
of adjectives in the following sentences.

number opinion size age shape colour origin material Purpose noun
(gerund to form
compound nouns)
small round German
red sleeping
generous old man
four metal
 3/Adjectives: Exercises

Exercise 1: Choose the correct order of adjectives in the following sentences.

1.The woman is wearing a ________ dress. 2. He is a ________ man.

a. yellow long b. long yellow a. tall thin b. thin tall
3. The company makes ________ products. 4. James recently departed on a ________ trip.
a. excellent farming b. farming excellent a. camping long b. long camping
5. I love eating ________ strawberries. 6. The ________ woman did well on the test.
a. red big b. big red a. intelligent young b. young intelligent
7. I am drinking from a ________ cup. 8. My ________ teacher talks for hours!
a. small English tea a. philosophy old boring
b. tea small English b. old philosophy boring
c. English small tea c. boring philosophy old
d. boring old philosophy

Exercise 2: Put the words in brackets in the correct order.

1. We wanted ...................................................................... (grey / a / metal) table.

2. They bought ...................................................................... (red / a / new) car.
3. She went home and sat on ...................................................................... (comfortable / her / wooden /
old) bed.
4. He bought ...................................................................... (woollen / a / British / fabulous) suit.
5. They have ...................................................................... (Dutch / black) bicycles.
6. He wants ...................................................................... (some / French / delicious / really) cheese.
7. ...................................................................... (young / a / pretty) girl walked into the room.
8. He has ...................................................................... (a lot of / old / interesting) books.
9. She bought ...................................................................... (plastic / red / a / new) plastic lunchbox.
10. He is looking for ...................................................................... (leather / stylish / a /black) bag.
11. She dropped ...................................................................... (old / beautiful / the) plate and it smashed.
12. I want ...................................................................... (silk / green / an / amazing) dress.
13. She drank ...................................................................... (Italian / black / hot) coffee.
14. He saw ...................................................................... (French / writing / old / an) desk.
15. They stayed in ...................................................................... (little / a / cute) cottage.
16. I visited ...................................................................... (ancient / a / spooky / German) castle.
17. He has ...................................................................... (silver / old / beautiful / a) ring.
18. We ate ...................................................................... (green / English / round / some) apples.
19. I need ...................................................................... (computer / comfortable / a) desk.
20. They went on holiday to ...................................................................... (small / wooden / a /
beautiful) cabin.

Exercise 3: Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Today is cloudy, hot, and humid.

2. The man wearing a blue suit is young.
3. The runner is very fast.
4. He is a good basketball player.
5. Alamance Community College is a great place to learn.
6. The blue bus is late.
6. The rusty truck has an oversized trailer.
7 . Jane is so smart!
8. The job was difficult, but manageable.
9. The house has new plumbing and running water.
10. The silly man laughed uncontrollably.
11. The boy said he was sorry.
12. The intoxicated gentleman wasn‘t sure if the clock was fast or slow.

Exercise 4: Add the correct endings to turn these words into adjectives.

wind fool gold charm friend

peace storm mud nation forget
dust spot play

Exercise 5: Fill in the spaces with the appropriate comparative adjective.

1. The light shines as ___________ as the sun.
2. The runner moves as ________ as the wind.
3. The apple is as ___________ as a fire truck.
4. The giraffe is as ___________ as the tree.
5. That clock is as ___________ as my grandfather.
6. His voice was as ___________ as thunder.
7. The truck was as _________ as a house.
8. Your book bag is as __________ as a rock.

Exercise 6: Fill in the gaps with the appropriate comparative adjective.

1. Her motorcycle is __________ than my car (dangerous).
2. Rice is __________ than salad (sticky).
3. The grey jacket is __________ than the pink one (colorful).
4. Yuki was at school __________ than I was (early).
5. I am __________ now than I was this morning (tired).
6. This exercise is __________ than the last one (trick).
 4. Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words like few, little, plenty of, ..... etc. They show how many things or how much of
something we are talking about. Some quantifiers combine with countable nouns; some with
uncountable and some with both kinds.
4.1. Definite Quantifiers ("all," "every," "each," "both," "neither," "either”)
Definite Quantifiers: A category of quantifiers in grammar that denote a specific, identifiable
quantity or group of entities, often used to indicate totality or exclusivity within a defined context.
Examples include "all," "every," "each," "both," "neither," and "either".
Examples:
1. All the students in the class passed the exam.
2. Every book on the shelf is new.
3. Each participant received a certificate.
4. Both of my parents are teachers.
5. Neither option seems appealing to me.
6. You can choose either the chocolate cake or the vanilla ice cream.

4.2. Indefinite Quantifiers ("some," "any," "several," "a few," "many," "few," "a lot of," "lots of,"
"most," "a little," "much," "none")

Indefinite quantifiers are words or phrases in English grammar that are used to express an indefinite or
non-specific quantity or amount. They don't provide an exact number but rather give a general idea of the
quantity.

Examples:
1. Some people don‘t eat meat (=some people in general/ we don‘t know the exact number)
2. Some of the people I know don‘t eat meat (=the ones I know)
3. Are there any presents for children? → Here are some presents for children.
4. Is there a present for the children? → Here‘s a presents for the children.

 The plural of “a/an” is normally “any” or “some” when we are referring to quantity.
5. Several people attended the meeting.
6. I bought a few apples at the store.
7. Many students participated in the competition.
8. Few people understand the topic.
9. There are a lot of options to choose from.
10. She has lots of books in her collection.
11. Most of the cake was eaten at the party.
 12. I need a little help with my homework.
13. There isn't much time left before the deadline.
14. None of the cookies were left after the party.
Note:

 “Little”: Implies a small, often insufficient amount (negative connotation).

 “A little”: Implies a small but sufficient or acceptable amount (positive connotation).

