Chapter – 4

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS FOR THE CWSN

Q:1. Briefly describe ‘Special Olympics’.

Special Olympics International is the world’s largest sports organisation for the
children and adults with intellectual disabilities.
Brief history:
Special Olympics was founded by Eunice Kennedy Shriver. The idea came in her
mind in June 1962 when Shriver started a day camp which was known as ‘Camp
Shriver’ for the children with intellectual disabilities.
Main objective:
The main objective of this camp is given below:
- To give the children with intellectual disability opportunities to develop
physical fitness.
- So that they show courage.
- To experience joy. Affix logo
- To develop skills.
- To develop friendship.
Camp Shriver became very much popular and later on it became Special
Olympics.
The first International Special Olympics was organised in Chicago in 1968.

Vision of Special Olympics:

The vision of Special Olympics is to inspire and aware to open up their minds
and include the children with intellectual disabilities in the main stream of
games and sports.

Mission of Special Olympics:

The mission of the Special Olympics is to provide year round sports training and
organise various types of sports competitions so that they can participate and
enjoy their lives.

Special Olympics Logo:

The special Olympic logo depicts five figures in a unifying circle symbolising the
global presence of the people with intellectual disabilities.

Special Olympics Oath:

The Special Olympic oath is – “Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me brave in
my attempt”. This oath was recited by Eunice Kennedy Shriver herself in the
very first Special Olympics in Chicago.

Q:2) Briefly describe Paralympics.

In Paralympic, athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities take part.
Paralympic is held after every four years. It is directed by International
Paralympic Committee (IPC). IPC organises summer and winter paralympic
games.
Brief history:
The word ‘paralympic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘para’ means ‘parallel’ or
‘alongside’ and ‘Olympics’. It is a parallel to Olympic games. It was originated in
‘Stoke Mandeville Hospital’ in Great Britain. In 1944, Dr. Ludwig Guttman, a
German spinal surgery expert was treating the injured soldiers of World War II.
After treatment he gave some rehabilitation exercises. These rehabilitation
exercises took a turn and became paralympic sports. At the very beginning
these sports were known as the Stoke Mandeville Sports. These games were
first organised in London in the year 1948. Nowadays these games are known
as paralympic sports. In 1960, the first official paralympic took place in Rome in
Italy.
In 1980, the first paralympic governing body was formed and it was known as
International Coordination Committee Of World Sports Organisation For
Disabled (ICC).
The categories of paralympic games include:
1. Amputee.
2. Cerebral Palsy.
3. Intellectual Disabilities.
4. Wheel Chaired.
5. Visually impaired.
Paralympic values:
1. Courage: Para athletes show their courage through games and sports.
2. Determination: Para athletes show will power and determination
through games and sports.
3. Inspiration: The para athletes through their events inspire and motivate
other. They have always remained a source of inspiration for others.
4. Equality: Through games and sports they show case equality.
Paralympic Motto:
The paralympic motto is “Spirit in Motion” which was introduced in 2004.
Earlier it was “Mind, Body, Spirit” which was introduced in 1994.
Paralympic flag and symbol:
The paralympic flag has a white background with three agitos of red, blue and
green colour. This three colours represent almost all the flags of all the
countries. The word ‘agito’ means “I move”. This symbol was approved in April
2003 and was first used in 2006 in Turin, Italy.

Q.3) Describe ‘Deaflympics’

Deaflympics is an event in which people with hearing deficiency participate.
This idea was first envisioned by Monseur Rubens-Alcais. He wanted to upgrage
the social standard of the people with hearing deficiency. The first Deaflympic
games were held in Paris, France in the year 1924. Previously this game was
known as ‘International Silent Games’. But in 1966 the name was changed and
it became ‘World Silent Games’. Finally in 2001 it became ‘Deaflympics’.
The Deaflympics are organised by ‘The International Committee of Sports for
the Deaf (ICSD). Only the people with hearing disability can become the
members of the ICSD board and its executive council. The most striking feature
of Deaflympics is that these games are exclusively managed by the deaf people.
Since the participants cannot hear the whistle or gun shot so lights and flags
are used for starting and finishing. The spectators instead of clapping, wave
hand to cheer them up.
Deaflympic motto:
The motto of Deaflympics is ‘PER LUDOS AEQUALITAS’ which means ‘Equality
through Sports’. This name was adapted to empower the people with hearing
deficiency.
Eligibility to participate:
The following people can participate in Deaflympics:
1. Complete deafness or hearing loss of at least 55 db in the better ear.
2. He/She should be the citizen of a nation member of the ICSD.
3. He/She should not use any hearing aids or any such external device.
Deaflympics logo/symbol:
The logo binds together five strong elements, namely- sign, language, deaf and
international culture, unity and continuity. It consists 4 hand shapes depicting
OKAY, good and great. It is similar to the iris of the eye. The logo consists of the
four colours of the national flag of the world i.e. red, blue, yellow and green.
Some summer Deaflympic sports:
Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Bowling, Football, Volleyball, Swimming,
Shooting, Water Polo, Karate, Judo, Tennis, Taekwondo.
Some winter Deaflympics sports:
Snowboard, Curling, Alpine Skiing, Cross country skiing, Ice Hockey etc.
Paste logo

