SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical

Scoping Review Page 1 of 8

Supplement 1
Operationalizations Used in Studies Into the Associations of Active (ASMU) and Passive Social Media Use (PSMU) with Well-being and Ill-being

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (n = 27)

Authors N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year)1 platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Dibb and 214 Largely British Survey Facebook Depression 8 items publ ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: 1. never
Foster (2021)1 adult FB users How often do you… How often do you… 2. rarely
1. post something (e.g., a status, photos,videos etc.)? 1. look through the news feed? 3. sometimes
2. share your thoughts and feelings 2. click on the content shared by your friends? 4. often
3. share something you are interested in 3. browse the profiles of your friends? 5. almost always
4. react to what your friends post (e.g., like/love/ 4. browse through friends of your friends?
haha/wow/sad/angry)?
5. comment on what your friends post?
6. search for people to add?
7. send friendship requests?
8. add people suggested by FB?
Jarman et al. 1432 Largely Survey Unspecified/ Life 1 item publ ASMU: 1 item publ PSMU: 1. never/hardly ever
(2021)1 Australian General satisfaction 1. How often do you post content/things on social 1. How often do you look at content/things posted by 2. once a week
adolescents media? others on social media? 3. a few times a week
4. once a day
5. 2-3 times a day
6. 4-6 times a day
7. more than 7 times a day
Lin et al. 328 Chinese Survey Uspecified/ Life N/A 5 items publ PSMU: 1. strongly agree
(2021) adults General satisfaction 1. I am very active on SNSs (-) 2. agree
2. I often comment on friends’ posts or status (-) 3. neutral
3. I often browse SNSs but don’t post status updates 4. disagree
4. I rarely interact with others on SNSs 5. strongly disagree
5. I am relatively passive on SNSs
Marengo et al. 2349 Italian adult Survey + Facebook Happiness Publ ASMU: N/A N/A
(2021) FB users FB log data Number of participants’ logged FB status updates in the
past 90 days
Masciantonio 793 French- Survey Facebook Life 1 item publ ASMU: 1 item publ PSMU: ASMU:
et al. (2021) speaking adults Instagram satisfaction 1. How often do you use SNS actively? 1. How often do you use SNS passively? 1. not actively at all
Twitter NA (defined as: posting and commenting on SNS, for (defined as: browsing SNS, for example: scrolling through 7. very actively
Tiktok PA example: post content on your profile, react to posts and your news feed, looking at other user’s profiles). PSMU:
comments from other user) 1. not passively at all
7. very passively
Pang (2021) 318 Chinese Survey WeChat Depressed 4 items mixed ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: 1. never
university mood How often do you… How often do you… 2, 3, 4 not provided
students 1. post status updates? 1. look at friends’ status updates? 5. always
2. reply and comment on friends’ posts? 2. scroll through news feed?
3. send private messages to your friends? 3. look at friends’ pages?
4. share links? 4. look at friends’ pictures?
Sakurai et al. 8576 Japanese adults Survey LINE Subjective 1 item priv ASMU: 1 item priv PSMU: 1. no use
(2021)1 (messenger) well-being How often do you perform the following SNS activities? How often do you perform the following SNS activities? 2. a few times a month
Facebook 1. Sending messages on LINE 1. Receiving messages on LINE 3. a few times a week
Twitter 3 items publ ASMU (no scale) 3 items priv PSMU: 4. every day
Instagram How often do you perform the following SNS activities? How often do you perform the following SNS activities? Dichotomized into:
1. Posting on Facebook 1. Checking what others post on Facebook 0 = infrequent use
2. Posting on Twitter 2. Checking what others post on Twitter 1 = frequent use
3. Posting photos on Instagram 3. Checking photos on Instagram
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 2 of 8

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 1 of 4)

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Trifiro and 359 American Survey Instagram Life (see 5 items mixed social ASMU scale Gerson et al. (see Gerson et al. 2017) (see Gerson et al. 2017)
Prena (2021) undergraduate satisfaction 2017)
students
Lian et al. 742 Chinese middle Survey Uspecified/ Life 5 items mixed ASMU: N/A 1. never
(2020) school students General satisfaction How often do you… 2. more than once a
(15-20) 1. send someone a personal message on FB? month
2. chat with someone on FB? 3. 1-3 times a month
3. post on your own FB timeline? 4. once a week
4. post a photo on your own FB timeline? 5. more than once a week
5. post something else (e.g., a picture or video) on 6. daily
your own FB timeline? 7. several times a day
Maclean et al. 373 Australian Survey Instagram Well-being 2 items publ ASMU: Open question
(2020) adults In the past week, how many times did you share…
1. photos of yourself?
2. photos that did not picture yourself?
Tosun and 154 (items on Turkish Survey Facebook Depression N/A 5 items publ PSMU: 1. almost never
Kaşdarma close friends) university How often do you … 2. not often
(2020)1 165 (items on students 1. look through content on the newsfeed shared by your 3. sometimes
acquaintances) close friends/acquaintances 4. often
2. click on the content on the newsfeed shared by your 5. almost everyday
close friends/acquaintances
3. browse the profiles of your close friends
/acquaintances
4. like the content on the newsfeed shared by your close
friends/acquaintances
5. follow the posts sent by your close friends/
acquaintances.
Yang (2020) 516 South-Korean Survey Facebook, Subjective 4 items publ ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: Self-reported daily spent
adult SMU’ers Insta, happiness How much time do you spend writing on… How much time do you spend reading on… hours and minutes on each
Twitter, 1. FB 1. FB platform
KakaoStory 2. Instagram 2. Instagram
3. Twitter 3. Twitter
4. KakaoStory 4. KakaoStory
Brailovskaia 382 German Survey Facebook Subjective 4 items mixed ASMU: N/A 1. once a month or less
and Margraf Facebook users happiness How often do you… than once a month
(2019) (16-67) 1. write status updates 2. once every two weeks
Depression 2. comment on status updates 3. once a week
symptoms 3. write online messages 4. several times a week
4. write in discussion groups 5. once a day
5. And 4 items based on objective Facebook data: 6. more than once a day
1. number of Facebook-friends
2. number of “Likes” on different official Facebook
pages
3. uploaded photos
4. uploaded albums
Burnell et al. 744 American Survey Facebook, Depressive N/A 1 item publ PSMU: 1. Self-reported number of
(2019) university Instagram, sympoms How many minutes per day do you spend viewing other’s minutes per day.
students Twitter, profiles?
Snapchat
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 3 of 8