4.3. Numerical Quantifiers ("one," "two," "three," "seventeen," "twenty," "hundreds,"

"thousands")
Numerical Quantifiers are specific expressions that denote exact quantities or amounts of a noun. They
provide precise information about the number of items or entities being referred to, ranging from singular
to plural forms. Numerical quantifiers can be whole numbers, fractions, or even larger units, and they are
used to convey clear and unambiguous information in both written and spoken language.
Examples:
1. I have one apple.
2. She bought two books.
3. There are three cars in the parking lot.
4. He has seventeen stamps in his collection.
5. The class has twenty students.
6. There were hundreds of people at the concert.
7. Thousands of birds migrate south for the winter.
4.3.1. Articles
4.3.1.1. The Indefinite Articles (a / an)

The form a is used before a word beginning with The form an is used before words beginning
a consonant, or a vowel sounded like consonant. with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a mute h
A man – a table – a book – a house An egg – an actor – an email – an orange
A university – a useful thing – a year – a European An hour – an honourable man
 They are the same for all genders : a man – a woman an actor – an actress
How do we use indefinite articles?
1. Before a singular countable noun when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing :
A dog is an animal I see a man I need a holiday
A cat can catch a mouse A house has a roof
2. Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things :
A cow has horns (i.e. all cows have horns) An elephant never forgets
A car must be insured (i.e. all cars must be insured)
3. With a noun complement (predicate nominative) . This includes names of professions.
He is a doctor She is a teacher He became a great man
4. In certain numerical expressions : a couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a score, a hundred,
a thousand, a million, a great deal of, a lot of, ...
5. In expressions of price, speed, ratio, etc : six pence a pound £5 a kilo $1 a metre
four times a day 6 miles an hour
6. With few and little ( used with plural or uncountable nouns):
A few = a small number, or what the speaker considers a small number. A few people came.
A little = a small amount, or what the speaker considers a small amount. It rained a little during the night.
 So that ‗a little time‘ can mean days or years depending on the speaker ; and ‗a few friends‘ can mean two or three,
or twenty or thirty.
 Few and little can also be used without article, but then have an almost negative meaning, and can usually be
replaced by hardly any :
We had little time for amusement implies that we were always busy.
Few people know this = it is almost unknown
7. In exclamations before singular countable nouns : What a hot day ! Such a pity !
8. “A” can be placed before Mr. / Mrs. / Miss ( to mean a certain ...):
A Mr. Smith called while you were out.= means a man called Smith and implies he is a stranger to the speaker.
Mr. Smith (without a) = implies that the speaker knows Mr. Smith or knows of his existence.
9. Before abbreviations : an MP an FBI agent a NATO general a FIFA official

Omission of indefinite articles

1. Before plural nouns : a dog → dogs an egg → eggs
2. Before uncountable nouns : advice, information, news, furniture, ... They are often preceded by some, any, a little, a
lot of, a piece of, ....
I’ll give you a piece of advice NOT→ an advice
 Knowledge is also considered uncountable, but when used in a particular sense it takes the article : A knowledge of
languages is always useful.
 Materials (glass, iron, paper, cloth, tea, ...) are uncountable. But many of these nouns can also denote one particular
thing, and then take an article :
Windows are made of glass but Have a glass of milk
Iron is a metal but I use an electric iron
3. Before abstract nouns (beauty, happiness, fear, death, ...) except when they are used in a particular sense : He was
pale with fear Some children suffer from a fear of the dark.
4. Before names of meals, except when preceded by an adjective :
We have breakfast at eight. Grandma gave us a good breakfast.
→ The article is used when it is a special meal given to celebrate something or in someone‘s honour : I was invited to
dinner (at their house, in the ordinary way)
BUT I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador.
 4.3.1.2. The definite article (the)

The definite article the is the same for singular and plural and all genders :
The boy the boys the girl the girls

How do we use the definite article?

1. Before nouns of which there is only one, or which are considered as one :
The earth the sky the weather the North Pole
2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned in the second time: His car struck a
tree ; you can still see the mark in the tree.
3. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clause:
The boy that I met The place where I met him
The girl in blue The man on the horse
4. Before a noun which, by reason of locality, can represent a particular thing :
Ann is in the garden ( = the garden of the house)
He went to the doctor (= his own doctor)
Please pass the milk (= the milk on the table)
5. Before superlatives and first/ second/..., and only, used as adjectives or pronouns :
Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Europe.
It is the first time I meet her. He is the only friend I have.
6. Before a singular noun used to represent a class of objects :
The dolphin is intelligent (= all dolphins are intelligent)
7. Before an adjective used to represent a class of persons :
There is no place for any but the dead.
The old and the young should live together.
8. Before names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries : The Atlantic
Ocean The Thames The Alps The U.S.A
The U.S.S.R The Netherlands The Orkneys The U.A.E
(The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
9. Before musical instruments : She learned to play the flute/ the piano/ the guitar

Omission of the definite article

1. Before countries, towns, proper nouns :

Mr. Jones returned to Wales and bought a house in Swansea.
 Exceptions : The U.S.A the Congo The Sudan The Netherlands the Mall
The High Street
The Smiths (= Mr. and Mrs. Smith and the family)
2. Before the abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense :
Death has no cure. The death of the prime minister left his party without a leader.
 3. Before names of meals : I have eggs for breakfast.
BUT The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.
4. Before names of games, sports, activities, feasts, diseases :
He likes playing tennis. She suffers from polio. They are celebrating Christmas.
5. Before uncountable nouns : Honey/milk is good for one’s health.
6. Before parts of the body and articles of clothing, as these normally prefer possessive adjectives : Raise your right
hand. He took off his coat.
 BUT notice sentences of the type :
She seized the child’s collar → could be expressed → She seized the child by the collar.
The brick hit John’s face → The brick hit John in the face
 Similarly in the passive : He was hit on the head. He was cut in the hand.
7. Before home when it is used alone : He went home.
BUT when followed by a descriptive word or phrase, the article is put :
For some years, this was the home of the queen.
 Mosque, chapel, church, market, college, school, hospital, court, prison, work, sea, bed these nouns are used
without « the » when they are visited or used for their primary purpose :
We go to mosque to pray BUT I went to the mosque to clean it.
Sailors go to sea every day. BUT They are at the sea. (= at the seaside)
 In contrast to the above list, the following very common nouns always take « the » :
Cathedral, office, cinema, theatre : He is at the office. She is going to the cinema.
8. Before names of lakes, mountains, countries, cities, airports :
Mount Everest Scotland London Kennedy Airport

4.4. Fractional Quantifiers ("half," "a quarter," "one-third," "two-thirds")

Examples:
1. I ate half of the pizza. (50%)
2. She finished a quarter of her homework. (25%)
3. He read one-third of the book before going to bed. (1/3 =33.3%)
4. They completed two-thirds of the project on time. (2/3=66.7%)

