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Ratio and proportion formulas

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90 views5 pages

Ratio and proportion formulas

Uploaded by

grayhound1098
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ratio and proportion formulas

1. Ratio and Proportions is one of the easiest


concepts in CAT. Questions from this concept are
mostly asked in conjunction with other concepts
like similar triangles, mixtures and allegation.
2. Hence fundamentals of this concept are
important not just from a stand-alone perspective,
but also to answer questions from other concepts
3. A ratio can be represented as fraction a/b or
using the notation a: b. In each of these
representations ′a′ is called the antecedent and ′b′
is called the consequent.
4. For a ratio to be defined, the quantities of the
items should be of the same nature. We cannot
compare the length of the rod to the area of a
square.
5. However, if these quantities are represented in
numbers, i.e., length of a rod is ‘a’ cm and area of
a square is ‘b’ sq.km, we can still define the ratio
of these numbers as a: b

0) is also expressed as 𝑎 𝑏
6. The Ratio of the number a to the number b (b≠

7. Example: As mentioned, a Ratio can be


expressed or represented in a variety of ways. For
instance, the ratio of 2 to 3 can be expressed as
2:3 or 2 /3
8. The order in which the terms of a ratio are
written is important. For example, the ratio of the
number of months having precisely 30 days to the
number of months with exactly 31 days, is, 4/7 not
7/4.

Properties of Ratios:
 It is not necessary for a ratio to be positive.
When dealing with quantities of objects,
however, the ratios will be positive. Only
positive ratios will be considered in this notion.
 A ratio remains the same if both antecedent

the same non-zero number, i.e., 𝑎/𝑏= 𝑝𝑎/ 𝑝𝑏=


and consequent are multiplied or divided by

𝑞𝑎/𝑞𝑏 ≠ 0 𝑎/𝑏 = 𝑎/𝑝 / 𝑏/𝑝 = 𝑎/𝑞 /𝑏/𝑞 ≠ 0


 ● Two ratios in fraction notation can be

can. 𝑎/𝑏= 𝑝/𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑏𝑝 𝑎/𝑏 < 𝑝/𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞


compared in the same way that actual numbers

> 𝑏𝑝 𝑎/𝑏<𝑝/𝑞 ⇔ 𝑎𝑞 < 𝑏p


 If antecedent > consequent, the ratio is said to
be the ratio of greater inequality.
 If antecedent < consequent, the ratio is said to
be the ratio of lesser inequality.
 If the antecedent = consequent, the ratio is
said to be the ratio of equality

If a > b, then 𝑎+𝑥/𝑏+𝑥 < 𝑎/𝑏


 If a, b, x are positive, then

If a < b, then 𝑎+𝑥/𝑏+𝑥 > 𝑎/𝑏


If a > b, then 𝑎−𝑥/𝑏−𝑥 > 𝑎/𝑏
If a < b, then 𝑎−𝑥/𝑏−𝑥 < 𝑎/𝑏
If a/p= b/q=c/r=d/s =... ,then a:b:c:d:... =
p:q:r:s:...
 If two ratios a/b and c/d are equal…
1.Invertendo: a/b = c/d ⟹ b/a = d/c
2. Alternendo: a/b = c/d ⟹ a/c = b/d
3.Componendo: a/b = c/d ⟹ a+b/b = c+d/d
4.Dividendo: a/b= c/d -> a-b/b = c-d/d
5.Componendo-Dividendo: a/b= c/d -> a+b/a-
b= c+d/c-d
6. a/b=c/d -> pa+qb/ra+sb = pc+qd/rc+sd,
for all real p, q, r, s such that pa + qb ≠ 0
and rc + sd ≠ 0.

Other properties:
 If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r are constants
and are not equal to zero a/b = c/d =
e/f =… then each of these ratios is
equal to a+c+e/b+d+f
 If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r, are constants
and are not equal to zero and a/b = c/d
= e/f = … then each of these ratios is
equal to pa + qc + re / pb + qd + rf
 If a, b, c, d, e, f, p, q, r are constants
and are not equal to zero and a/b = c/d
= e/f =… then each of these ratios is
equal to (pan + qcn + ren+. / pbn + qdn + rfn
+…)1/n
 Duplicate Ratio of a: b is a2: b2

➔Triplicate Ratio of a: b is 𝑎 3: 𝑏 3
➔ Sub-duplicate ratio of a: b is √𝑎: √𝑏

➔ Sub-triplicate ratio of a: b is: 3√𝑎: 3√ 𝑏

Proportions:
 A proportion is defined as an equalization of
ratios.
 As a result, if a: b = c: d is a ratio, the first and
last terms are referred to as extremes,
whereas the middle two phrases are referred
to as means.
 When four terms a, b, c and d are considered
to be proportionate, a: b = c: d is the result.
When three terms a, b, and c are considered to
be proportionate, a: b = b:c is the result.
 A proportion is a statement that tow ratios are
equal; for example, 2/3 = 8/12 is a proportion.
 One way to solve a proportion involving an
unknown is to cross multiply, obtaining a new
equality.
 For example, to solve for n in the proportion
2/3 = n/12, cross multiply, obtaining 24 =3n,
then divide both sides by 3, to get n=8.

Properties of proportions:
 If a: b = c: d is a proportion, the Product of
extremes = product of means i.e., ab= bc.
 Denominator addition/ subtraction: a: a+b =
c:c+d and a: a-b= c:c-d
 a, b, c, d… are in continued proportion means,
a: b = b:c = c: d=…
 a:b= b:c then b is called mean proportional and
b2 = ac
 The third proportional of two numbers, a and
b, is c, such that a: b = b:c.
 ‘D’ is fourth proportional to numbers a, b, c if
a: b = c: d

Variations:
 If x varies directly to y, then x is said to b in
directly proportional with y and is written as
x∞y
→x = ky (where k is direct proportionality
constant)
→x = ky + C (if x depends upon some other
fixed constant C)
 If x varies inversely to y, the is said to be in
inversely proportional with y and is written as
x∝ 1/y
➔ 𝑥 = 𝑘 1 𝑦 (where k is indirect proportionality

➔ 𝑥 = 𝑘 + C 1 𝑦 (If x depends upon some other


constant)

● If x ∝ y and y ∝ z then x ∝ z
fixed constant C)

● If x ∝ y and x ∝ z then x ∝ (y ± z)
● If a ∝ b and x ∝ y then ax ∝ by

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