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Motor Disorders - A Brief Overview

Motor disorder

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Semere Belay
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Motor Disorders - A Brief Overview

Motor disorder

Uploaded by

Semere Belay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MENU Attachment Style: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Preoccupied  

   

Depressionals
Reshaping The Minds For Ultimate Growth

OTHER MENTAL DISORDERS

Motor Disorders – A Brief Overview

Motor disorders are involuntary or uncontrollable movements of the body is


caused by malfunctions of the nervous system. They can result in involuntary
movement or lack of intended movement. Motor disorders include tremors,
jerks, twitches, contractions, spasms and jerking movements.

There are several motor disorders included in the DSM-5. These include
developmental coordination disorder, stereotypical movement disorder, and tic
disorders such as Tourette’s Disorder, persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic

disorder and provisional tic disorder.
Causes of motor disorders

The most common cause of most motor disorders is pathological changes in


certain brain areas. Mutations in the cerebellum are usually the cause of most
motor disorders. Moving involves many aspects of the brain working together
to accomplish the task. Brain signals are necessary to instruct muscles to
perform a particular action. Involuntary movements or involuntary actions
occur when certain parts of the brain malfunction, which causes incorrect or
uncontrollable signals sent to the brain and muscles.

Read: Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior

Developmental coordination disorder

A chronic neurological disorder characterized by developmental coordination


disorder (DCD), developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, beginning in
childhood. This condition can also affect an individual’s ability to plan their
movements and coordinate their actions because the brain messages are not
correctly transmitted to their bodies. Skills of motor movement are impaired in
children as they age according to their chronological age. When other
neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or
Parkinson’s disease are absent from the patient’s history, only developmental
coordination disorder (DCD) can be diagnosed.

Criteria include the following:

Although the child is intelligent for his or her age, there will be a
significant reduction in motor coordination
It can be difficult for a child to manage motor coordination and planning
in everyday life
There is no other medical condition responsible for difficulties with
coordination
The motor coordination of a child that also experiences intellectual
disability or other developmental disabilities is still disproportionately
affected

Management

This is not a curable condition. It is instead treated with therapy. People


suffering from this condition can benefit from physical therapy and
occupational therapy. 
It is helpful for people with this condition to find alternate methods of
conducting activities or keeping organized, such as typing on a laptop instead
of writing with a pen or keeping diaries and calendars. The Cochrane review of
tasks-oriented interventions for developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
concluded there was inconsistency and called for more research and
controlled trials.

Read: Nail Picking Disorder

Statistics

It is more commonly associated with males than females, with an


approximately four-to-one ratio of males to females. The exact number of
people who have this disorder is unknown because there are no specific
laboratory tests to detect it, making diagnosis one of eliminating all other
possibilities. It affects approximately five to six percent of children.

Stereotypic movement disorder

A child’s daily activities should not be impaired if the child’s stereotyped


movements are not distressing and the child is not distressed by them. A
diagnosis of stereotypic movement disorder is needed when stereotyped
behaviors significantly impair functioning. The only way to diagnose this
disorder is to rule out other conditions with some tests, though no specific
test is available. It has been reported that stereotypical movement disorder
(SMD) occurs in association with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, intellectual
disability, and fetal alcohol exposure, or as a consequence of amphetamine
use.

The DSM-5 calls for the following criteria to be used in diagnosing stereotypic
movement disorder:

Self-injury or not
Other known illnesses or environmental factors
Level of severity

Stereotypic movement disorders (SMD) involve the repetition of repetitive


movements such as head banging, arm-waving, hand-shaking, rocking, hitting,
and skin-picking. Other repetitive movements include thumb-sucking, nail
biting, trichotillomania, bruxism, and abnormal running or skipping.

Read: Tongue Biting Disorder

Statistics

The number of children with stereotypical movement disorders (SMD) is about


3% to 4%. The presence of stereotypies is an often physiological and transient
phenomenon, with up to 60% of children with neurologically normal
development showing some stereotypic behaviors or movements between
two and five years old.

So, SMD is classified into two groups: primary and secondary, depending on
whether another neuropsychiatric disorder is present as well. Individuals with
intellectual disabilities are more at risk of SMD, however, they are not
necessary for diagnosis. SMD occurs more frequently in boys and regardless
of their age.

Treatment

Although no cure has been found for these disorders, some studies have
analyzed the effectiveness of medication treatment, but parents have not
reported that medication therapy was effective in treating symptoms. The
benefits of behavioral therapy appear to outweigh the disadvantages of
medication therapy.