4.5. Quantifiers of Frequency ("always," "usually," "often," "sometimes," "rarely," "never")

Examples:
1. She always drinks coffee in the morning.
2. He usually goes for a run after work.
3. They often visit their grandparents on weekends. (frequently, but not every weekend.)
4. I sometimes watch movies on Friday nights.
5. She rarely eats dessert.
6. He never smokes.
 4.6. Collective Quantifiers ("a bunch of," "a group of," "a herd of," "a pack of.")
Examples:
1. I bought a bunch of bananas / grapes.
I saw a bunch of flowers in the garden
2. A group of students gathered in the library.
3. We saw a herd of elephants at the safari. (herd= a group of animals of the same type/ flock)
4. The pack of wolves howled at the moon. (pack= a group of animals that hunt together)

4.7. Quantifiers of Degree or Intensity ("very," "quite," "too," "enough," "absolutely,"

"extremely")
Examples:
1. She is very talented at playing the piano.
2. The movie was quite interesting.
3. The soup is too hot to eat.
4. He is strong enough to lift the heavy box.
5. She is absolutely certain about her decision.
6. The weather is extremely cold today.
 4/Quantifiers : Exercises

Exercise 1:
1) Choose the correct quantifier for this 6) Select the appropriate quantifier: "_
negative statement: "I don't have _ time student must complete the assignment."
to waste." a. Every
a. much b. Few
b. many c. Much
c. few d. Several
d. Several 7) Choose the correct quantifier: "There
2) Select the correct quantifier: "_ are _ exceptions to this rule."
students passed the exam with a. much
distinction." b. several
a. Much c. little
b. A few d. Enough
c. Little 8) Select the appropriate quantifier: "_
d. Each information is available online."
3) Complete the sentence: "There isn't _ a. Many
evidence to support this theory." b. A lot of
a. many c. Few
b. much d. Several
c. few 9) Choose the correct quantifier: "_ sugar
d. Several do you take in your coffee?"
4) Select the appropriate quantifier: "_ of a. How much
the water was contaminated." b. How many
a. Most c. What amount
b. Many d. Several
c. Few 10) Select the appropriate quantifier: "_ of
d. Several these answers are correct."
5) Choose the correct quantifier: "_ people a. Much
understand quantum physics." b. Little
a. Much c. None
b. Little d. Several
c. Few
d. Plenty
Exercise 2: Put in “a” /”an” or “the”:

1- This morning I bought .... newspaper and .... magazine. .... newspaper is in
my bag, but I can't remember where I put ...... magazine.
2 - I saw ...... accident this morning. ...... car crashed into ...... tree. .......
driver of ...... car wasn't hurt, but ............. .............. car was badly damaged.
3 - There are two cars parked outside: ..... blue one and ...... grey one. ...... blue
one belongs to my neighbours; I don't know who ...... owner of ...... grey one is.
4- My friends live in ...... old house in ...... small village. There is ...... beautiful
garden behind ...... house. I would like to have ....... garden like that.
Exercise 3: Put in “a” /”an” or “the”:

1 a This house is very nice. Has it got ...... garden?

b lt's a beautiful day. Let's sit in ...... garden.
c I like living in this house, but it's a shame that ...... garden is so small.
2 a Can you recommend ...... good restaurant?
b We had dinner in ...... very nice restaurant.
c We had dinner in ............. best restaurant in town.
3 a She has ...... French name, but in fact she's English, not French.
b What's ...... name of that man we met yesterday?
c We stayed at a very nice hotel- I can't remember ...... name now.
4 a There isn't ...... airport near where I live. ...... nearest airport is 70 miles away.
b Our flight was delayed. We had to wait at ....... airport for three hours.
c Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to ....... airport?
5 a 'Are you going away next week?' 'No, ...... week after next.'
b I'm going away for ....... week in September.
c Gary has a part-time job. He works three mornings ...... week.

Exercise 4: Put in “a” /”an” or “the” where necessary:

1) Would you like apple?  Would you like an apple?
2) How often do you go to dentist?  ................................................................................
3) Could you dose door, please?  .....................................................................................
4) I'm sorry. I didn't mean to do that. lt was mistake.  .......................................................
5) Excuse me, where is bus station, please?  .....................................................................
6) I have problem. Can you help me?  ..............................................................................
7) I'm just going to post office. I won't be long.  ..............................................................
8) There were no chairs, so we sat on floor.  ....................................................................
9) Have you finished with book I lent you?  ......................................................................
10) My sister has just got job in bank in Zurich.  ................................................................
11) We live in small apartment in city centre.  ....................................................................
12) There's supermarket at end of street I live in.  ................................................................

Exercise 5: Put in “the” where necessary. If you don't need the, leave the space empty.

1) I haven't been to ....... cinema for ages.

2) Sarah spends most of her free time watching ....... TV.
3) Do you ever listen to ....... radio?
4) ....... television was on, but nobody was watching it.
5) Have you had ....... dinner yet?
6) Lisa and I arrived at ....... same time.
7) What's ....... capital city of Canada?
8) What do you want for ....... breakfast?
9) I lay down on ....... ground and looked up at ....... sky.
Exercise 6: Put in “the” or “a” where necessary.
1) Sun is star.  The Sun is a star.
2) I'm fed up with doing same thing every day.  .......................................................................
3) Room 25 is on second floor.  .......................................................................
4) Moon goes round earth every 27 days.  .......................................................................
5) lt was very hot day. It was hottest day of year.  .......................................................................
6) We had lunch in nice restaurant by sea.  .......................................................................
7) What's on at cinema this week?  .......................................................................
8) I like to eat good breakfast before I go to work.  .....................................................................
9) We missed our train because we were waiting on wrong platform.  ......................................
............................................................................................................
10) Next train to London leaves from Platform 3. .......................................................................
11) You'll find information you need at top of page 15.  ..............................................................

Exercise 7: Choose the correct form, with or without “the”:

1) I'm afraid of dogs / the dogs.  (dogs is correct)

2) Apples / The apples are good for you.
3) Look at apples / the apples on that tree! They‘re very big.
4) Women / The women live longer than men / the men.
5) I don't drink tea / the tea. I don't like it.
6) We had a very good meal. Vegetables / The vegetables were especially good.
7) Life / The life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things happen.
8) I enjoy holidays / the holidays by the sea.
9) How much money does the government spend on education I the education?
10) Who are people / the people in this picture?
11) What makes people / the people violent? What causes aggression / the aggression?
12) All books / All the books on the top shelf belong to me.
13) Don't stay in that hotel. It‘s very noisy and rooms / the rooms are very small.
14) A pacifist is somebody who is against war / the war.
15) First World War / The First World War lasted from 1914 until 1918.
16) I don't like films / the films that don't have happy endings.
17) Someone gave me a book about history / the history of modern art / the modern art.
18) Rob and Louise got married, but marriage / the marriage didn‘t last very long.
19) Most people / The most people believe that marriage / the marriage and family life / the family life are the
basis of society I the society.