Q.4) Write a short note on Special Olympic Bharat (SOB).

Special Olympic Bharat (SOB) is a National Sports Federation which provides
training to the people with intellectual difficulties in India. SOB is officially
approved by Special Olympic International.
The Special Olympics were founded in India in 1987 and came to be known as
the Special Olympic India. In 2001, it was changed to Special Olympic Bharat
(SOB) and was registered under the Indian Trust Act.
Currently the SOB has about 15,40,000 registered athletes covering all the
states and union territories.
Programmes and initiatives of SOB
1. Sports training: It provides year round sports training specially of
athletics, badminton, basketball, football etc. and other local games like
Kho Kho and Kabaddi.
2. Sports competition: SOB organises competitions at various levels.
3. Advanced Coaches Training Programmes (ACTPs): SOB organises training
programmes for the coaches.
4. Training at Games Management System (GMS): SOB organises
computer training to the coaches.
5. Young Athletes Programmes (YAP): SOB has introduced training for the
children 2 to 7 years.
6. Family Forums: SOB organises community awareness programmes.
7. Healthy athletes: SOB organises programmes to impart education on
healthy living.
Achievements:
1. National games: SOB has been organising games and sports since 2002.
Till date 23,750 athletes have taken part.
2. World games: 671 SOB athletes have participated in world level and have
won 246 gold, 265 silver and 275 bronze.
3. Regional Asia Pacific Games: The athletes of SOB have won 111 gold
medals, 136 silver medals and 140 bronze medals.

Q.5) What are the advantages of physical activities for the Children With
Special Needs?
Children with special needs should get adequate opportunities to participate in
games and sports. Games and sports improve the standard of their life. Sports
encourage them to follow active life style. There are certain advantages of
physical activities for the CWSN.
 1. Development of social skill: It is generally seen that the CWSN cannot
mix up and socialise themselves with the other normal children.
Participation in games and sports makes them confident and thus it
improves and develop their social qualities like friendship, cooperation
etc.
2. Improvement of concentration: Games and sports play a crucial role for
the children with intellectual or cognitive disability. Since games and
sports are played with certain rules, the CWSN are compelled to
concentrate on these rules and in this course it improves their
concentration.
3. Improvement of physical health: Participation in games and sports
improves hand eye coordination, increases flexibility, strengthens the
muscles, enhances tolerance level and hence improves overall physical
health.
4. Improves mental health: Participation in games and sports reduces
stress, tension, depression etc. and thus it provides recreation.
5. Improvement of behaviour: Participation in games and sports improves
the overall behaviour of CWSN and improves decision making process
and problem -solving skills.
Q.6) What are the strategies to make physical education accessible for the
CWSN?
The following strategies to be adapted to make physical education accessible
for the CWSN.
1. Consideration of individual needs: Before conducting any physical
education programme for the children with special needs we must know
that needs of CWSN differ to each other and this we have to consider the
needs of all the participants.
2. Modification of the eqipments: The size, shape, weight and colour of
sports equipment need to be according to the convenience of CWSN.
3. Change of environment: The environment should be modified according
the needs of such children. For example, playing area can be reduced or
brightly decorated for the CWSN.
4. Modification of rules: There is no hard and fast rules for the children
with special needs. Rules can be modified for the convenience of the
CWSN.
 5. Modification of the guidelines and strategies: The instructions and
guidelines given to the CWSN should be clear and easy to understand.
Instruction should be oral or written.
6. Training of the educators: The educators engaged in adaptive physical
education programmes must be well trained so that they can understand
the problems of CWSN.
7. Supervision by medical staff: Before conducting any such programmes
there should be adequate emergency medical facilities’