Therapy aimed at reducing unwanted movement was found to provide a


combination of awareness and reinforcement of other behaviors. Another
study examined the effectiveness of parent-administered, home-based
behavioral therapy, and this assessment indicated a significant improvement
over baseline results.

Read: Cheek Biting Disorder

Tic disorders

Tourette syndrome (TS or Tourette’s)

Tourette syndrome (TS or Tourette’s) is diagnosed when a person displays the


following signs and symptoms

A person with tics may exhibit at least two motor tics (for instance,
blinking or shaking their shoulders) and at least one vocal tic (for 
example, humming, clearing the throat, or shouting a word or phrase),
which may or may not be synchronized
Tics have been present for at least a year. Tissures can occur on and
off throughout the day (generally in bouts), nearly every day or
intermittently
Children who exhibit tics before they turn 18 years of age
An ailment not caused by taking medicine or other drugs, or caused by
another medical problem (for example, seizures, Huntington disease or
postviral encephalitis)

This disorder begins during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by


tics and other motor movements. An individual with this condition has at least
one vocal (phonic) tic and at least one movement (motor) tic. There are
several common tics, including blinking, coughing, clear throats and wiggling
the face.

In many cases, they are preceded by a muscular jerk or pain, can be


temporarily suppressed, and generally manifest in the form of changes in
location, intensity, and frequency. Tic disorders range from milder to more
severe tic disorders like Tourette’s. Casual observers may not notice the tics.

Tourette’s syndrome has historically been viewed as a rare and bizarre


disorder associated with coprolalia (the use of offensive or derogatory words
and gestures). There are no longer considered to be many instances of
Tourette’s in children in school-age; about 1% do have it, and coprolalia affects
a minority of children.

Currently, there is no test specifically designed to diagnose Tourette’s; those


who have it are not always correctly diagnosed since most cases are very
mild, and tics for most children are reduced by the time they reach
adolescence. The results are that many patients are not diagnosed or never
seek medical care.

Although extreme Tourette’s symptoms occur rarely in adulthood, they are


often sensationalized in the media, and only a small minority of people suffer
from these debilitating symptoms. People with Tourette’s are not intellectually
impaired, and they live normal lives.

Read: Dystonia Disorder


Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
Patients with persistent tic disorders must meet the following criteria:

If you blink or shrug your shoulders, you have motor tics (for example,
humming), but not vocal tics (for example, yelling out a sentence)
Ticks occur frequently, almost daily, or on and off continuously for more
than a year
Ticks appear before the age of 18
It is important to note that the onset of tics is not caused by taking
medications or other products or by being ill (for example, seizure,
Huntington’s disease or postviral encephalitis)
Do not have Tourette’s syndrome

Provisional tic disorder

Persons with provisional tic disorders must meet the following criteria:

If you blink or shrug your shoulders, or hum, clear your throat, or yell out
words or phrases, you may have motor or vocal tics
These tics last no more than 12 months at a time
Begin before the age of 18
Tics that are not caused by medical conditions (such as Huntington
disease or postviral encephalitis) or by taking medicine or other drugs
No Tourette’s or persistent vocal or motor tics

Read: Generalized Dystonia

Statistics

There are more male tic disorders than female tic disorders. Children between
the ages of seven and twelve are most likely to experience tic disorders. Tic
disorders affect up to one person out of 100, usually before puberty.

Treatment of tic disorders

It is impossible to cure Tourette’s or find a single treatment that works for this
condition. Behavioral therapies are the most effective way of treating tics in
the majority of cases, rather than medication. Any treatment plan must include
education, and explanation alone can often provide enough assurance that no
additional treatment is required.


There is a higher incidence of ADHD and OCD in those with Tourette’s who are
referred to a specialty clinic than in the broader community of people with the
disorder. When co-occurring diagnoses are correctly distinguished and
treated, the individual often suffers more impairment than with tics alone.

Coping with motor disorders

People with motor disorders are most likely to suffer from them during their
childhoods, which can cause them great embarrassment and shame. The tics
can be worsened by dwelling on them and exaggerating their appearance to
others.

It is important for people with motor disorders or tic disorders to become


familiar with their condition so they can communicate with others about it.
Joining a motor disorder support group can also be helpful. It’s not your fault
that you have a motor disorder, so there’s no need to feel embarrassed about
it. It is also possible to reduce the symptoms of motor disorders by avoiding
stressful situations as well as getting plenty of rest.

 Previous: Next: 

Chronic Motor Tic Disorder: Parkinson’s Disease: Causes,


Causes, Symptoms and Symptoms, Causes & More
Treatment

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