Exercise 8: Correct the following sentences by adding a/an where necessary.

1. Jim goes everywhere by bike. He hasn‘t got car. ____________________________
2. Ann was listening to music when I arrived._________________________________
3. We went to very nice restaurant last weekend._______________________________
 4. I clean my teeth with toothpaste.____________________________________
5. I had delicious lunch with my friend yesterday.___________________________
6. This ornament is made of paper._______________________________________
7. Jane married Mr. Williams. _______________________________________
8. What pretty girls they are ! ________________________________________
9. Would you like apple ? ____________________________________________
10. Amine has good knowledge of computing. _____________________________
11. I have problem . Can you help me ? ___________________________________

Exercise 9: Put „the‟ where necessary or leave the space blank if it is not needed.
1. I haven‘t been to ...........theatre for ages.
2. I lay down on .......... ground and looked up at ...........sky.
3. Sheila spends most of her free time watching ..............television.
4. ..............television was on but nobody was watching it.
5. Have you had .......... dinner yet ?
6. Mary and I arrived at ......... same time.
7. Who is .......... oldest of your brothers ?
8. I don‘t usually have ..........lunch but I always eat ..........good breakfast.
9. We missed our train because we were waiting on .........wrong platform. We were on .......Platform 3 instead of .......
Platform 8.
10. ..........film "Brave Heart" recounts ........fight for .......independence in .........Scotland.

Exercise 9: Choose the right option:

1. _ students in my class speak three c. much

languages. d. few
a. Much
b. Most of the 4. _ people attended the conference than we
c. Little expected.
d. A little a. Less
b. Fewer
2. We don't have _ time left before the exam c. Little
begins. d. Much
a. many
b. few 5. She has _ experience in teaching English.
c. much a. many
d. several b. a lot of
c. few
3. There isn't _ traffic today, which is d. several
unusual for this time.
a. many 6. _ of the books on the shelf belong to the
b. little library.
a. Much
b. Most c. more
c. Little d. several
d. Few
11. _ of the participants showed up for the
7. There are _ restaurants in this morning session.
neighborhood that serve vegetarian food. a. Few
a. much b. Much
b. several c. Little
c. little d. A lot
d. a little
12. There is _ evidence to support this
8. The company needs _ employees who can theory.
speak Mandarin. a. many
a. more b. several
b. much c. little
c. little d. few
d. a few
13. _ students prefer online classes to
9. _ water has been wasted due to the leaking traditional ones.
pipe. a. Much
a. Many b. Some
b. A lot of c. Little
c. Few d. A little
d. Several
14. The library has _ copies of this book
10. We need _ information before making a available.
decision. a. little
a. few b. much
b. many c. several
d. a little
15. _ research has been conducted in this 18. There are _ opportunities for
field. advancement in this company.
a. Many a. much
b. A lot of b. numerous
c. Few c. little
d. Several d. a little

16. We have _ time to complete this project. 19. _ effort was required to complete the
a. enough task.
b. many a. Many
c. few b. Minimal
d. several c. Several
d. Few
17. _ of the participants responded to the
survey. 20. _ of the original manuscript remains
a. Much intact.
b. Few a. Several
c. Most b. Little
d. Little c. Many
d. Much
Exercise 10: Complete the paragraph with suitable quantifiers.

Last weekend, I went grocery shopping because there was _______ (1) food left in the house. I bought
_______ (2) apples and _______ (3) bananas, but only _______ (4) oranges because they were
expensive. I also got _______ (5) bread and _______ (6) cheese for sandwiches. At the market, there
were _______ (7) stalls selling fresh vegetables. I bought _______ (8) carrots, _______ (9) potatoes,
and _______ (10) spinach.

I needed _______ (11) oil for cooking, so I bought a large bottle. I also picked up _______ (12) salt
and _______ (13) pepper, as I did not have _______ (14) spices at home. My friend asked me to buy
_______ (15) cans of soda for the picnic, but I did not see _______ (16) in the store.

When I got home, I realized I still needed to buy _______ (17) milk and _______ (18) sugar. Luckily,
there was still _______ (19) soup in the cupboard, so I made a quick dinner. I was relieved that I had at
least _______ (20) chocolate to enjoy afterwards!

Exercise 11: Fill in the blanks with the correct quantifier.

1. There is _______ salt in the shaker.

2. We need _______ oil to fry the chicken.
3. How _______ soda do you drink every day?
4. She added _______ soup to the bowl for the kids.
5. There are not _______ onions in the kitchen.
6. He drinks _______ cups of tea every morning.
7. Could you put _______ sugar in my coffee?
8. We do not have _______ bread left for breakfast.
9. I only want _______ soup; I‘m not very hungry.
10. There are _______ potatoes in the basket.
11. You should not eat too _______ salt; it is unhealthy.
12. Do we have _______ cheese for the sandwiches?
13. They picked _______ apples from the orchard.
14. There is not _______ juice in the fridge for dinner.
15. She bought _______ cartons of milk from the store.
16. Just add _______ pepper to season the steak.
17. How _______ butter do we need for this recipe?
18. We only need _______ bananas for the smoothie.
19. He brought _______ cans of soda to the party.
20. There is still _______ chocolate left in the cupboard.
Exercise 12: Fill in the blanks with the correct quantifier.

1. I bought ________ apples from the market.

2. There isn‘t ________ milk left in the fridge.
3. She added _________ sugar to her coffee.
4. Do you have _________ bananas to make a smoothie?
5. We need _________ rice for tonight's dinner.
6. I only eat _________ slices of bread in the morning.
7. There are _________ strawberries in the bowl.
8. We didn‘t buy _________ butter at the store.
9. Add _________ salt to the soup, but not too much.
10. There are quite _________ oranges in the basket.
11. He eats _________ meat because he‘s a vegetarian.
12. How _________ eggs do we need for this recipe?
13. I‘ll have _________ cookies with my tea, please.
14. There‘s still _________ cheese left from yesterday.
15. We don‘t have ___________ tomatoes for the salad.
16. Could you buy _________ flour for the cake?
17. She brought _________ grapes to share with everyone.
18. You only need _________ oil to fry the vegetables.
19. There aren‘t _________ carrots in the fridge.
20. I usually drink _________ water throughout the day.