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 2 of 4 )

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Chen et al. 295 (study 2) Chinese adult Survey WeChat Depressed N/A 3 items publ social PSMU: 1. never (0% of the time)
(2019)1 WeChat users mood 1. Browsing moments passively (without liking or 2. rarely (25%),
commenting on anything). 3. sometimes (50%)
2. Checking to see what someone is up to. 4. somewhat frequently
3. Looking through my friends’ profiles. (75%)
2 items publ non-social PSMU: 5. very frequently (100%)
1. Browsing official accounts passively (without liking
or commenting).
2. Checking the official accounts updates.
Faelens et al. Survey 1: 207 American 2 Surveys Facebook Depression 2 items priv ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: 1. never
(2019)1 Survey 2: 507 adults recruited How often do you… How often do you… 2. less than once a month
from website 1. send someone a personal message on FB? 1. visit a FB profile of a FB friend? 3. 1-3 times a month
2. chat with someone on FB? 2. visit a FB profile of a non-FB friend? 4. once a week
3 items publ ASMU: 3. watch photos of a FB friend? 5. several times a week
How often do you… 4. watch photos of a non-FB friend? 6. daily
1. post a message on your own FB timeline? 7. several times per day
2. post a photo on your own FB timeline?
3. post something else (e.g., a picture or video) on
your own FB timeline?
Hanley et al. 78 Australian, UK Survey Facebook Life 7 items mixed ASMU: 6 items mixed PSMU: 1. Never
(2019)1 and US adults and satisfaction How often do you engage in these activities while you How often do you engage in these activities while you are 2. Rarely
Instagram PA are on Facebook? on Facebook? 3. Sometimes
NA 1. comment on people’s posts 1. scroll through your newsfeed 4. Frequently
2. write status updates or post photos/videos of your 2. view other people’s posts and status updates 5. Very frequently
own How often on Instagram do you…
3. create invitations or organise social gatherings 3. scroll through your newsfeed
with my friends 4. look at other people’s images
4. meet new people/make new friends 5. like people’s friends images
How often on Instagram do you… 6. click on profiles that you don’t follow and view their
5. contact friends via DM images
6. comment on friends/people’s images
7. post my own photos Item: like people’s/friend’s images loads on an “active” and
“passive” factor.
Macrynikola 367 American Survey Facebook Feel 4 items mixed ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: 1. never
and Miranda university better/worse How often do you… How often do you … 2. less than once a month
(2019)1 students after 1. send someone a personal message on FB? 1. visit a FB profile of a FB friend? 3. 1-3 times a month
Facebook use 2. chat with someone on FB? 2. visit a profile of a non-FB friend? 4. once a week
3. post a message on someone else's wall? 3. view photos of a FB friend? 5. several times a week
4. post a picture or video on someone else's wall? 4. view photos of someone who is not part of your FB 6. daily
3 items publ ASMU: friend list? 7. several times a day
How often do you…
1. post on your own FB timeline
2. post a photo on your own FB timeline?
3. post something else (e.g., a picture or video) on
your own FB timeline?
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 4 of 8

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 3 of 4)

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Nisar et al. 399 British adult Survey Facebook Depressive 6 items mixed ASMU: 6 items publ PSMU: 0. never
(2019) Facebook users symptoms In the past month, how often did you… In the past month, how often did you… 1. once a month
1. post status update 1. log into Facebook 2. once every two weeks
2. post photos 2. read your news feed 3. once a week
3. share other users’ content 3. read a friend’s status update 4. 4-6 time a week
4. post Your own Original Content 4. view a friend’s photo 5. once a day
5. use Facebook messenger 5. browse a friend’s timeline 6. more than once a day

Item: “comment on a friend’s post” loaded on an

“active” and “passive” factor
Thorisdottir et 10,563 Icelandic Survey Unspecified/ Depressed 3 items mixed ASMU: 3 items publ PSMU: 1. never
al. (2019) adolescents General mood How often do you… How often do you … 2. 1 x a month or less
1. send a private message, picture, video, or chat on 1. look at your friends’ profiles or social media 3. 1 x a week
social media? accounts? 4. few times a week
2. send a private message, picture, video or chat that 2. browse social media profiles or accounts of people 5. 1 x a day
disappears after being seen? who you do not know? 6. 2-5 x a day
3. post a picture or a video from your life? 3. post other than pictures on social media, such as 7. several times a day
links games, news, or web pages?
Escobar-Viera 702 Largely Survey Unspecified/ Depressive 3 items publ ASMU: 3 items publ PSMU: 1. never
et al. (2018)1 American adult General symptoms How often do you engage in… How often do you engage in… 2. less than once a week
Reddit users 1. posting your own content (e.g., tweet, status 1. reading discussions? 3. once a week
update)? 2. reading comments/reviews? 4. 2–6 times a week
2. commenting on, or responding to someone else’s 3. watching videos or viewing pictures? 5. once a day
content? 6. several times a day
3. sharing others’ content (e.g., retweet, share posts Item: ..like/favor/vote/comment on or respond to someone
or status updates) elses’ content loaded on an “active” and “passive” factor
Fardouly et al. 528 Australian Survey Unspecified/ Depressive N/A 2 items publ PSMU: 0. no time
(2018) preadolescents General symptoms How long do you spend browsing social media (e.g., 1. less than 5 min
(10-12 years) Instagram, Facebook) on a normal… 2. 5–15 min
Life 1. weekday/school day (i.e., Monday–Friday)? 3. 15–30 min
satisfaction 2. day of the weekend (i.e., Saturday or Sunday) 4. 30 min–1h
5. 1–2h
6. 2–4h
7. 4–6h
8. 6–8h
9. 8–10h
10. 10–12h or more
Giagkou et al. 196 Mostly British Survey Facebook Life N/A 3 items publ PSMU: 1. never (I do not use FB)
(2018)1 adult FB users satisfaction On FB, how often do you… 2. rarely (less than once
1. look through the news feed? per month)
2. look through the conversations your friends are 3. less rarely (once per
having? month)
3. browse the profiles of others? 4. sometimes (every 1-2
times per week)
5. frequently (every 3-5
times per week)
6. very frequently (every
day)
7. always (several times a
day) a day.
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 5 of 8

