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psych101

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notes (1)

psych101

Uploaded by

shirleywang001128
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Describe the biotransformation process for metals in microbes, plants,

invertebrates, and vertebrates.


Answer:

microbes plants invertebrates vertebrates

Those able to reside May add methyl May sequester Sequestration of


in groups onto some metals and other metals from sites of
metal-contaminated metals to reduce cations in toxic action done by
environments can toxicity biomineralization metallothioneins
add ethyl or methyl -​ Activated by
groups MTF-1

• Describe phase I and II in xenobiotic metabolic pathways. Describe the


biotransformation pathway for naphthalene and benzo[a]pyrene as discussed
in this course.

Answer:

Phase I - Increase the hydrophilicity of contaminated by addition reactive


functional groups
-​ Process of biotransformation of organic from parent chemical into
another occurs via metabolic enzymes in the liver such as
hepatocytes
-​ Secondary sites are in lunges and intestines
-​ Predominantly oxidation rxns but include hydrolysis and reduction
reactions
-​ Most performed by Cytochrome P450 (CYP) aka mixed function
oxygenases (MFOs)

CYP/MFO Cytochrome P450

Found on the microsomes of smooth A heme containing enzyme system


endoplasmic reticulum of cell

Typically the liver has the highest CYP Hydroxylates (add OH group) contaminants
activation for eventual excretion

Most potent inducer of MFO is TCDD due to Exposure to certain toxicants can induce
size and planarity of its ring structure also phase I enzymes
PA and PCBs

Induction of CYPS used as a biomarker →


look to see if CYPs have been induced in an
organism indicates exposure

Phase II - Conjugate endogenous compounds to make Phase I metabolites


even more water soluble
-​ One conjugated, the metabolites are almost all inactive
-​ Excretion via the kidney due to increased water solubility

• How are toxicants eliminated? What are examples of elimination routes


for invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates?
Answer:

invertebrates plants vertebrates

Major: Urine, feces, bile, Eliminate by leaching, Exoskeleton moulting


lungs, breast milk evaporation from surfaces,
leaf fall

Minor: hair, saliva, skin,


sweat

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