Q.7) What do you mean by health and safety of children with special needs?
The health and safety of the CWSN is very much important. It is given below:
1. CWSN must drink plenty of water before, during and post activities.
2. They should wear helmet, knee guard, elbow guard etc without fail.
3. Climatic condition should be kept in mind while planning work out
session. CWSN should not be exposed in extremely chilly or extremely
hot climate.
4. Extra care must be taken while doing stretching exercise.
5. There should be a proper warm up session before starting activity.
6. Cooling down or limbering down is very much important for such
children.
Q.8) What do you mean by inclusion in sports? What is the need of inclusion in
sports? How can this be implemented?
The word inclusion is derived from the word ‘to include’. It means to take in a
particular circle and working together. The process of educating children with
special needs with normal children is known as inclusive education.
Need:
1. Through inclusion the CWSN perform educationally better.
2. Inclusiveness provides opportunities to develop personal relation.
3. In such education needs are taught through activities.
4. It brings awareness.
5. It is useful for the slow learners.
6. It helps CWSN to build life-long friendship.
7. It is helpful for developing social relationship.
8. Inclusiveness develops personal interest.
 9. It follows the principle of equality.
Implementation:
1. Change in school infrastructure: The classrooms and other areas which
are used by the CWSN should be built in such a way that they don’t face
any problems in the school.
2. Diversity in curriculum: School curriculum should be made flexible for
the CWSN so that the Divyang children don’t face any problem to face it.
3. Admission policy: Admission policy should be made in such a way that
the CWSN don’t face any problem while taking admission. A certain
number of seat in every class should be reserved for them.
4. Availability of basic educational facility: The basic facilities like audio
visual aids, special evaluation process, usable teaching material,
availability of Braille materials must be taken into account.
5. Inclusive classroom: Classrooms should be built in such a way that the
CWSN don’t face any problem while using them.
6. Academic environment of the school: Academic environment of the
school should be made in such a way that the CWSN should not face any
difficulty to adjust or to follow.
7. Appointment of special educator: Special educator, counsellor, speech
therapist, occupational therapists should be appointed for the CWSN.
8. Use of information and communication technology: Learning material
should be designed and provided with the help of information
technology for their betterment.
9. Parents: Parents of CWSN should be included in all the committees as
they know their children better.

Q.9) What do mean by classification in sports for the CWSN? What are the
eligibility parameters of classification of CWSN?
Classification is a grouping process associated with paralympic and para
athletes. The various categories are made which are based on disabilities.
Eligible impairments:
1. Loss of limb or limb deficiency: A complete or partial absence of limb,
congenital limb deficiency, amputation remain in this group.
 2. Leg length disparity: The participants unequal leg length are grouped
together.
3. Short stature: Athletes who are having growth hormone deficiency and
the dwarfs are grouped together.
4. Impaired muscle power: Athletes who are suffering from the impairment
of muscle power due to spinal cord injury, spina bifida and polio are
grouped together.
5. Impaired passive range of motion: The children who are suffering from
limited range of motion in one or more than one joints are grouped
together.
6. Hypertonia: Hypertonia is abnormal muscle tension. In such case
muscles cannot be stretched. The children with this impairment are
grouped together.
7. Athetosis: Athetosis is unbalanced and involuntary movements and
difficulty to maintain a symmetrical posture. Athletes with such difficulty
are grouped together.
8. Ataxia: It is neurological disorder marked by lack of coordination of
muscles. For instance, cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia and multiple
sclerosis.

Q.10) What do you mean by divisioning in sports? What is the implementation

and process of divisioning?
Divisioning is the process of grouping of the CWSN which are based on their
skill level. Skill is judged either from previous performance or from the
preliminary rounds. It is the process of grouping or matching in the competitive
level.
Implementation:
The ability of an athlete is the most important factor in divisioning. In
divisioning, ability is determined by the previous performance.

Process of divisioning:
1. Age

Sl no Team game individual sports

 1. 15 yrs and under 8 yrs to 11 yrs.
2. 16 years to 21 years 12 years to 15 years
3. 22 years and above 16 years to 21 years
4. -------- 22 years to 29 years
5. -------- 30 and above

2. Gender: In the second step athletes are grouped by gender. However in

some cases gender can be combined.
3. Ability: Finally it always based on the ability. Their skills and ability are
judged by committee.