Exercise 13: Fill in the gaps with the suitable quantifier from the list in (): (A bag of / An ounce of /A chunk
of /A cup of / A bowl of / A spoon of/ A pinch of / A jar of / A handful of / A teaspoon of / A carton of / A
piece of / A drop of / A plate of / A slice of / A glass of / A bottle of / A dash of / A box of / A stick of )

1. Add ……………………….. salt to enhance the flavour of the soup.

2. She served me ……………………….. steaming hot soup for lunch.
3. The recipe calls for ……………………….. honey to sweeten the tea.
4. Pour ……………………….. milk into the batter and mix well.
5. The chocolate bar contains ……………………….. pure cocoa.
6. I had ……………………….. pizza for a quick snack.
7. Toss ……………………….. fresh spinach into the salad.
8. Add ……………………….. vanilla essence to the cake batter.
9. She opened ……………………….. strawberry jam to spread on the toast.
10. Would you like ……………………….. cake with your coffee?
11. We bought ……………………….. olive oil for cooking.
12. The recipe asks for ……………………….. cinnamon.
13. I bought ……………………….. rice from the grocery store.
14. He served me ……………………….. pasta with marinara sauce.
15. Add ……………………….. lemon juice to the salad dressing.
16. She packed ……………………….. chocolates as a gift.
17. Melt ……………………….. butter for the cookie recipe.
18. We need ……………………….. eggs for breakfast tomorrow.
19. He broke off ……………………….. bread to dip into the soup.
20. Would you like ……………………….. orange juice with your meal?
 5. Adverbs

An adverb is a word that modifies (qualifies or limits) verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or groups of words. e.g.- He reads
carefully. ( carefully modifies the verb reads)
- He is truly dedicated. (truly modifies the adjective dedicated)
- He walks too quickly.(too modifies the adverb quickly)
- Unfortunately, I cannot attend the wedding. (unfortunately modifies the sentence)

Formation of adverbs
Many adverbs are formed from adjectives. Many adverbs end in - ly. It is the case of adverbs of manner + some adverbs of
degree.
 If the adjective ends in –y, replace it with –i and then add –ly.
adjective adverb

happy happily

angry angrily

lucky luckily

 If the adjective ends in –able, -ible, or –le, replace the e with –y

adjective adverb

probable probably

gentle gently

humble humbly

 If the adjective ends in –ic, add –ally

adjective adverb

basic basically

economic economically

BUT → public → publicly

 Irregular adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective. However, there are some irregular adverbs :
adjective adverb
good well
fast fast
hard hard
late late
early early
daily daily

 nice → nicely immediate → immediately extreme → extremely

44
 BUT true → truly due → duly whole → wholly

NOTE : not all words ending in -ly or -lly are adverbs : silly, friendly, likely, lonely, lovely.
These are adjectives and have no adverb form. To supply this deficiency, we use a similar adverb or an adverb phrase.
e.g. My dog is very friendly. He behaves in a friendly way.

Kinds and position of Adverbs

1- Adverbs of manner : Tell how something happens: fast, hard, well, quickly, slowly, kindly, happily, angrily, clearly,
patiently, generously….
→ They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.
He swims fast. She sings the song beautifully.
The child ran happily towards his mother.

2- Adverbs of place : Tell where something happens : here, there, up, down, near, far, away, right, left, west, south,
southwards, downstairs, outside, indoors, inside, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere, elsewhere, home, in, off,
on, over,……
→ They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.
The students are walking home. He threw the ball downstairs. Come here !
I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.
→ Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial phrases. e.g. Come over here and
look what I found ! What are you doing up there ?
→ Most common adverbs of place also function as prepositions.

3- Adverbs of time :Tell when something happens, and for how long : now, soon, still, today, yesterday, tomorrow,
tonight, early, late, recently, currently, after, before, afterwards, yet, then, just, immediately, next, all day, not long,…….
→The use of adverbs of time might affect the verb tenses in a particular clause and can be placed at the initial, middle or
final position of a clause.
- She currently works as a news caster. (present tense)
- My father is currently working with the press.
- She went to school yesterday. (past tense)
- I will finish doing my work tomorrow. (future tense)

4- Adverbs of frequency : Tell how often/ how many times something happens : once, twice, often , rarely, never, ever,
always, usually, occasionally, seldom, sometimes, daily, everyday, monthly, annually, …
→ They can be placed at the initial, middle or final position of a clause.
- Occasionally, culture interferes with business. Once is fine, but twice is not.
- You should always think about your future.
- She cleans her room daily.

5- Adverbs of certainty : Express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event : certainly, surely, obviously,
definitely, probably, undoubtedly, ….
→ They are placed before the main verb, but they come after ‗to be‘, or between the auxiliary and the main verb.
- She definitely left the house on October 1998.
- She is probably in Paris.
- She has certainly forgotten my birthday.

6- Adverbs of degree : Tell about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb : very, fairly, rather,
too, totally, so, almost, just, nearly, quite, hardly, much, enough, completely, partially, extremely, such, even, pretty, only
…
→ They are placed before the adjective or adverb they are modifying, after an auxiliary, before the main verb or between
the auxiliary and the main verb.

45
 He is really good. She almost noticed his presence.
They don’t really know you. He played very badly.

7- Adverbs of opinion : Tell about the speaker‟s opinion/point of view about an action : frankly, ideally, officially,
personally, obviously, theoretically, honestly, seriously, …
→ They are usually placed at the beginning and are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
- Personally, I can’t do what she had done.

8- Interrogative adverbs : Are used to ask questions : when, where, why, how.
→ They are placed at the beginning and are always followed by the main verb.
- When will she come ?
- Where do you come from ?
- Why have you said that ?
- How is your father ?
-
NOTE : In English, the adverb does not come between the main verb and the direct object.
My brother cleans never his room. → My brother never cleans his room.

Order of adverbs when together

There is a basis order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one.

verb manner place frequency time

Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning before dawn
Dad walks impatiently into town every afternoon before supper

Of course, it is uncommon to four five adverbs in a row to modify the same word, but if a sentence uses two or three, then it is
best to follow this order to avoid sounding unnatural.

