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Dynamic System Modelling and Analysis with MATLAB and Python
 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson Andreas Molisch Diomidis Spinellis

Anjan Bose Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp
Adam Drobot Jeffrey Reed
Peter (Yong) Lian Thomas Robertazzi
Dynamic System Modelling and Analysis
with MATLAB and Python

For Control Engineers

Jongrae Kim
University of Leeds
Leeds, UK

IEEE Press Series on Control Systems Theory and Applications

Maria Domenica Di Benedetto, Series Editor
Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights
reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for:

Hardback: 9781119801627

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: © Bocskai Istvan/Shutterstock

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India

To Miyoung
 vii

Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Acronyms xvii
About the Companion Website xix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of the Book 1
1.2 Motivation Examples 2
1.2.1 Free-Falling Object 2
1.2.1.1 First Program in Matlab 4
1.2.1.2 First Program in Python 10
1.2.2 Ligand–Receptor Interactions 14
1.3 Organization of the Book 21
Exercises 21
Bibliography 22

2 Attitude Estimation and Control 23

2.1 Attitude Kinematics and Sensors 23
2.1.1 Solve Quaternion Kinematics 26
2.1.1.1 MATLAB 26
2.1.1.2 Python 29
2.1.2 Gyroscope Sensor Model 33
2.1.2.1 Zero-Mean Gaussian White Noise 33
2.1.2.2 Generate Random Numbers 34
2.1.2.3 Stochastic Process 40
2.1.2.4 MATLAB 41
2.1.2.5 Python 45
2.1.2.6 Gyroscope White Noise 49
2.1.2.7 Gyroscope Random Walk Noise 50
2.1.2.8 Gyroscope Simulation 53
viii Contents

2.1.3 Optical Sensor Model 57

2.2 Attitude Estimation Algorithm 64
2.2.1 A Simple Algorithm 64
2.2.2 QUEST Algorithm 65
2.2.3 Kalman Filter 66
2.2.4 Extended Kalman Filter 75
2.2.4.1 Error Dynamics 76
2.2.4.2 Bias Noise 77
2.2.4.3 Noise Propagation in Error Dynamics 78
2.2.4.4 State Transition Matrix, Φ 84
2.2.4.5 Vector Measurements 84
2.2.4.6 Summary 86
2.2.4.7 Kalman Filter Update 86
2.2.4.8 Kalman Filter Propagation 87
2.3 Attitude Dynamics and Control 88
2.3.1 Dynamics Equation of Motion 88
2.3.1.1 MATLAB 91
2.3.1.2 Python 94
2.3.2 Actuator and Control Algorithm 95
2.3.2.1 MATLAB Program 98
2.3.2.2 Python 101
2.3.2.3 Attitude Control Algorithm 103
2.3.2.4 Altitude Control Algorithm 105
2.3.2.5 Simulation 106
2.3.2.6 MATLAB 107
2.3.2.7 Robustness Analysis 107
2.3.2.8 Parallel Processing 110
Exercises 113
Bibliography 115

3 Autonomous Vehicle Mission Planning 119

3.1 Path Planning 119
3.1.1 Potential Field Method 119
3.1.1.1 MATLAB 122
3.1.1.2 Python 126
3.1.2 Graph Theory-Based Sampling Method 126
3.1.2.1 MATLAB 128
3.1.2.2 Python 129
3.1.2.3 Dijkstra’s Shortest Path Algorithm 130
3.1.2.4 MATLAB 130
3.1.2.5 Python 131
 Contents ix

3.1.3 Complex Obstacles 134

3.1.3.1 MATLAB 135
3.1.3.2 Python 141
3.2 Moving Target Tracking 145
3.2.1 UAV and Moving Target Model 145
3.2.2 Optimal Target Tracking Problem 148
3.2.2.1 MATLAB 149
3.2.2.2 Python 151
3.2.2.3 Worst-Case Scenario 153
3.2.2.4 MATLAB 157
3.2.2.5 Python 159
3.2.2.6 Optimal Control Input 164
3.3 Tracking Algorithm Implementation 167
3.3.1 Constraints 167
3.3.1.1 Minimum Turn Radius Constraints 167
3.3.1.2 Velocity Constraints 169
3.3.2 Optimal Solution 172
3.3.2.1 Control Input Sampling 172
3.3.2.2 Inside the Constraints 175
3.3.2.3 Optimal Input 177
3.3.3 Verification Simulation 180
Exercises 182
Bibliography 182

4 Biological System Modelling 185

4.1 Biomolecular Interactions 185
4.2 Deterministic Modelling 185
4.2.1 Group of Cells and Multiple Experiments 186
4.2.1.1 Model Fitting and the Measurements 188
4.2.1.2 Finding Adaptive Parameters 190
4.2.2 E. coli Tryptophan Regulation Model 191
4.2.2.1 Steady-State and Dependant Parameters 194
4.2.2.2 Padé Approximation of Time-Delay 195
4.2.2.3 State-Space Realization 196
4.2.2.4 Python 205
4.2.2.5 Model Parameter Ranges 206
4.2.2.6 Model Fitting Optimization 213
4.2.2.7 Optimal Solution (MATLAB) 221
4.2.2.8 Optimal Solution (Python) 223
4.2.2.9 Adaptive Parameters 226
4.2.2.10 Limitations 226
x Contents

4.3 Biological Oscillation 227

4.3.1 Gillespie’s Direct Method 231
4.3.2 Simulation Implementation 234
4.3.3 Robustness Analysis 241
Exercises 245
Bibliography 246

5 Biological System Control 251

5.1 Control Algorithm Implementation 251
5.1.1 PI Controller 251
5.1.1.1 Integral Term 252
5.1.1.2 Proportional Term 253
5.1.1.3 Summation of the Proportional and the Integral Terms 253
5.1.1.4 Approximated PI Controller 253
5.1.1.5 Comparison of PI Controller and the Approximation 254
5.1.2 Error Calculation: ΔP 260
5.2 Robustness Analysis: 𝜇-Analysis 269
5.2.1 Simple Examples 269
5.2.1.1 𝜇 Upper Bound 272
5.2.1.2 𝜇 Lower Bound 275
5.2.1.3 Complex Numbers in MATLAB/Python 278
5.2.2 Synthetic Circuits 280
5.2.2.1 MATLAB 281
5.2.2.2 Python 281
5.2.2.3 𝜇-Upper Bound: Geometric Approach 290
Exercises 291
Bibliography 292