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 4 of 4)

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Ding et al. 707 Chinese Survey Unspecified/ Subjective N/A 5 items publ PSMU 1. strongly disagree
(2017) university General well-being 1. I am very active on social network sites 5. strongly agree
students 2. I often comment on friends' posts or status
3. I often browse social network sites but don't post
status updates
4. I rarely interact with others on social network sites
5. I am relatively passive in social network sites

Gerson et al. 1: 234 American and Survey Facebook Life 5 items mixed social ASMU 4 items publ PSMU 1. never (0%)
(2017) 2 w1: 276 UK adults satisfaction How frequently do you engage in… How frequently do you engage in… 2. rarely (25%)”
2 w2: 245 PA 1. posting status updates 1. checking to see what someone is up to 3. sometimes (50%)
NA 2. commenting (on statuses, wall posts, pictures, etc) 2. viewing photos 4. somewhat frequently
3. chatting on FB chat 3. browsing the newsfeed passively (without liking or (75%)
4. posting photos commenting on anything) 5. very frequently (close
5. browsing the newsfeed actively (liking and 4. looking through my friends’ profiles to 100%)
commenting on posts, pictures, and updates)
4 items publ non-social ASMU
1. creating or RSVPing to events
2. tagging photos
3. posting videos
4. tagging videos
Hanna et al. 1104 American Survey Facebook Depression 8 items publ ASMU 6 items publ PSMU ASMU
(2017)1 undergraduates How frequently do you… On an average visit to Facebook… 0. never
(17-24 years) 1. post pictures? 1. how many distinct stories/status updates in your feed 1. rarely
2. tag people in pictures you post? do you read? 2. few times a year
3. update your status? 2. how many distinct updates do you click on to read all 3. few times a month
4. change your profile picture? the responses? 4. almost every day
5. edit your profile? 3. how many photos posted by contacts do you click 5. several times a day
6. make a public comment in response to someone’s on?
status update? 4. how many distinct profiles do you look at? PSMU
7. make a public comment on someone’s profile? 5. how many times do you “like” what someone has 1. 0
How frequently…. posted? 2. 1-2
8. do people tag you in pictures? 6. how many distinct conversations between other 3. 3-6
people do you read? 4. 7-10
5. 11-15
6. 15+
Wang et al. 696 Chinese Survey WeChat, Subjective N/A 3 items publ PSMU 1. never
(2017) undergraduates Qzone well-being How frequently do you view… 2. rarely (once a month
(17-24 years) 1. other’s photos when loggin on SNSs? or less)
2. other’s updates when logging on SNSs? 3. sometimes (once a
3. comments on your friends’wall? week or less)
4. often (several times a
week)
5. almost every time I log
on

1Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.
2N/A = not measured.
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 6 of 8

LONGITUDINAL SURVEY STUDIES (n = 6)

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Frison and 1612 Belgian 2-wave Facebook Depressed 2 items private ASMU: 4 items publ PSMU: 1. never
Eggermont adolescents survey (one mood How often do you… How often do you… 2. more than once a month
(2020)1 year lag) 1. send someone a personal message on FB? 1. visit a profile of a FB friend? 3. 1-3 times a month
2. chat with someone on FB? 2. visit a profile of a non-FB friend? 4. once a week
3 items public ASMU: 3. watch photos of a FB friend? 5. more than once a week
How often do you… 4. watch photos of a non-FB friend? 6. daily
1. post on your own FB timeline? 7. several times a day
2. post a photo on your own FB timeline?
3. post something else (e.g., a picture or video) on your
own FB timeline?
Puukko et al. 2891 Finnish 5-wave Unspecified/ Depressive 4 items mixed ASMU: N/A 1. never
(2020)1 adolescents survey general symptoms 1. I follow my friends’ profiles, pictures, and updates 2. couple of times a year
(yearly lags) 2. I update my status and share content with others 3. monthly
3. I chat (e.g., WhatsApp, FB, e-mail 4. weekly
4. I share pictures and picture updates of my doings 5. daily
taken with my phone (e.g., Instagram) 6. many times a day
7. all the time
Zhang et al. 266 Chinese 2-wave Unspecified/ Negative 3 items publ ASMU: 6 items publ PSMU: 1. never
(2020)1 university survey (one- General emotions On average, how often do you… On average, how… 2. rarely (once a month or less)
students year lag) 1. update your status? 1. many times do you read/check other people’s status 3. sometimes (once a week
2. upload pictures? updates? or less)
3. comment on a friend’s post? 2. much time each day do you read/check other people’s 4. often (several times a week)
status updates? 5. very frequently (once a day or
3. often do you visit a friend’s profile? more)
4. often do you visit a person’s profile that you have lost
touch with/no longer have physical contact with?
5. often do you visit someone’s profile that you do not
know (e.g., a friend of a friend)?
6. often do you view photos your friends have posted?
Scherr et al. 841 German 2-wave suvey Facebook Depression N/A 2 items publ PSMU: 1. never
(2019) adult (one year lag) How often do you… 7. very frequently.
FB users 1. look through others’ FB profiles?
2. look through others’ conversations?
Wang et al. 266 Chinese 2-wave Qzone Life (see 3 items publ ASMU, Zhang et al. 2020). (see 6 items publ PSMU, Zhang et al. 2020). (see Zhang et al. 2020).
(2019)1 university survey (one satisfaction
students year lag) Depression