Adverbs or adjective ?
Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. Adverbs do not. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adjectives do
not.
e.g : - Helen has a yearly membership at the local health club. ( Yearly is an adjective since it modifies the noun membership
and tells which membership.)
- Helen contributes yearly . ( Yearly is an adverb since it modifies the verb contributes and answers the question, When
does Helen contribute ?)
-Mike arrived late . -The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket.
→ Other words that can be used either as adjs or adverbs are : hard, fast, deep, early, near, far, high, little, few, much,
many, loud, low, overhead, underground, …

Comparison of adverbs
There are three forms: positive – comparative – superlative
 We use –er /-est with all adverbs of one syllable: Fast – faster than – the fastest Hard – harder – the hardest
High – higher – the highest
46
 + the adverb early : earlier – the earliest

 We use more –most with adverbs of 2 or more syllables (adverbs ending in –ly not early)
carefully – more carefully – (the) most carefully

 Irregular adverbs

well better best

badly worse worst

much more most

little little least

late later latest

far Farther Farthest

further furthest

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 5/Adverbs: Exercises

Exercise1: Rewrite the sentences placing the adverb in its correct position

1. Mary goes shopping to the mall. (usually ) ……………………………………………………………………

2. Amalia helps her parents with the housework. (sometimes) …………………………………………………..
3. Mike and his sister are fighting for the remote. (always) ………………………………………………………
4. Are they going ? (away) ………………………………………………………….……………………………
5. We are late to school. (never) ……………………………………………….…………………………………
6. The program was unrealistic. (too) ………………………………………………………………………………
7. Have you been to Mexico City before ? (ever) …………………………………………………………………

Exercise2: Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.

1. Joanne is happy. She smiles

2. The boy is loud. He shouts .

3. Her English is fluent. She speaks English .

4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us .

5. My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives .

6. The painter is awful. He paints .

7. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano .

8. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house .

9. She is a good dancer. She dances really .

10. This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space.

Exercise3: Complete the following sentences with the correct form (comparative or superlative) of the adverbs
provided.
1. He arrived ___________________ than expected. (early)
2. We walked ___________________ than the rest of the people. (slowly)
3. They called us ___________________ in the afternoon. (late)
4. He hit his arm ___________________ than before. (hard)
5. The Spanish athlete ran ___________________ than the other runners. (fast)
6. Jim threw the ball ___________________ than Peter. (far)
48
7. We answered all the questions ___________________ than the other students. (well)
8. Our new teacher explains the exercises ___________________ than our old teacher. (badly)
9. The new mechanic checked the car ___________________ than the old mechanic. (thoroughly)
10. Angela works ____________________________ than my husband. (hard)

Exercise4: Which is right?

MUM: You were late home last night, Francesca.

FRANCESCA: I know, I went to Javier‘s party, and afterward, I walked home.

MUM: Didn‘t Joe offer to drive you home?

FRANCESCA: Yes, but I think he drives (1) dangerously / dangerous, so I said ―no.‖

MUM: Well, you look (2) happily / happy today. Was it a (3) good / well party?

FRANCESCA: Yeah, great. Martin was there and he had his guitar with him. He plays really (4) good /
well.

MUM: I didn‘t know he was (5) good / well on the guitar.

FRANCESCA: He plays flamenco music (6) brilliant / brilliantly. And Carmen was there and she‘s a (7)
fantastic / fantastically dancer. She taught us how to do a bit of flamenco dancing. She explained really
(8) careful / carefully and everybody did quite (9) good / well.

MUM: Sounds fun. Would you like something to eat? I‘m doing some bacon and eggs.

FRANCESCA: Oh yes, please. It smells (10) delicious / deliciously.

MUM: What have you got to do today?

FRANCESCA: Well, we‘ve got a maths exam next week and I did really (11) badly / bad in the last one,
so I‘ve got to work (12) hard / hardly today.

MUM: OK, well eat this (13) quick / quickly, and get started.

49
 6. Prepositions

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. It may
refer to direction, time, location, or ownership.
e.g : The man swam under the bridge. ( Under connects the idea of swam and bridge .)
object of preposition

Most prepositions are one word (of, from, in,…), but some are two words (next to, because of, according to) or even three
words (in front of, in addition to)
 As a result of the flood, we had to move out of our home.
 The bird on top of the tree outside of my window is singing loudly.
 That is the correct answer according to the textbook.
 I hope he wins the prize for the sake of his children.
 You should keep a fire extinguisher in case of fire.

Common Prepositions:

1. Prepositions of Place: indicate where something is located (in, on, at, under, over, between, among,
behind, in front of, next to). Examples: The cat is on the roof. / She sat under the tree. / The book is in
the bag.
2. Prepositions of Time: indicate when something happens (at, in, on, before, after, during, until).
Examples: We will meet at 3 PM. / The concert is on Saturday./ He was born in 1990.
3. Prepositions of Direction/Movement: indicate movement towards something (to, into, onto, through,
across, towards). Examples: She walked to the store. / The dog jumped over the fence. / He ran across
the street.
4. Prepositions of Manner: indicate how something is done (by, with). Examples: She completed the
project with great care. / The painting was done by a famous artist.
5. Prepositions of Instrument: indicate the means by which something is done (with, by). Examples: He
wrote the letter with a pen. / She traveled by train. / The cake was made with fresh ingredients.

Adverb or preposition?
The difference between a preposition and an adverb is that an adverb answers the questions, Where?
When? How? To what extent? by itself. It comes alone. It is not followed by a noun.
Prepositions need more than just themselves to answer the same questions. They are followed by nouns
to form a prepositional phrase.
e.g. - He fell down . ( Down is an adverb because it takes only one word to tell where he fell.)
- He fell down the stairs ( Down is a preposition because it takes more than a single word
Prepositional phrase to tell where he fell.)

50
 6/ Prepositions: Exercises

Exercise 1: Write whether the underlined word in each sentence is a preposition or an adverb.
1) The children enjoyed playing outside. _____________
2) A beautiful cherry tree grows outside my bedroom window. ___________
3) An eager autograph-seeker slipped past the doorman. _______________
4) A fire engine just sped past. ________________
5) These belong on the shelf above the encyclopedia. ____________
6) A seagull circled high above. ________________
7) It was too warm to leave our jackets on. _________________
8) Burt was wobbly on his new ice skates. _________________
9) I must have left my notebook behind. _________________
10) We sat behind a woman with a big hat on._______________

Exercise 2: Put in for or during.