6 Further Readings 295

6.1 Boolean Network 295
6.2 Network Structure Analysis 296
6.3 Spatial-Temporal Dynamics 297
6.4 Deep Learning Neural Network 298
6.5 Reinforcement Learning 298
Bibliography 298

Appendix A Solutions for Selected Exercises 301

A.1 Chapter 1 301
Exercise 1.4 301
Exercise 1.5 301
 Contents xi

A.2 Chapter 2 302

Exercise 2.5 302
A.3 Chapter 3 302
Exercise 3.1 302
Exercise 3.6 303
A.4 Chapter 4 303
Exercise 4.1 303
Exercise 4.2 303
Exercise 4.7 304
A.5 Chapter 5 304
Exercise 5.2 304
Exercise 5.3 304

Index 307
 xiii

Preface

This book is for control engineers to learn dynamic system modelling and sim-
ulation and control design and analysis using MATLAB or Python. The readers
are assumed to have the undergraduate final-year level of knowledge on ordinary
differential equations, vector calculus, probability, and basic programming.
We have verified all the MATLAB and Python codes in the book using MATLAB
R2021a and Python 3.8 in Spyder, the scientific Python development environment.
To reduce the confusion in running a particular program, most of the programs are
independent on their own. Organizing programming with multiple files is left as
an advanced skill for readers to learn after reading this book.

Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, UK Jongrae Kim

30 November 2021
 xv

Acknowledgements

I have learned dynamic modelling and simulation through my undergraduate

and post-graduate education and research projects in the past 30 years. Hence,
this book will not be possible without having my teachers, supervisors, and
collaborators. I thank Dr Jinho Kim, Professor John L. Crassidis, Professor
João P. Hespanhna, Professor Declan G. Bates, Dr Daizhan Cheng, Professor
Kwang-Hyun Cho, Professor Frank Pollick, and Dr Rajeev Krishnadas.

Jongrae Kim
 xvii

Acronyms

DCM direction cosine matrix

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
EKF extended Kalman filter
KF Kalman filter
LHS left-hand side
LTI linear time-invariant
mRNA messenger RNA
mRNAP messenger RNA polymerase
N2L Netwton’s second law of motion
ODE ordinary differential equation
pdf probability density function
PI proportional integral
QUEST quaternion estimation algorithm
RHS right-hand side
RNA ribonucleic acid
 xix

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by a companion website.

www.wiley.com/go/kim/dynamicmodeling

This website includes:

● The solutions for the problems listed in the chapters and the program codes used
in Python and MATLAB softwares.
 1

Introduction

1.1 Scope of the Book

This book is for advanced undergraduate students, post-graduate students, or engi-

neers to acquire programming skills for dynamic system modelling and analysis
using control theory. The readers are assumed to have a basic understanding of
computer programming, ordinary differential equations (ODE), vector calculus,
and probability.
Most engineering curricula at the undergraduate level include only an
elementary-level programming course in the early of the undergraduate years.
Only a handful of self-motivated engineering students acquire advanced level
programming skills mainly from self-study through tedious time-consuming
practices and trivial mistakes. As modern engineering systems such as aircraft,
satellite, automobile, or autonomous robots are implemented through inseparable
tight integration of hardware systems and software algorithms, the demand for
engineers having fluent skills in dynamic system modelling and algorithm design
is increasing. In addition, the emergence of interdisciplinary areas merging the
experimental domain with mathematical and computational approaches such
as systems biology, synthetic biology, or computational neuroscience further
increases the necessity of the engineers who understand dynamics and are
capable of computational implementations of dynamic models.
This book aims to fill the gap in learning practical dynamic modelling, simu-
lation, and analysis skills in aerospace engineering, robotics, and biology. Learn-
ing programming in the engineering or biology domain requires not only domain
knowledge but also a robust conceptual understanding of algorithm design and
implementation. It is not, of course, the skills to learn in 14 days or less as many
online courses claim. To be confident in dynamic system modelling and analysis
takes more than several years of practice and dedication. This book provides the
starting point of the long journey for the readers to equip and prepare better for
real engineering and scientific problems.
Dynamic System Modelling and Analysis with MATLAB and Python: For Control Engineers,
First Edition. Jongrae Kim.
© 2023 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/kim/dynamicmodeling
2 1 Introduction

1.2 Motivation Examples

1.2.1 Free-Falling Object
Newton’s second law of motion is given by
∑ d
Fi = (m𝑣) (1.1)
i
dt
where Fi is the i-th external force in Newtons (N) acting on the object characterized
by the mass, m, in kg, d∕dt is the time derivative, t is the time in seconds, 𝑣 is the
velocity in m/s, and m𝑣 is the momentum of the object. Newton’s second law states
that the sum of all external forces is equal to the momentum change per unit of time.
Consider a free-falling object shown in Figure 1.1. There exists only one exter-
nal force, i.e. the gravitational force acting downwards in the figure. Hence, the
∑
left-hand side of (1.1) is simply given by i Fi = Fg , where Fg is the gravitational
force. Introduce the additional assumption that the object is within the reasonable
range from the sea level. With the assumption, the gravitational force, Fg , is known
to be proportional to the mass, and the proportional constant is the gravitational
acceleration constant, g, which is equal to 9.81 m/s2 in the sea level. Therefore,
∑
Fg = mg. Replace the left-hand side of (1.1), i.e. i Fi , by Fg = mg provides
∑ d
mg = Fg = Fi = (m𝑣) (1.2)
i
dt
where the downward direction is set to the positive direction, which is the opposite
of the usual convention. It highlights that establishing a consistent coordinate system
at the beginning of modelling is vital in dynamic system simulation.

Fg

Figure 1.1 Free-falling object.