Wang et al. 265 Chinese 2-wave Unspecified/ Subjective (see 3 items publ ASMU, Zhang et al. 2020). (see 6 items publ PSMU, Zhang et al. 2020). (see Zhang et al. 2020).
(2018)1 university survey General well-being
students (one-year lag)

1Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.
2N/A = not measured.
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 7 of 8

EXPERIENCE SAMPLING STUDIES (n = 7)

Authors1 N Age group Design SM Outcome Operationalization Operationalization Response options1

(year) platform ASMU2 PSMU2
Beyens et al. 387 Dutch ESM Summed Affective 3 items priv ASMU: 3 items priv PSMU: Slider scale ranging from 0 to 60
(2021) adolescents use of well-being How much time in the past hour have you spent sending… How much time in the past hour have you spent… min with 1-min. intervals.
Instagram, 1. direct messages on Instagram? 1. reading direct messages on Instagram?
Snapchat 2. snaps on Snapchat? 2. viewing snaps of others on Snapchat?
WhatsApp 3. messages on WhatsApp? 3. reading messages on WhatsApp?
2 items publ PSMU:
How much time in the past hour have you spent…
1. viewing posts/stories of others on Instagram?
2. viewing stories of others on Snapchat?
Sun et al. 110 British ESM Unspecified/ Well-being 1 item publ ASMU: 1 item publ PSMU: Half-hour increments from 0 to
(2021) adults General Which of the following activities did you do today? Which of the following activities did you do today? 10+ hours.
recruited via 1. using social media actively (e.g., liking, up- 1. Using social media passively (e.g., scrolling/browsing
FB /downvoting, sharing, commenting, posting) social media feeds/pages, reading/watching content)

Beyens et al. 63 Dutch ESM Summed Affective 4 items mixed ASMU: 3 items mixed PSMU: Slider scale ranging from 0 to 60
(2020) adolescents use of well-being How much time in the past hour have you spent… How much time in the past hour have you spent… min with 5-min. intervals.
Instagram, 1. posting on your feed or sharing something in your 1. viewing posts/stories of others on Instagram
WhatsApp story on Instagram? 2. reading WhatsApp messages?
Snapchat 2. sending direct messages /chatting on Instagram? 3. viewing snaps/stories/messages from others on
3. sending WhatsApp messages? Snapchat?
4. sending snaps/messages or sharing something in your 1 item priv PSMU:
story on Snapchat? 1. reading WhatsApp messages?
1 item priv ASMU:
1. sending WhatsApp messages?
Choi and Kim 1: 133 South-Korean ESM Instagram Life N/A 1 item publ PSMU: % positive content out of all
(2020) 2: 117 student satisfaction Daily estimated exposure (in %) to posts featuring: content
Instagram PA 1. positive versus neutral, or negative content
users NA
Aalbers et al. 125 Dutch ESM Unspecified/ Depressive 1 item mixed ASMU: 1 item mixed PSMU: Slider scale ranging from 0 (not
(2019) university General symptoms 1. How much time in the past 2 hours have you spent 1. How much time in the past 2 hours have you spent at all) to 100 (very much).
Students using social media (posting, commenting, and direct using social media without commenting, posting,
messaging)? sharing, or chatting?
Wenninger et 162 German ESM Facebook Positive affect 1 item publ ASMU: 1 item publ PSMU: Self-reported hours and minutes
al. (2019) adolescent (joviality) 1. How many photo posts/status update messages did 1. How much time did you spend on browsing today? and frequencies.
FB users you make today?
Bayer et al. 154 American ESM & FB Facebook Affective Publ ASMU: N/A N/A
(2018) university log data well-being Sum of following FB activities, based on logging for two
students weeks:
1. status updates
2. wall posts
3. comments made by the participant

1Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.
2N/A = not measured.
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being and Ill-Being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 8 of 8

Experimnents (n = 6)

Authors N Age group SM platform Experimental design Outcome

(year)
Burnell et al. 405 American university students Instagram Three experimental conditions: PA
(2020) 1. Browsing an Instagram profile of an acquaintance NA
2. Browsing an Instagram profile of an influencer
3. 3. Browsing one’s own Instagram profile
Meier et al. 1: 270 German Instagram users (largely Instagram Study 1, two experimental conditions: PA
(2020) 2: 408 university students) 1. Weakly evocative nature and travel Insta posts NA
2. Strongly evocative nature and travel Insta posts Exp. 2: Life satisfaction
Study 2, three experimental conditions:
1. Weakly evocative nature and travel Insta posts
2. Moderately evocative nature and travel Insta posts
3. Strongly evocative nature and travel Insta posts