1- It rained .......................... three days without stopping.

2- I fell asleep .......................... the movie.
3- I went to the theatre last night. I met Sue .......................... the interval.
4- Martin hasn‘t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil .......................... four years.
5- Production at the factory was seriously affected .......................... the strike.
6- I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything .......................... three days.
7- I waited for you .......................... half an hour and decided that you weren1t coming.
8- Sarah was very angry with me. She didn1t speak to me .......................... a week.
9- We usually go out at weekends I but we don‘t go out .......................... the week very often.
10- Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work .......................... six months.
11- I need a break. I think I‘ll go away .......................... a few days.
12- The president gave a long speech. She spoke .......................... two hours.
13- We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn‘t had anything to eat .......................... the journey.
14- We were hungry when we arrived. We hadnlt had anything to eat .......................... eight hours.

Exercise 03: Put in by or until.

1- Steve has gone away. He'll be away .......................... until Monday.
2- Sorry, but I must go. I have to be home .......................... 5 o'clock.
3- I've been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide
......................... Friday.
4- I think I'll wait .......................... Thursday before making a decision.
5- it's too late to go shopping. The shops are open only .......................... 5.30 today. They'll be
closed .......................... now.
6- I need to pay the phone bill. lt has to be paid .......................... tomorrow.
7- Don't pay the bill today. Wait .......................... tomorrow.
8- A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to finish .......................... the end of the week.
9- A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here?
B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone out .......................... then.
10- I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a friend .......................... then.
51
11- I've got a lot of work to do .......................... the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
12- If you want to take part in the competition, you have to apply .......................... 3 April.

Exercise 04: Put in at, on or in.

1- Mozart was born in Salzburg .......... 1756.

2- I've been invited to a wedding .......... 14 February.
3- Electricity prices are going up .......... October.
4- .......... weekends, we often go for long walks in the country.
S I haven't seen Kate for a few days. I last saw her .......... Tuesday.
6- Jonathan is 63. He'll be retiring from his job .......... two years' time.
7- I'm busy right now, but I'll be with you .......... a moment.
8- My brother is an engineer, but he doesn't have a job .......... the moment.
9- There are usually a lot of parties .......... New Year's Eve.
10- I don't like driving .......... night.
11- My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready .......... two hours.
12- My phone and the doorbell rang .......... the same time.
13- Mary and David always go out for dinner .......... their wedding anniversary.
14- It was a short book and easy to read. I read it .......... a day.
15- .......... Saturday night I went to bed .......... midnight.
16- We travelled overnight and arrived .......... 5 o'clock .......... the morning.
17- The course begins .......... 7 January and ends sometime .......... April.
18- I might not be at home .......... Tuesday morning, but I'll be there .......... the afternoon.

Exercise 05: Put in, at or in:

1- I'm going away .......... the end of the month.
2- It took me a long time to find a job . .......... the end I got a job in a hotel.
3- Are you going away .......... the beginning of August or .......... the end?
4- I couldn't decide what to buy Laura for her birthday. I didn't buy her anything ........ the end.
5- We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up .......... the end and walked home.
6- I'll be moving to a new address .......... the end of September.
7- We had a few problems at first, but .......... he end everything was OK.
8- I'm going away .......... the end of this week.
9- A: I didn't know what to do.
B: Yes, you were in a difficult position. What did you do ........... the end?

Exercise 06: Complete the sentences with: in, at or on.

1- There was a long queue of people ........... the bus stop.
2- Nicola was wearing a silver ring ........... her little finger.
3- There was an accident ........... the crossroads this morning.
4- I wasn't sure whether ! had come to the right office. There was no name ........... the door.
5- There are some beautiful trees ........... the park.
6- You'll find the sports results ........... the back page of the newspaper.
7- I wouldn't like an office job. I couldn't spend the whole day sitting ........... a computer.
8- My brother lives........... a small village ........... the south-west of England.
9- The man the police are looking for has a scar ........... his right cheek.
10 -The headquarters of the company are ........... Milan.
11- I like that picture hanging ........... the wall ........................ the kitchen.
12- If you come here by bus, get off ........... the stop after the traffic lights.
52
Exercise 07: Complete the sentences with: in, at or on:
1- Write your name ........... the top of the page.
2- Is your sister ........... this photograph? I don't recognise her.
3- I didn't feel very well when I woke up, so I stayed ........... bed.
4- We normally use the front entrance to the building, but there's another one ........... the back.
5- Is there anything interesting ........... the paper today?
6- There was a list of names, but my name wasn't ........... the list.
7- ... the end of the street, there is a path leading to the river.
8- I love to look up at the stars ........... the sky at night.
9- When I'm a passenger in a car, I prefer to sit ........... the front.
10- I live in a very small village. You probably won't find it ........... your map.
11- Joe works ........... the furniture department of a large store.
12- Paris is ........... the river Seine.
13- I don't like cities. I'd much prefer to live ........... the country.
14- My office is ........... the top floor. It's ........... the left as you come out of the lift.

Exercise 08: Complete these sentences with: in, at or on.

1- We went to a concert ........... the National Concert Hall.
2- It was a very slow train. It stopped ........... every station.
3- My parents live ........... a small village about 50 miles from London.
4- I haven't seen Kate for some time. I last saw her ........... David's wedding.
5- We stayed ........... a very comfortable hotel when we were ........... Amsterdam.
6- There were about fifty rooms ........... the hotel.
7- I don't know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it .. ........... the bus.
8- 'Where were you on Monday evening?' 'I was a friend's house.'
9- There must be somebody ........... the house. The lights are on.
10- The exhibition ........... the Museum of Modern Art finishes on Saturday.
11- Shall we travel ........... your car or mine?
12- I didn't expect you to be ........... home. I thought you'd be ........... work.
13- 'Did you like the movie ?'Yes, but It was too hot ........... the cinema.
14- Paul lives ........... Birmingham. He's a student ........... Birmingham University.