 1.2 Motivation Examples 3

From the kinematic relationship between the velocity, 𝑣, and the displacement,
x, we have
dx
=𝑣
dt
where the origin of x is at the initial position of the object, m, and the positive
direction of x is downwards in the figure. The right-hand side of (1.2) becomes
( )
∑ d d dx
mg = Fg = Fi = (m𝑣) = m
i
dt dt dt
Finally, the leftmost and the rightmost terms are equal to each other as follows:
( )
d dx
mg = m
dt dt
and it is expanded as follows:
dm dx d2 x
mg = +m 2
dt dt dt
Using the short notations, ṁ = dm∕dt, ẋ = dx∕dt, and ẍ = d2 x∕dt2 , and after
rearrangements, the governing equation is given by
ṁ
ẍ = g − ẋ (1.3)
m
For purely educational purposes, assume that the mass change rate is given by
ṁ = −m + 2 (1.4)
We can identify now that there are three independent time-varying states, which
̇ and the mass, m. All the other time-varying
are the position, x, the velocity, x,
states, for example, ẍ and m,
̇ can be expressed using the independent state vari-
ables. Define the state variables as follows:
x1 = x
x2 = ẋ
x3 = m
Obtain the time derivative of each state expressed in the state variable as follows:
ẋ 1 = ẋ = x2 (1.5a)

−m + 2 −x + 2
ẋ 2 = ẍ = g − ẋ = g − 3 x2 (1.5b)
m x3
ẋ 3 = ṁ = −m + 2 = −x3 + 2 (1.5c)
and this is called the state-space form.
̇
Let the initial conditions be equal to x1 (0) = x(0) = 0.0 m, x2 (0) = x(0) = 0.5 m/s,
and x3 (0) = m(0) = 5 kg. Equation (1.5) can be written in a compact form using the
4 1 Introduction

matrix–vector notations. Define the state vector, x, as follows:

⎡x1 ⎤
x = ⎢x2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣x3 ⎦
and the corresponding state-space form is written as
⎡ x2 ⎤
̇x = f(x) = ⎢g + (x3 − 2)(x2 ∕x3 )⎥ (1.6)
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −x3 + 2 ⎦
The second-order differential equation, (1.3), and the first-order differential
equation, (1.4), are combined into the first-order three-dimensional vector
differential equation, (1.6). Any higher order differential equations can be
transformed into the first-order multi-dimensional vector differential equation,
ẋ = f(x). Numerical integration methods such as Runge–Kutta integration
(Press et al., 2007) solves the first-order ODE. They can solve any high-order
differential equations by transforming them into the corresponding first-order
multi-dimensional differential equation.

1.2.1.1 First Program in Matlab

We are ready to solve (1.6) with the initial condition equal to x(0) = [0.0 0.5 5.0]T ,
where the superscript T is the transpose of the vector. We solve the differen-
tial equation from t = 0 to t = 5 seconds using Matlab. Matlab includes many
numerical functions and libraries to be used for dynamic simulation and analysis.
A numerical integrator is one of the functions already implemented in Matlab.
Hence, the only task we have to do for solving the differential equation is to
learn how to use the existing functions and libraries in Matlab. The complete
programme to solve the free-falling object problem is given in Program 1.1.
Producing Figure 1.2 is left as an exercise in Exercise 1.1.

1 clear ;
2
3 g r v _ c o n s t = 9 . 8 1 ; % [m/ s ^ 2 ]
4 i n i t _ p o s = 0 . 0 ; %[m]
5 i n i t _ v e l = 0 . 5 ; % [m/ s ]
6 i n i t _ m a s s = 5 . 0 ; %[ kg ]
7
8 init_time = 0; % [ s ]
9 final_time = 5.0; % [ s ]
10 time_interval = [ init_time final_time ] ;
11
12 x0 = [ i n i t _ p o s i n i t _ v e l i n i t _ m a s s ] ;
13 [ t o u t , x o u t ] = ode45 (@( time , s t a t e ) f r e e _ f a l l i n g _ o b j ( time , s t a t e ,
g r v _ c o n s t ) , t i m e _ i n t e r v a l , x0 ) ;
14
15 f i g u r e ( 1 ) ;
16 p l o t ( t o u t , x o u t ( : , 1 ) )
17 y l a b e l ( ’ p o s i t i o n [m] ’ ) ;
 1.2 Motivation Examples 5

18 x l a b e l ( ’ time [ s ] ’ ) ;
19
20 figure ( 2 ) ;
21 plot ( tout , xout ( : , 2 ) )
22 y l a b e l ( ’ v e l o c i t y [m/ s ] ’ ) ;
23 x l a b e l ( ’ time [ s ] ’ ) ;
24
25 figure ( 3 ) ;
26 plot ( tout , xout ( : , 3 ) )
27 y l a b e l ( ’m( t ) [ kg ] ’ ) ;
28 x l a b e l ( ’ time [ s ] ’ ) ;
29
30 function d x d t = f r e e _ f a l l i n g _ o b j ( time , s t a t e , g r v _ c o n s t )
31 x1 = state (1) ;
32 x2 = state (2) ;
33 x3 = state (3) ;
34
35 d x d t = zeros ( 3 , 1 ) ;
36 d x d t ( 1 ) = x2 ;
37 d x d t ( 2 ) = g r v _ c o n s t + ( x3 −2) ∗ ( x2 / x3 ) ;
38 d x d t ( 3 ) = −x3 + 2 ;
39 end

Program 1.1 (Matlab) Free-falling object

200 70
60
150
50
Velocity (m/s)
Position (m)

40
100
30

50 20
10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) figure(1) (b) figure(2)
5

4.5

4
m(t) (kg)

3.5

2.5

2
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s)
(c) figure(3)

Figure 1.2 Free-falling object position, velocity, and mass time histories.
6 1 Introduction

Now, we study the first program line by line. The m-script starts with the
command ‘clear’. The clear command removes all variables in the workspace.
In the workspace, there would be some variables defined and used in previous
activities. They may have the same names but different meanings and values in
the current calculation. For example, the gravitational acceleration ‘grv_const’ in
the third line is undefined in the current program and uses a variable of the same
name used to analyse objects falling on the moon. A falling object program in
the Moon was executed earlier, and ‘grv_const’ is still in the workspace. Without
the clear command, the incorrect constant is used in the program producing
wrong results. Hence, it is recommended to clear the workspace before starting
new calculations. We must be careful, however, that the clear command erases
all variables in the workspace. Before the clear command, we check if all values,
which might be generated from a long computer simulation, were saved.
From line 3 to line 12, several constants are defined. Based on the equations we
have seen earlier, it is tempting to write a code as follows:

g = 9.81
x = 0.0
v = 0.5
t = [0 5]
x0 = [ x v m]