Alfasi (2019) 80 Israeli Facebook users Facebook Two conditions Depression

1. Browsing Facebook news feed
2. Contol condition

Hanley et al. 78 Australian, UK and US adults Facebook and Two conditions PA

(2019) Instagram 1. No Facebook and Instagram use for one week (experimental) NA
2. Normal Facebook and Instagram use for one week (control) Life satisfaction
Yuen et al. (2019) 312 American undergraduate Facebook Four conditions PA
Facebook users 1. Browse the Internet, NA
2. Passively browse others’ Facebook profiles,
3. Actively communicate with others on Facebook via messages/posts
4. Update their own personal profile on Facebook.
Weinstein (2017) 588 American highschool students Instagram Three experimental conditions: PA
1. Positive Instagram feeds of attractive strangers NA
2. Positive Instagram feeds of attractive strangers preceded by a prime to remind participants of the highlight reel
of Instagram
3. Mixed positive and negative Insta feeds of attractive strangers

1PA = positive affect, NA = negative affect

 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 1 of 7

Supplement B

Means, Intercorrelations, and Associations of 45 Studies into Active (ASMU) and Passive Social Media Use (PSMU) with Well-Being and Ill-Being Indicators

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (n = 26)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) PSMU&ASMU2 Ratio PSMU:ASMU 3-4

Dibb and Publ ASMU → depression: r = .00 ns Publ PSMU → depression: r = .17* r = .39 M publ PSMU: 3.19  sometimes
Foster (2021)1 M publ ASMU: 2.41  rarely
Ratio: 1.32
Jarman et al. Publ ASMU → life satisfaction: r = -.06* Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.05 ns r = .12 PSMU/ASMU scales are dichotomized (0-1)
(2021) M publ PSMU: 0.87
M publ ASMU: 0.11
Ratio: 7.90
Lin et al. N/A Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.16** N/A M publ PSMU: 3.05
(2021) Ratio: N/A
Marengo et al. Publ ASMU → happiness: r = -.06** N/A N/A M publ ASMU: 27.20  1x per 3 days
(2021) Ratio: N/A
Masciantonio Publ ASMU→ positive affect: Publ PSMU→ positive affect: Publ ASMU & PSMU M publ PSMU Instagram: 4.36
et al. (2021) Instagram r = -.04 ns Instagram r = -.01 ns Instagram r = -.37 M publ ASMU Instagram: 4.06
Facebook r = .06 ns Facebook r = -.08* Facebook r = -.37 M publ PSMU Facebook: 5.01
Twitter r = -.03 ns Twitter r = .00 ns Twitter r = -.27 M publ ASMU Facebook: 2.45
TikTok r = .03 ns TikTok r = .07 ns TikTok r = -.39 M publ PSMU Twitter: 4.78
M publ ASMU Twitter: 3.47
Publ ASMU→ negative affect: Publ PSMU→ negative affect: M publ PSMU TikTok: 5.43
Instagram r = .13** Instagram r = -.03 ns M publ ASMU TikTok: 2.48
Facebook r = .08* Facebook r = .05 ns Ratio (overall): 1.67
Twitter r = .08 ns Twitter r = -.03 ns
TikTok r = -.06 ns TikTok r = .10 ns

Publ ASMU→ life satisfaction: Publ PSMU→ life satisfaction:

Instagram r = -.02 ns Instagram r = .00 ns
Facebook r = .03 ns Facebook r = -.01 ns
Twitter r = -.08 ns Twitter r = .02 ns
TikTok r = .04 ns TikTok r = -.03 ns

Pang (2021) Mixed ASMU → depressed mood: r = -.02 ns Publ PSMU → depressed mood: r = .07** N/A M publ PSMU: 3.36
M mixed ASMU: 2.93
Ratio: N/A

1
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 2 of 7

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 2 of 4)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) PSMU&ASMU2 Ratio PSMU:ASMU 3-4

Sakurai et al. Priv ASMU: (Line) → subjective well-being: r = .04** Priv PSMU: (Line) → subjective well-being: r = .06** Priv PSMU & ASMU PSMU/ASMU scales are dichotomized (0-1)
(2021)1 Publ ASMU: (Facebook) → subjective well-being: r = .06** Publ PSMU: (Facebook) → subjective well-being: r = .05** (Line) r = .75 M priv PSMU (Line): 0.55
Publ ASMU: (Instagram) → subjective well-being: r = .05** Publ PSMU: (Instagram) → subjective well-being: r = .06** Publ PSMU:ASMU M priv ASMU (Line): 0.64
Publ ASMU: (Twitter) → subjective well-being: r = -.01 ns Publ PSMU: (Twitter) → subjective well-being: r = -.00 ns Facebook r = .44 Ratio: 0.86
Instagram r = .48
Twitter r = .53 M publ PSMU (Facebook): 0.16
M publ ASMU (Facebook): 0.04
M publ PSMU (Instagram): 0.20
M publ ASMU (Instagram): 0.06
M publ PSMU (Twitter): 0.22
M publ ASMU (Twitter): 0.08
Ratio (overall): 3.35

Trifiro & Mixed ASMU → life satisfaction r = .15** N/A N/A M mixed ASMU: 3.01  sometimes
Prena (2021) Ratio: N/A
Maclean et al. Publ ASMU N/A N/A N/A
(2020) Instagram photo sharing of oneself in the past week
→ well-being: r = .13
Instagram photo sharing of non-self in the past
week → well-being: r = .00
Lian et al. Mixed ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .26 N/A N/A M mixed ASMU: 3.43  one a week
(2020) Ratio: N/A

Tosun and N/A Publ PSMU overall → depression: r = -.06 ns N/A M publ PSMU overall: 2.81  sometimes
Kaşdarma Publ PSMU with close friends → depression: r = .12 ns M publ PSMU close friends: 2.91  sometimes
(2020) Publ PSMU with acquaintances → depression: r = -.07 ns M publ PSMU acquaintances: 2.73  sometimes
Ratio: N/A

Yang (2020) Publ ASMU → subjective happiness: r = .04 ns Publ PSMU → subjective happiness: r = .01 ns r = .55 M publ PSMU: 77.60 min per day
M publ ASMU: 25.66 min per day
Ratio: 3.02