Exercise 09: Put in to/at/in/into where necessary. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space
empty(Ø).
1- Three people were taken ........... hospital after the accident.
2- I met Kate on my way........... home.
3- We left our luggage ........... the station and went to find something to eat.
4- Shall we take a taxi ........... the station or shall we walk?
5- I have to go ........... the bank today. What time does it open?
6- The Amazon flows ........... the Atlantic Ocean.
7- 'Do you have your camera with you?' 'No, I left it ........... the car.'
8- Have you ever been........... China?
9- I had lost my key, but I managed to climb ........... the house through a window.
10- We got stuck in a traffic jam on our way ........... the airport.
11- We had lunch ........... the airport while we were waiting for our plane.
12- Welcome ........... the hotel. We hope you enjoy your stay here.
13- We drove along the main road for about a kilometre and then turned ........... a narrow
side street.
14- Did you enjoy your visit ........... the museum?
53
 15- I'm tired. As soon as I get ........... home, I'm going ........... bed.
16- Marcel is French. He has just returned ........... France after two years ........... Brazil.
17 Carl was born ........... Chicago, but his family moved ........... New York when he was three. He still
lives ........... New York.

Exercise 10: Complete the gaps in the text with: “in”, “on”, or “at”:
Tropical storms

Tropical storms develop over oceans (a)………. the summer.

(b)………. different parts of the world, they are called cyclones,
hurricanes, typhoons, and willy-willies. Tropical storms are
particularly dangerous if they reach land because of the heavy
rain, high winds, and rises in sea level. Katrina became the fourth
hurricane of the season (c)………. 25 August 2005. It reached the
land later that day (d)………. 18:30, between Hallandale Beach
and Aventura, towns (e)………. the coast of Florida.

Katrina went out to sea and came back to land again (f)……….
06:10 (g)………. 29 August with winds of 235 km/h. It went north
at a speed of 20 km/h, and many seaside communities were
damaged by the strong winds. The storm was so large, it created a
rise in sea level which affected the entire Mississippi Gulf Coast.
The 10-meter rise, which was recorded (h)………. Biloxi,
Mississippi, is the highest ever seen (i)………. America.

This rise in sea level and waves made a gap (j)………. the flood
defenses which protect New Orleans (built (k)………. ground
below sea level), and most of the city was flooded. As a result,
Hurricane Katrina will be remembered as the most destructive
natural disaster (l)………. the history of the United States. 1302
people died, and damage costs reached about $130 billion.

54
 7. Conjunctions

A conjunction connects phrases, clauses, words or parts of speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
*Types of Conjunctions:

1. Coordinating conjunction is a single connecting word. It connects words, phrases, and clauses. These words are the
FANBOYS

and Or for
But Nor Yet So

- The boys and girls worked at the fair. (And joins two nouns)
S
- The soup was hot and delicious. ( two adjectives) He speaks quickly and fluently. (two adverbs)
S.C
- My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality. (two phrases)
D.O
- The students did a test and corrected it.
compound predicate
- Alex likes to fish, and he is going fishing on Friday. (compound sentence)

- I would like to help you, but I will be busy tonight. (But joins two independent clauses./ contrast)

2. Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate dependent clause to a main/independent clause. An adverb clause is
always introduced by a subordinating conjunction. The following is a list of the most common subordinating
conjunctions:

After, although, as, as if, as Just as, lest, now, now since,
until
long as, as much as, now that, now when, once
when
as soon as, as though, Provided, provided that
whenever
because, before, rather than,
where
even, even if, since
whereas
even though, so that, supposing,
wherever
if, if only, if when, if then, than
whether, which
inasmuch as, in order that that
while, who, whoever
so that, in order to though, till
why
such that unless

- As it was getting late, I decided to go home.

subordinate/adverbial clause of reason
- Ronnie begins to sneeze fiercely whenever he opens the door to greet a fresh spring day.
- He took the course in order that he could get a better job.
- I will call you provided that I have enough time.
55
- She was so weak that she couldn‘t walk.
- I won‘t allow you to see that movie even though you are old enough.
- I will come to see you wherever you live.
3. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that must be together as connecting words.

Both…and Whether … or
Neither … nor
either … or As … as
Not only … but also
As many … as Scarcely … when
Such … that
No sooner … than Rather … than

Examples:
*Both Henry and Henrietta are leaving now. (The correlative conjunctions join two names.)
*Not only will they leave now, but they will also not be here to help clean up.
(The correlative conjunctions join two sentences or complete ideas.)
*Either go with them or stay here and help. (The correlative conjunctions illustrate a choice.)
*He went neither to the stadium nor to the concert hall during this vacation. ( two prepositional phrases.)
*Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?
*Bowling isn‘t as fun as skeet shooting.
*Such was the nature of their relationship that they never would have made it even if they‘d wanted to.
*I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right back out again.
*There are as many curtains as there are windows.
*I‘d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy.
*She‘d rather play the drums than sing.

56
 6/ Conjunctions: Exercises

Exercise 1: Circle the conjunction or pair of conjunctions in each sentence:

1. Lyle chose both steak and salad for his dinner.

2. I chose neither steak nor salad for my dinner.
3. Either you or he can drive Dad to the train station tomorrow morning.
4. The panda wanted to eat, for he was hungry.
5. Peanut butter and jelly is Rex‘s favorite sandwich.
6. Not only the girls but also the boys will be invited to the assembly.
7. Sara did not know whether to swing at the ball or take the pitch.
8. Mark would like to go, but he cannot.
9. Rich likes the food at this restaurant, yet he seldom eats here.
10. Run with him or her.

Exercise 2: Use an appropriate coordinating conjunctions to combine the sentences below.

1. I wanted to backpack through Europe last summer. My mom told me I couldn‘t.
______________________________________________________________________
2. Maria didn‘t finish her essay. She did finish her math.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Julie bought her mom a sweater. Her mother loved it.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. I am going to the beach. I worry about sunburn.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Jill spent all her money at the Banana Republic sale. She went back the next day for more bargains.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. You can take a cruise to Greece. You can travel to Mexico.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Ted didn‘t have enough money to fly to Boston. He took the train.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. She could not go to the show. She did not have enough money.
_____________________________________________________________________________

57
7.Interjections

58
 7/ Interjections: Exercises

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks by selecting appropriate interjections from the box given below.

1. ………………………. Thank God!

2. ………………………. I didn‘t see you were hiding here. .
3. ………………………. I‘ll help you.
4. ………………………. We have won the match.
5. ………………………. I felt bad hearing that.
6. ………………………. Now that‘s what I call a good shot
7. ……………………… That show was so gory.
8. ……………………… Don‘t make a noise.
9. ………………………. I can‘t believe you lost my favourite book,
10. …………………… what did he say?

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