Program 1.2 (Matlab) Poor style constant definitions

These seem to look compact and closer to the equations we derived. It is a bad
habit to write a program in this way. The list of problems in the above programming
style is as follows:
● It defines a variable with a single character, ‘g’, ‘x’, ‘v’, etc. Using a single char-
acter variable might cause confusion on the meaning of the variable and lead to
using them in wrong places with incorrect interpretations.
● Numerical numbers are written without units. There is no indication of units of
the numerical values, e.g. 9.81, is it m/s2 or ft/s2 ?
● It uses magic numbers. What do the numbers, 0 and 5, mean in defining ‘t’?
Program 1.1 uses a better style. The initial position is defined using the variable
name, ‘init_pos’, whose value is 0.0 and the unit is in metres. Appropriately named
variables reduce mistakes and confusion in the program. Program 1.1 indicates the
corresponding unit for each numerical value, e.g. the ‘init mass’ value 5.0 is in kg.
We understand the meaning of each variable by its name. The texts after ‘%’ are
the comments, where we could add various information such as the unit of each
numerical value.
 1.2 Motivation Examples 7

In line 13, the built-in Runge–Kutta integrator, ode45(), is used to integrate the
differential equation provided by the function, ‘free_falling_obj’, at the end of the
m-script. Frequently, each function is saved as a separate m-script. It could also
be included in the m-script for the cases that the functions might be used in the
specific m-script only. To include functions in the m-script, they must be placed at
the end of the m-script as in this example.
Functions in Matlab begin with the keyword function and close with the
keyword end. In line 30, ‘dxdt’ is the return variable of the function and
‘free_falling_obj’ is the function name. The function has three input arguments.
A function can have any input argument used by the function. This particular
function, ‘free_falling_obj’, is not an ordinary function, however. This is the
function to describe the ODE. The function is to be passed into the built-in
integrator, ode45. The first two arguments of the function for ode45 must be time
and states, i.e. t and x in (1.6).
In lines 31–33, the variable ‘state’ is assumed to be a three-dimensional vector,
and each element of the vector corresponds to the states, x1 , x2 , and x3 . In line 35,
the return variable ‘dxdt’ is initialized as [0 0 0] by the built-in function zeros(3,1).
zeros(m,n) creates the m × n matrix filled in zeros. Lines 36, 37, and 38 define the
state-space form ODE, (1.6).
The function works perfectly well without the initialization line for ‘dxdt’,
line 35. However, it is not good programming if line 35 is removed. Without the
initialization, ‘dxdt’ in line 36 is a one-dimensional scalar value. In the next lines,
it becomes a two-dimensional value and a three-dimensional value. Each line, the
size of ‘dxdt’ changes, and this requires the computer to find additional memory
to store the additional value. This could increase the total computation time
longer and could be noticeably longer if this function is called a million times or
more. Hence, it is better to acquire all the required memory ahead as in line 35.

Efficiency vs. development cycle: We strive to create efficient programs, but

the prototyping phase requires a fast development cycle.

It is vital to have the habit of being conscious of the efficiency of algorithm imple-
mentation. On the other hand, try not to overthink the efficiency of the program.
Script languages such as Matlab and Python are for rapid implementation and
testing. Hence, it needs a proper balance between optimizing codes and saving the
development time.
Now, we are ready to solve the differential equation using the built-in numerical
integrator, ode45. ode45 stands for ODE with Runge–Kutta fourth- and fifth-order
8 1 Introduction

methods. Details of the Runge–Kutta integration methods can be found in Press

et al. (2007).
Recall, the following line from Program 1.1:

13 [ t o u t , x o u t ] = ode45 (@( time , s t a t e ) f r e e _ f a l l i n g _ o b j ( time , s t a t e ,

g r v _ c o n s t ) , t i m e _ i n t e r v a l , x0 ) ;

When we use ode45, the input argument starts with @ symbol, which is the
function handle. The function handle, @, is used when we pass function A, e.g.
‘free_falling_obj’, to function B, e.g. ode45, where function B would call function
A multiple times. With the function handle, we can control or construct the
function to be passed with some flexibility. ‘@(time,state)’ explicitly indicates
that the function to be passed has two arguments, ‘time’ and ‘state’, and they will
be passed between ode45 and ‘free_falling_obj’ function in the specific order, i.e.
‘time’ be the first and ‘state’ be the second argument. This order is required by the
integrator, ode45.
With the function handle, we can take some freedom to order the function argu-
ments differently in the function definition of ‘free_falling_obj’. For example, we
could write the function as follows:

function d x d t = f r e e _ f a l l i n g _ o b j ( time , g r v _ c o n s t , s t a t e )
x1 = state (1) ;
x2 = state (2) ;
x3 = state (3) ;

d x d t = zeros ( 3 , 1 ) ;
d x d t ( 1 ) = x2 ;
d x d t ( 2 ) = g r v _ c o n s t + ( x3 −2) ∗ ( x2 / x3 ) ;
d x d t ( 3 ) = −x3 + 2 ;
end

and the integration part is updated to follow the updated function definition as
follows:

[ t o u t , x o u t ] = ode45 (@( time , s t a t e ) f r e e _ f a l l i n g _ o b j ( time , g r v _ c o n s t ,

s t a t e ) , t i m e _ i n t e r v a l , x0 ) ;

The program works the same as the ones before the modifications. Also, we
notice that we have an additional input argument, ‘grv_const’. Similarly, we could
add more input parameters if they are necessary. As long as the first argument,
‘time’, and the second argument, ‘state’, are indicated in the function handle, the
function can have any number of input arguments in any order to pass to the
integrator, ode45.
Once the integration is completed, the results return to two output variables,
‘tout’ and ‘xout’. Execute the command, whos, in the Matlab command prompt,
the following information is displayed:
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 CHAPTER X
WITH THE FIRST TEAM