Brailovskaia Self-reports N/A N/A M publ ASMU: 3.62

& Margraf Mixed ASMU → subjective happiness: r = .09 ns M # albums: 5.4
(2019)1 Mixed ASMU → depression symptoms: r = -.05 ns M # photos: 110.1
Objective data Ratio: N/A
# Albums → subjective happiness: r = .12*
# Albums → depression symptoms: r = -.07 ns
# Photos → subjective happiness: r = .06 ns
# Photos → depression symptoms: r = -.04 ns
Burnell et al. N/A Publ PSMU → depressive symptoms: r = .11* N/A M publ PSMU: 58 min. per day
(2019) Ratio: N/A

2
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 3 of 7

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 3 of 4)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) PSMU&ASMU2 Ratio PSMU:ASMU 3-4

Chen et al. N/A Publ social PSMU → depressed mood: b = .29*** N/A M publ social PSMU: 3.59  sometimes
(2019) Publ non-social PSMU → depressed mood: b = .09 ns M publ non-social PSMU: 3.41  sometimes
Ratio: N/A

Faelens et al. Survey 1: Publ ASMU → depression: r = .00 ns Survey 1: Publ PSMU → depression: r = .00 ns Publ ASMU & PSMU M publ PSMU: 3.65  once a week
(2019) Survey 2: Publ ASMU→ depression: r = -.03 ns Survey 2: Publ PSMU → depression: r = .00 ns Survey 1: r = .32 M publ ASMU: 2.80 1-3 times a month
Survey 1: Priv ASMU → depression: r = .00 ns Survey 2: r = .30 M priv ASMU: 4.80  several times a week
Survey 2: Priv ASMU → depression: r = .03 ns Ratio: 1.30

Hanley et al. Mixed ASMU → positive affect: r = .35** Mixed PSMU → positive affect: r = .18 ns r = .60 M mixed ASMU: 2.25  less than once a month
(2019) Mixed ASMU → negative affect: r = -.04 ns Mixed PSMU → negative affect: r = .04 ns M mixed PSMU: 3.05  1-3 times a month
Mixed ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .21* Mixed PSMU → life satisfaction: r = .19* Ratio: 1.36

Macrynikola Publ ASMU → feel better after Facebook use: r = .46** Publ PSMU → feel better after Facebook use: r = .18** r = .44 M publ PSMU: 3.11  1-3 times a month
and Miranda Priv ASMU → feel better after Facebook use: r = .24** Publ PSMU → feel worse after Facebook use: r = .24** M publ ASMU: 2.01  less than once a month
(2019) Publ ASMU → feel worse after Facebook use: r = .09 ns M priv ASMU: 4.18  once a week
Priv ASMU → feel worse after Facebook use: r = .20** Ratio: 1.55

Thorisdottir et Mixed ASMU → depressed mood: r = .11*** Publ PSMU → depressed mood: r = .12*** N/A M mixed ASMU: 4.74  once a day
al. (2019)1 M publ PSMU: 2.53  once a week
Ratio: N/A

Escobar-Viera Publ ASMU → depressive symptoms: r = .02 ns Publ PSMU → depressive symptoms: r = .15** r = .43 M publ PSMU: 4.85  once a day
et al. (2018)1 M publ ASMU: 3.64  2-6 times a week
Ratio: 1.33

Fardouly et al. N/A Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.15* N/A M publ PSMU: 2.61  30-60 min a day
(2018) Publ PSMU → depressive symptoms: r = -.06 ns Ratio: N/A

Giagkou et al. N/A Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.05 ns N/A M publ PSMU: 4.9  3-5 times a week
(2018) Ratio: N/A

Ding et al. N/A Publ PSMU → subjective well-being: r = -.15*** N/A M publ PSMU: 2.93
(2017) Ratio: N/A

3
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 4 of 7

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY STUDIES (Continued 4 of 4)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) PSMU&ASMU2 Ratio PSMU:ASMU 3-4

Gerson et al. Study 1: Mixed social ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .25*** Study 1: Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = .03 ns N/A Study 2, sample 1
(2017) Study 1: Non-social ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .16* Study 1: Publ PSMU → positive affect: r = .27*** M PSMU: 13.6 / 3.40
Study 1: Mixed social ASMU → positive affect: r = .37*** Study 1: Publ PSMU → negative affect: r = .07 ns M mixed social ASMU: 13.8 / 2.76
Study 1: Non-social ASMU → positive affect: r = .33*** M non-social ASMU: 7.3 /1.82
Study 1: Mixed social ASMU → negative affect: r = .04 ns Study 2 Ratio: N/A
Study 1: Non-social ASMU → negative affect: r = .08 ns Sample 1: Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.03 ns
Sample 1: Publ PSMU → positive affect: r = .24*** Study 2, sample 2
Study 2 Sample 1: Publ PSMU → negative affect: r = .07 ns M PSMU: 12.6 / 3.15
Sample 1: Mixed social ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .15** M mixed social ASMU: 13.0 / 2.60
Sample 1: Non-social ASMU →life satisfaction: r = .22*** Sample 2: Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = .00 ns M non-social ASMU: 7.1 /1.76
Sample 1: Mixed social ASMU → positive affect: r = .28*** Sample 2: Publ PSMU → positive affect: r = .16** Ratio: N/A
Sample 1: Non-social ASMU → positive affect: r = .28*** Sample 2: Publ PSMU → negative affect: r = .13*
Sample 1: Mixed social ASMU → negative affect: r = .07 ns
Sample 1: Non-social ASMU → negative affect: r = .02 ns

Sample 2: Mixed social ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .09 ns

Sample 2: Non-social ASMU → life satisfaction: r = .08 ns
Sample 2: Mixed social ASMU → positive affect: r = .29***
Sample 2: Non-social ASMU → positive affect: r = .23***
Sample 2: Mixed social ASMU → negative affect: r = .09 ns
Sample 2: Non-social ASMU → negative affect: r = .20**

Hanna et al. Publ ASMU → depression: r = .03 ns Publ PSMU → depression: r = .03 ns r = . 52 M publ PSMU: 1.98
(2017) M publ ASMU: 2.01
Ratio: 0.99

Wang et al. N/A Publ PSMU→ subjective well-being: r = .00 ns N/A M publ PSMU: 2.32
(2017) (= summed life satisfaction and positive affect) Ratio: N/A

Notes: Priv = private, Publ = public, Mixed ASMU or PSMU = Mixed public and private ASMU or PSMU, subj = subjective
1 Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.