T he second team was made up the following Thursday with

Grover Beech in charge as captain. Toby and Warren were
retained as goal-tends and ten other youths, among them Sid Creel,
made up the squad. The first team squad was cut that same day to
fifteen, and about a dozen unsuccessful aspirants departed to
private life, or, in some cases, to seek glory on their class teams.
Toby was delighted with his good fortune and turned all his thought
and endeavors to the task of making himself first-choice for the
position. To that end, he read every scrap of information he could
find on the subject of a goal-tend’s duties, ransacking the school
library and borrowing wherever he heard of a book that promised
information. But it was surprising what a lot of perfectly good
authors had failed to deal with this absorbing subject. Why, you
could drag your finger over card after card in the library index
without finding a thing worth reading! Scott, Thackeray, Lytton,
Dickens, Boswell, Stevenson—not a work of advice as to how to play
goal on a hockey team! Still, Toby did manage to discover a fair
amount of hockey literature, and he read it all avidly and, could the
position of first team goal-tend have been awarded by a competitive
examination, either oral or written, Toby would have won hands-
down! When he had assimilated all the information he had read he
took a blue-book and wrote down what was practically a summary of
it. That was Toby’s scheme for registering indelibly on his brain
anything that he wanted particularly to remember. And it was a very
excellent scheme, too. Perhaps Toby’s summary may be of interest
to you. It will if you play hockey or expect to play it, and especially if
your ambition looks toward the position of goal-tend. Anyway, here it
is, just as he wrote it.
 “The goal-tend’s position is probably the most responsible of all. If
he fails the opponents score, but if another of his team fails the
opponent only wins an advantage which may not result in a score. A
goal-tender should be cool-headed, plucky and very quick.
Quickness is very important. He should be quick to see a shot
coming, to judge where it is coming and to put himself into position
to stop it. A goal-tender need not be much of a skater or stick-
handler, if he has those other qualifications.
“The goal-tend must guard a space six feet long by four feet high
and so it will not do for him to stay in one position all the time. If
the play is in front of the net he should stand in the middle of the
net, but if the play is at one side he should stand at that side of the
net and steady his knee against the goal-post. The rules forbid
kneeling or lying on the ice and so if the puck is near the goal he
should assume a crouching posture, thus bringing as much of
himself as possible near the ice. The larger a goal-tend is the less
space he has to look after, because a shot is more likely to hit a fat
fellow than a skinny one. He should wear leg-guards that come well
above the knees and the bigger they are the better it is, because by
bringing his legs together he can then present a considerable
surface in case of a low shot. He should also have his shoulders,
thighs and elbows padded, both to protect him from injury and to
increase his size.
“He ought not to use his stick to stop a shot with, unless the puck
is coming to him on the ice and slowly. He should try to put his body
in front of the puck or catch it with his hand. The hardest shot to
stop is one which is about knee-high. The goal-tend should watch
the puck every minute. He must never leave his goal unless he is
sure that he can reach the puck before any player of the opposing
team can reach it and there is no player on his own side to do it.
When he has stopped the puck he should sweep it aside and behind
his goal if possible, but never shoot it ahead of him because a player
of the other team might get it and shoot it before he was in position
to stop it. When the puck is behind the goal he should never take his
eyes off of it and when it approaches one side of the goal he should
stand at that side and be ready in case a player tries to hook it in. If
there is a scrimmage in front of the goal he should turn his skates
out wide and keep his stick on the ice also. In that way he can cover
about twenty-four inches of the goal. But if the puck comes toward
him at either side he must be ready to stop it with a skate or his
stick.
“Goal-tend should be warmly dressed because he does not get so
much exercise as the other players. Moleskin trousers are better
than khaki or cotton because warmer. He should wear a light
sweater and have well-padded gloves. A goal-tend’s stick should be
short with a broad blade. Some players prefer a built-up stick, but it
must not be more than three inches wide at any place.”
But memorizing all this didn’t make Toby a wonderful goal-tend. It
doubtless helped him, but it is one thing to know what to do and
quite another thing to do it. Probably a week of practice was worth
fully as much as all his reading. On the other hand, it is possible that
his reading made it easier for him to understand what was wanted
of him and to profit by criticism. Grover Beech, the second team
captain, was not a very good instructor. He played a good game
himself at cover point and knew how the other positions should be
played, but he lacked the ability to impart information. Rather
impatient and short-tempered, he was far more likely to send a
player who had performed poorly off the ice and summon a
substitute than attempt to show the offender how to do better. In
consequence, Toby, to a great extent, was thrown on his own
resources when it came to learning the science of the goal-tend’s
position. But he watched the first team goals and tried to fashion his
play on theirs, seldom offended twice in the same way and, when he
had been two weeks a member of the second squad, had defeated
Warren in the struggle for supremacy.
So far he had not dug into his hockey fund except to the extent of
the price of his new stick. He wore an old pair of running trunks
loaned by Homer Wilkins, a sweater of his own, a pair of ordinary
thick gloves of buckskin, and, for want of a toque such as the others
wore, went bare-headed. Arnold’s second-best skates performed all
he asked of them and an ancient pair of leg-guards, inherited by the
Hockey Club from some former player, answered their purpose fairly
well. He meant, however, to have his own guards and a good pair of
gloves, and, now that it seemed certain that he had won the right to
play the goal position on the second for the balance of the season,
he only awaited an opportunity to journey to Greenburg to purchase
them. But on most mornings recitations kept him busy and every
afternoon was occupied with practice, and so it was the Thursday of
Yardley’s third contest that the opportunity at last occurred. But
before that other events of interest had happened.
There was, for example, the hockey game with Carrel’s School, the
second contest on the Yardley schedule. Carrel’s presented a strong
and experienced seven, of which two members were past-masters in
the gentle art of shooting goals from all sorts of impossible angles.
Dave Henry, the Blue’s goal-tend, was considered rather a
competent youth, but that Saturday afternoon he had his hands full,
so full, in fact, that he couldn’t begin to hold all that came to them,
with the result that Carrel’s School led six goals to one at the end of
the first twenty-minute period and in the last half, in spite of
Yardley’s frantic, determined endeavors to hold her at bay and score
a few tallies herself, quite swept the Blue’s defense off its feet and
scored pretty much as she wanted to. It was a rattling good game,
in spite of its one-sidedness and the audience which lined the
barrier, stamping its feet and blowing on its numbed fingers, yelled
itself quite hoarse before the referee’s whistle blew for the last time.
Seventeen to four was the score then, and although the Yardley
players gathered together and waved their sticks and cheered tiredly
for their rivals, there was a noticeable lack of enthusiasm in that
cheer. The wiseacres had to go back three years before they could
find another such overwhelming defeat. Captain Crowell took the
beating somewhat to heart, and even Arnold, who was not easily
cast-down, moped all the evening and refused to be comforted by
Homer or Toby or any one else.
 On the following Monday Framer took Flagg’s place at point and
Rose gave way to Fanning at left wing. Also Crowell experimented
with the four-man defense style of play, which, while not so good for
scoring, at least is theoretically a fine style to keep your goal
inviolate. Crumbie was played back with Halliday on defense, leaving
only three men to meet the opposing attack until it was well down
toward the goal. The second team was summoned onto the ice “to
be the goat,” as Sid Creel phrased it, and there was a very pretty
struggle. The second swept through that four-man defense for three
goals in each period, causing Captain Crowell grave doubts as to the
value of it. But the first won, for neither Warren, who played through
the first period, or Toby, who officiated in the second, could stop
more than half the shots of the first team forwards. Sid Creel, slow-
moving and apparently sleepy, was a tower of strength at point that
afternoon, and Beech was as clever as usual at cover, but Crowell
and Arnold Deering were slippery skaters and accurate shots, and
the illusive puck went into the second’s net nine times in all.
The next day the four-man back idea worked better, Crumbie
having by then a better knowledge of his duties on defense and
refusing to be drawn out of position. Beech sought to meet the first
team’s new tactics by adapting the Canadian scheme of playing
three forwards abreast and the fourth behind. Beech selected the
part of rover, but it can’t be said that he made a shining success of
it. In any event, the first regained its old superiority over the scrub
seven and won easily. And, with a few exceptions, every following
day witnessed a similar result until, near the middle of the season,
one Toby Tucker willed otherwise.
Greenburg High School followed Carrel’s and met overwhelming
defeat at the hands of the Blue. But Greenburg was inexperienced
and her players were poor skaters and the result had been expected.
The only incident meriting mention was a fine goal by Arnold
Deering in the second period. Arnold had stolen the puck from a
Greenburg player in front of his own goal, had evaded the forwards,
passed to Crowell near the middle of the ice and had then received
the puck back again when the Greenburg cover point had
challenged. The pass, however, had gone behind him and he had
had to turn and take it as it caromed off the boards. He was not
then in position to shoot and so, after breaking past a member of
the enemy team, he skated in, seeking a chance to pass back to
Crowell. Crowell shouted and Arnold slid the puck along the ice, but
at that moment a Greenburg youth charged into Crowell and the
puck dribbled by. Fanning should have rescued it, but Fanning was
far over at the other side and skating hard, and the Greenburg cover
point was the lucky one. But the cover point hesitated just an instant
too long and Arnold, doubling back, swept past him, stole the disc
from under his nose, dodged two opponents and bore down on the
Greenburg point. Crowell, who had sprawled on the ice, tried to get
into position for the pass, but was too late, and Arnold, sensing it,
dodged the point, keeping the puck away from the latter’s swinging
stick by a veritable miracle, circled the net at the rear and then, as
he headed back close to the goal, slipped the puck deftly between
the post and the goal-tend’s skate. As he did so two of the enemy
crashed into him, the net careened, the goal-tend sat down on the
ice and in an instant the air was full of kicking legs and thrashing
sticks. But the puck had gone in before the upset and the goal
umpire’s hand had already been raised when he was forced to flee
from the careening net.
Greenburg protested somewhat perfunctorily and the audience
cheered. And Arnold was hauled out of the melee with a two-inch
gash over his left eye that put him out of the contest and gave him a
desperate, piratical look for several days.
Of course, viewed from the standpoint of perfect hockey, Arnold’s
exploit was nothing to cheer for. When a wing player has to skate all
over the shop and finally hook the puck in from back of goal he
naturally suggests to the unbiased mind that there was a lamentable
absence of team-play; which there was. Captain Crowell knew better
than to praise that performance. Instead, he told Arnold that it was
good skating, blamed himself for letting the cover point upset him
and waded into Fanning for being out of position. But the audience
liked it immensely and for some days Arnold’s exploit was the
subject of enthusiastic praise.
I forgot to say that the score of the Yardley-Greenburg High game
was 16 to 3. Not that it matters greatly, however.
You are not to suppose that Toby spent all his time and thought
on the enticing game of hockey. On the contrary, Toby was putting in
some good licks at studying about this time. For one thing, he felt in
honor bound to vindicate the faculty’s selection of T. Tucker as a
recipient of a Ripley Scholarship, and for another thing mid-year
examinations were on. “Mid-years” are serious things, and it
behooves a chap to buckle down and get himself up on his studies,
and especially those studies which, all during the Fall Term, he has
sort of squeezed through on. So Toby worked hard and burned much
midnight oil—only it happened to be gas—and did excellently well in
everything save Latin and not so very badly in that. Poor Homer
Wilkins came several croppers and for a time anticipated severing his
connection with the school. But he managed by dint of many solemn
promises and extraordinary application to weather the storm. Arnold,
too, had his troubles, but they were not serious. Only two members
of the first hockey team found themselves in hot water, Henry and
Dunphy, and these were barred from playing until they had removed
their conditions. There was said to be some doubt about Dunphy’s
return to the team that season, but Henry’s absence from the ice
was believed to be a matter of only a fortnight. Orson Crowell
accepted the matter philosophically. After all, things might have
been worse. He recalled one occasion, in his third class year, when
exactly six of a hockey squad of fifteen had been put on probation
after mid-years. Remembering that, he concluded that the
temporary loss of Henry and the possibly final loss of Dunphy were
not worth worrying about. Frank Lamson took Henry’s place at the
net and tried very hard to fill Henry’s shoes. He never succeeded,
however, even though, the week after the Greenburg game, an old-
boy and former hockey captain named Loring, patriotically
responded to the call for aid and put in five days of coaching, paying
a great deal of attention to the goal-tend. But even Alfred Loring
could not make a perfect net-man of Frank Lamson, although Frank
did improve quite perceptibly, and it was thought advisable to draw
on the second team for a substitute pending Henry’s release from
probation, and the choice fell naturally on Toby, who, by that time
had plainly shown his superiority to Warren.
And so, one cold and bleak Thursday afternoon, Toby found
himself practicing with the first, sliding from one side to the other of
the south goal while Stillwell and Gladwin and Casement and Rose
rushed down upon him, passing the puck from stick to stick, and
finally whanged the disk at him. He didn’t make a very brilliant
showing that afternoon, although he tried harder than he had ever
tried, for the first team substitutes had unusual luck in lifting the
puck and time after time it sped past him, knee-high, to nestle in the
folds of the net.
But his lack of success didn’t make him downcast, for he had
formed a wonderful resolution. It was to play goal better than Frank,
so that they would have to keep him on the first. I am afraid that
the vision of Frank Lamson being relegated to the scrubs had
something to do with Toby’s cheerfulness. But then, Toby didn’t
pretend to be fond of Frank, and he was quite human.
 CHAPTER XI
TRADE FALLS OFF