2
Correlations are only provided (and relevant) when both public ASMU and public PSMU and/or both private ASMU and private PSMU are investigated.
3
This ratio indicates how often PSMU occurs relative to ASMU. For example, a ratio of 1.50 means that the average score on PSMU is 50% higher than that on ASMU.
4 The value labels accompanying the means are listed only when interpretable: in frequency scales (e.g., never-once a day) scales but not in Likert scales (e.g., agree-disagree).

4
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 5 of 7

LONGITUDINAL SURVEY STUDIES (n = 6)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) Between/Within2 Between/Within2 PSMU&ASMU Ratio PSMU:ASMU3-4

Frison and t1 Publ ASMU → depressed mood: r = .17** t1 Publ PSMU → depressed mood: r = .14** Publ ASMU & PSMU: r = .44 M publ PSMU: 3.74  once a week
Eggermont Priv ASMU → depressed mood: r = .15** M publ ASMU: 2.83  1-3 times a month
(2020)1 t1→t2 Publ ASMU→ depressed mood:  = .06* t1→t2 Publ PSMU → depressed mood:  = .04 ns M priv ASMU: 5.05  more than once a week
t1→t2 Priv ASMU→ depressed mood:  = .01 ns Ratio: 1.32

Puukko et al. t1 Mixed ASMU → depress symptoms: r = .07 ns N/A N/A M mixed ASMU: 4.02  weekly
(2020) Within Ratio: N/A
t1→t2 Mixed ASMU → depress symptoms: s  .01 ns

Zhang et al. t1 Publ ASMU → negative emotions: r = -.08 ns t1 Publ PSMU → negative emotions: r = .12 ns r = .49 M publ PSMU: 2.35  rarely
(2020) t1→t2 Publ ASMU → negative emotions:  = .03 ns t1→t2 Publ PSMU → negative emotions:  = -.12 ns M publ ASMU: 2.66  sometimes
Ratio: 0.88

Scherr et al. N/A t1 Publ PSMU → depression: r = .11* N/A M publ PSMU: 3.3
(2019) t1→t2 Publ PSMU → depression:  = .04 ns Ratio: N/A

Wang et al. t1 Publ ASMU → life satisfaction: r = -.04 ns t1 Publ PSMU → life satisfaction: r = -.01 ns (r = .49, see Zhang et al. 2020) M publ PSMU: 2.35  rarely
(2019) Publ ASMU → depression: r = -.02 ns Publ PSMU → depression: r = .12* M publ ASMU: 2.66  sometimes
t1→t2 Publ ASMU → depression:  = -.01 ns t1→t2 Publ PSMU → depression:  = .05 ns Ratio: 0.88

Wang et al. t1 Publ ASMU → subj well-being: r = .07 ns t1 Publ PSMU → subj well-being: r = .00 ns (r = .49, see Zhang et al. 2020) M publ PSMU: 2.34  rarely
(2018) t1→t2 Publ ASMU → subj well-being:  = .07 ns t1→t2 Publ PSMU → subj well-being:  = -.11* M publ ASMU: 2.66  sometimes
Ratio: 0.88

Notes: Priv = private, Publ = public, Mixed ASMU or PSMU = Mixed public and private ASMU or PSMU, subj = subjective
1 Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.
2.
All associations are between-person associations unless they are specifically marked as within-person.
3 This ratio indicates how often PSMU occurs relative to ASMU. For example, a ratio of 1.50 means that the average score on PSMU is 50% higher than that on ASMU.
4 The value labels accompanying the means are listed only when interpretable: in frequency scales (e.g., never-once a day) scales but not in Likert scales (e.g., agree-disagree).

5
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 6 of 7

EXPERIENCE SAMPLING AND DIARY STUDIES (n = 7)