T he class hockey teams were hard at it by now, for the weather

had settled down to a fine imitation of an old-fashioned winter.
The baseball candidates and the track and field fellows were,
perhaps, not over-enthusiastic about it, and those who played golf
made derogatory remarks anent it, but some seventy boys who
swung hockey sticks each afternoon asked nothing better. The river
was frozen five inches deep and provided even better ice than the
first team had on shore. Two rinks were established opposite the
boat house and on those the four class teams skated and slashed
and shouted every afternoon in preparation for the three or four
games which would later decide the school championship. So far
snow had been scarce, but what had fallen still lay, crusted and
glittering. Indoors the track athletes were awaking from their
hibernation and beginning the early drudgery that was to prepare
them for outdoor work. Even baseball was talked, although indoor
practice for that did not begin for another three weeks. January and
February, for those who find no outdoor interests, are dull months at
school, and Toby was very thankful that he had gone in for hockey.
Business was none too good just now. It is hard to get one’s
clothes soiled when snow covers the world or when one doesn’t get
out of doors often. Of course one would suppose that weather or
time of year would have no effect on the business of pressing
trousers and coats, but it seemed to, and Toby’s trade was almost at
a stand-still toward the beginning of February. When Temple came
around to solicit a reinsertion of Toby’s modest advertisement in The
Scholiast, the school monthly, Toby was of two minds, whether to
withdraw his card or make it larger. In the end he decided to offer
special prices for February, and Billy Temple, sitting on the edge of
the bed, wrote out the advertisement.

CLOTHES CLEANED AND PRESSED

Special Reductions for February

Trousers Cleaned 25 Cents Trousers Pressed 10 Cents

Coats Cleaned 35 Cents Coats Pressed 20 Cents
Suits, including Suits Pressed
Waistcoats, Cleaned 60 Cents 35 Cents

Overcoats in Proportion
My Work Is Equal to the Best
Give Me a Trial
Get Your Wardrobe in Order Now for Spring