Authors1 ASMU → Well-Being PSMU → Well-Being Intercorrelation Means (M) &

(year) Between/Within2 Between/Within2 PSMU&ASMU Ratio PSMU:ASMU3-4

Beyens et al. Priv ASMU → affective well-being: r = -.11* Priv PSMU → affective well-being: r = -.12* Priv ASMU & priv M publ PSMU: 6.71 min in past hr
(2021) Publ PSMU → affective well-being: r = -.11* PSMU: r = .99 M priv PSMU: 8.43 min in past hr
Within Within M priv ASMU: 7.61 min in past hr
Priv ASMU → affective well-being: β = -.01 ns Priv PSMU → affective well-being: β = -.01 ns Ratio: 1.11
Publ PSMU → affective well-being: β = -.01*
Sun et al. Publ ASMU → well-being: r = -.15 ns Publ PSMU → well-being: r = -.13 ns Publ ASMU & publ M publ PSMU: 1.26 hrs per day
(2021) Within Within PSMU: r = .45 M publ ASMU: 0.68 hrs per day
Publ ASMU → well-being: b = .04* Publ PSMU → well-being: b = -.04* Ratio: 1.85
Beyens et al. Mixed ASMU → affective well-being: r = .06 ns Mixed PSMU → affective well-being: r = .17 ns Mixed ASMU & M mixed PSMU: 19.71 min in past hr
(2020) Priv ASMU → affective well-being: r = .08 ns Priv PSMU → affective well-being: r = .01 ns PSMU: r = .69 M mixed ASMU: 12.47 min in past hr
Within Within Priv ASMU & Ratio: 1.58
Mixed ASMU → affective well-being: β = .09* Mixed PSMU → affective well-being: β = .07* PSMU (WhatsApp): r = .85 M priv PSMU: 7.34 min in past hr
Priv ASMU→ affective well-being: β = .04 ns Priv PSMU → affective well-being: β = .09*** M priv ASMU: 5.34 min in past hr
Ratio: 1.37
Choi & Kim N/A Publ PSMU positive content → positive affect: r = .17** N/A M publ PSMU: 61.74 = Percentage positive
(2020) Publ PSMU positive content → negative affect: r = -.14** posts seen during the last time they browsed
Publ PSMU positive content → life satisfaction: r = .08 ns Ratio: N/A
Within
Publ PSMU positive content → positive affect: r = .01**
Publ PSMU positive content → negative affect: r = -.01*

Aalbers et al. Within Within r = .50 M mixed PSMU: 31.27

(2019) Mixed ASMU → depressive symptoms: β = .00 ns Mixed PSMU → depressive symptoms: β = .00 ns M mixed ASMU: 21.27
Ratio: 1.47
Wenninger et Publ ASMU → positive affect: r = .04 ns Publ PSMU → positive affect: r = .02 ns r = .08 M publ PSMU: 26.8 min a day
al. (2019) Within Within M publ ASMU: 0.2 times a day
Publ ASMU → positive affect: b = .03 ns Publ PSMU → positive affect: b =.01 ns Ratio: N/A (due to different response scales)
(Controlled for multiple vars) (Controlled for multiple vars)
Bayer et al. Publ ASMU: N/A N/A M publ ASMU: 14.31 logged posts in 14 days
(2018) Status updates → affective well-being: r = .12 ns Ratio: N/A
Wall posts → affective well-being: r = .05 ns
Comments → affective well-being: r = .04 ns
Within
Posting within 10 min before survey→
affective well-being:  = .11*
Posting within 30 min before survey →
affective well-being:  = .05 ns

Notes: Priv = private, Publ = public, Mixed ASMU or PSMU = Mixed public and private ASMU or PSMU, subj = subjective
1 Author(s) provided additional information that may not be available in their articles.

2. All associations are between-person associations unless they are specifically marked as within-person.
3 This ratio indicates how often PSMU occurs relative to ASMU. For example, a ratio of 1.50 means that the average score on PSMU is 50% higher than that on ASMU.

4 The value labels accompanying the means are listed only when interpretable: in frequency scales (e.g., never-once a day) scales but not in Likert scales (e.g., agree-disagree).

6
 SUPPLEMENT TO: The Associations of Active and Passive Social Media Use With Well-being: A Critical Scoping Review Page 7 of 7

EXPERIMENTS (n = 6)

Experimental design Outcome(s)1 Results Conclusion

Burnell et Three experimental conditions: PA Browsing one’s own profile > PA than browsing posts of others Browsing one’s own profile leads to more PA than
al. (2020) 1. Browsing an Instagram profile of an acquaintance NA NA: no significant differences between conditions pre-test PA
2. Browsing an Instagram profile of an influencer Browsing the profiles of others led to less PA
3. Browsing one’s own Instagram profile compared to pretest PA
No effects on NA
Meier et al. Study 1, two experimental conditions: PA Study 1 Browsing inspiring posts can lead to PA
(2020) 1. Weakly evocative nature and travel Insta posts NA Browsing evocative Insta post → more PA than weakly evocative Insta post Browsing inspiring posts does not affect NA and
2. Strongly evocative nature and travel Insta posts Life satisfaction Browsing evocative Insta post → not more NA than weakly evocative Insta post life satisfaction
Study 2, three experimental conditions: Study 2
1. Weakly evocative nature and travel Insta posts Browsing evocative Insta posts → more PA
2. Moderately evocative nature and travel Insta posts Browsing evocative Insta posts → not more NA
3. Strongly evocative nature and travel Insta posts Browsing evocative Insta posts → not more life satisfaction
Alfasi Two experimental conditions: Depression Browsing Facebook news feed → more depression than control condition Passive social content leads to higher depression
(2019) 1. Browsing Facebook news feed than non-social content
2. Control: Browsing Facebook page devoid of social content
Hanley et Two experimental conditions: PA No significant main effect of experimental condition on any of the outcomes
al. (2019) 1. One-week abstinence from SNS (using RescueTime software) NA No significant main effects for more active users on any of the outcomes
2. Control: No treatment Life satisfaction SNS abstinence decreased PA for more active users
No interaction effects for NA and life satisfaction
Yuen et al. Four experimental conditions: PA Browsing others’ profiles → less positive affect than control condition Partial support for hypothesis that active and
(2019) 1. Posting on other’s timeline and communicating NA No significant effects of other experimental conditions. passive Facebook use differentially affect mood
2. Browsing others’ profiles
3. Update one’s own profile
4. Control: browse the web
Weinstein Three experimental conditions: PA No significant differences in PA and NA between the experimental conditions Browsing the positive Instagram feeds of attractive
(2017) 1. Positive Instagram feeds of attractive strangers NA strangers does not lead to less PA or more NA than
2. Positive Instagram feeds of attractive strangers preceded by a browsing of more mixed feeds of the same
prime to remind participants of the highlight reel of Instagram strangers. A prime to remind participants of the
3. Mixed positive and negative Insta feeds of attractive strangers positivity bias on Instagram was not effective.

1 PA = Positive affect; NA = Negative affect

7
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