T. TUCKER, 22 WHITSON HALL

Lack of trade didn’t worry Toby as much as it would have had he

not won that scholarship, but he was glad when, that same evening,
young Lingard knocked apologetically and presented himself and
four articles of apparel to be cleaned and pressed. There was the
same suit that Toby had toilsomely freed from its adornment of
green paint, and an extra pair of trousers. This time the suit was
spattered with some red-brown stuff, the nature of which Tommy
Lingard was at a loss, or pretended to be at a loss, to explain. Toby
frowned over it and finally said it looked like iron rust, but Lingard
expressed doubts.
“Well, I dare say it will come out,” said Toby. “Most everything
does except acid. Fellows ruin their things at chemistry and then
wonder why I don’t get the spots out of them. I’ll have these ready
to-morrow evening. By the way, Lingard, you never paid me for the
last job, you know.”
 “Didn’t I really?” The boy’s voice expressed the greatest surprise,
but Toby wasn’t fooled. “H-how much was it?”
“Seventy-five,” answered Toby, referring to his memorandum
book.
“I’m sorry, really.” Lingard searched his pockets and finally
produced a crumpled dollar bill from some recess, and Toby tried to
dig up a quarter in change. But sixteen cents was the best he could
do, and he was on the point of suggesting that the quarter be
applied on the new account when he remembered the hockey fund.
He crossed to the bureau and pulled the little box from its
concealment and abstracted two dimes and a nickel. Lingard was
deeply interested in the gas-stove when Toby came back—Toby had
just finished pressing a pair of his own trousers—and didn’t turn
around until Toby spoke.
“Here you are, Lingard. Twenty-five cents. Much obliged. Will you
come for these or shall I leave them in your room?”
“I’ll come and get them, thanks, Tucker. To-morrow evening, you
said?”
“Yes, any time after nine. Good-night.”
Lingard went off and Toby, after draping the garments on a
hanger, turned out his light and padded downstairs to see Arnold. It
was against the rules to use any cleansing fluid in the buildings after
dark and so Toby’s cleansing operations had to be done in the
daytime. He found Arnold and Homer playing host to Fanning and
Halliday. There was a box of biscuits open on the window-seat and
Homer had fashioned a pitcherful of orange-colored liquid which the
fellows were drinking from glasses and tooth-mugs. Homer kept an
assortment of bottled fruit-juices and could be relied on to produce a
sweet and sickening beverage at a moment’s notice. Toby declined
the mugful of “Wilkins’ Orange Nectar” offered him, but helped
himself to the biscuits and made himself as comfortable as he could
on Arnold’s bed.
 “Don’t get the crumbs in there, for the love of lemons,” warned
Arnold. “I never could sleep comfortably on cracker crumbs.”
Homer chuckled. “Say, Arn, remember the time we filled Garfield’s
bed with crackers? Gee, that was a riot!”
“What was it?” prompted Ted Halliday, holding out his glass for
more “nectar.”
“Why, Garfield got fresh one time,” recounted Arnold, “and came
in here when we were out and pied the room. It was an awful mess
when I got back. He had turned all the pictures around, and stuffed
a suit of Homer’s clothes with pillows and put it in my bed, and—oh,
just raised Cain generally. He thought he was awfully funny, I guess.
You remember him, Fan?”
Fanning nodded, but Halliday looked blank.
“A big, round-faced fellow,” reminded Homer. “Roomed in 14 last
year, with Dickerman. Played guard on the second for awhile.”
“Oh, yes, I remember. Say, what became of him, anyway? He isn’t
here this year, is he?”
“No, he didn’t come back. Went to Andover or somewhere up that
way,” answered Arnold. “Well, anyway, Homer and I decided we’d
get even with him. Homer’s folks had just sent a box and there was
about a half a dozen boxes of soda crackers in it. So we emptied the
lot in Garfield’s bed. Sort of spread them around neatly and then
tidied everything up again so you wouldn’t ever think it had been
touched. But afterwards we thought that maybe he would just pick
the crackers out and eat them. So we went over and visited him that
evening about nine and sat on his bed. The way—”
“I thought every time we moved he’d hear the silly things go
crunch!” laughed Homer. “But he didn’t. We made an awful lot of
noise—”
“He wanted us to sit in chairs,” chuckled Arnold, “but we told him
we preferred the bed. Said we were dead tired and wanted to lean
back. After a bit we got to rough-housing, just to finish the job
nicely, and we had it all over the bed, the crackers crunching finely.
We had to shout and howl so he wouldn’t hear them. He said we
were a couple of silly idiots and if we didn’t cut it out ‘Muscles’ would
hear the row and be up. So we let up after we’d rolled all over the
bed and said good-night to him and hoped he’d have a nice, restful
sleep, and went home.”
“Did he?” laughed Fanning.
“Like anything! After his light went out Homer and I opened the
door and listened. We didn’t have to listen long, though. We heard
him mutter something and then there was a roar and he landed out
in the middle of the room, I guess. We saw the light go on again and
—well, we thought we’d better go to bed about then. Which we did,
locking the door very, very carefully first. He almost broke it in
before Mr. Bendix came bounding upstairs to see what the trouble
was!”
“Yes,” added Homer, “and the low-life told ‘Muscles’ about it and
showed him the bed! Garfield was one of those chaps who just love
a joke—as long as it isn’t on him!”
“What did ‘Muscles’ do?” asked Halliday delightedly.
“Not a thing. Told Garfield to shake his sheets out and go to bed.
But he wouldn’t speak to either of us for days and days; Garfield, I
mean. Seemed real peeved at us!”
“I’ll bet worse things than that have happened to him at Andover,
or wherever he is,” chuckled Fanning. “It doesn’t take long to find
out a fellow who can’t stand a joke, and then every one has a whack
at him. Garfield was a pill, anyway. I played left half that year on the
scrub, and Garfield was always funking. Just let some one kick him
in the shins and he was ready to quit. Talking about shins, fellows, I
wish you’d see the peach that I’m wearing just now. Every time any
fellow swings his stick it gets my left shin. I’ve got a regular map on
it, with every state a different color. I’m thinking of getting a pair of
leg-guards like Tucker wears. Those shin pads they give us aren’t
any good. Casement doesn’t even know they’re there when he gets
to slashing. I never saw a chap who could bang around with his stick
the way he can, and get away with it. Some day though, he will
make me lose my temper, and when he does he’s going to get
something to remember.”
“Tut, tut,” said Halliday, soothingly. “What’s a crack on the shin
between friends? Save your revenge, Fan, and work it off on
Broadwood.”
“Yes, you’ll have Tony Spaulding to fight then,” said Arnold.
“Is he such a wonder?” asked Fanning.
“You saw him last year, didn’t you?”
“Yes, but I didn’t think he was anything remarkable. He—”
“He scored six of their ten goals,” said Arnold. “That’s doing fairly
well, isn’t it?”
“Yes, I dare say, but Henry let a lot of shots get by him that never
ought to have been caged. Say, when’s Hen coming back? Lamson’s
an awful frost as a goal-tend.”
“About two weeks from now, he thinks,” replied Halliday. “He
flunked in German and got about a dozen conditions in other things.”
“Only a dozen?” asked Homer. “Well, if it takes him as long to
make up as it’s going to take me he will be back about June.”
“I wish he was back now,” said Fanning, gloomily. “Warren Hall
won’t do a thing to us to-morrow. Those chaps were born with
hockey sticks in their mouths, I guess.”
“Frank hasn’t made a bad showing,” said Arnold. “I don’t say he’s
as good as Henry, but I think he’s a pretty fair goal-tend.”
“Lamson couldn’t stop a medicine-ball if you rolled it at him,”
jeered Fanning. “Maybe he might if he’d stick around the net, but he
thinks he has to skate out and play point most of the time. Loring
told him yesterday that if he didn’t stay where he could touch the
net all the time he’d have him tied to it.”
 “You’re prejudiced, I guess,” said Arnold warmly. “Other fellows
think Frank’s doing mighty well. I’ve heard lots of them say so, too.
He hasn’t had the experience that Henry’s had, of course, but he
certainly made some nice stops to-day.”
“All right, I don’t know anything about it,” agreed Fanning. “But I
do know that Warren Hall will shoot him so full of holes to-morrow
that he will look like a blooming sieve. Why, hang it, Arn, Toby
Tucker here can play goal better than Lamson right now! And Tucker
never played hockey until this winter!”
“Neither did Frank—much,” defended Arnold. “He played about a
month on the second last year—”
“He may get the hang of it,” interposed Ted Halliday, entering the
discussion, “but I think you’re dead wrong, Arn, when you say he
can play goal. To my mind he was never meant for a goal-tend. He’d
make a much better cover point, because he’s a good stick-handler
and skates well and is heavy enough to keep his feet when he’s
checked. But he’s dead slow at the net. If Henry doesn’t get back I’ll
wager you anything you like that Tucker plays goal against
Broadwood.”
“Right!” agreed Fanning. Arnold shrugged his shoulders. Toby sat
up suddenly and almost choked on the cracker he was eating.
“Me!” he ejaculated.
“Surest thing you know,” asserted Fanning. “If Henry doesn’t work
off his conditions—”
“There’s only you and Lamson,” interrupted Halliday. “Unless they
swipe some fellow from the second, and I don’t know who he’d be.
You’re a heap better than Warren, aren’t you?”
“I—I suppose I’m a little better,” allowed Toby.
“Yes, and Warren’s a lot better than that new fellow, Guild. All
you’ll have to do is to beat out Lamson, and if you can’t do that I
hope you choke.” This was from Fanning. Arnold laughed.
 “I’d be glad to see Toby get it,” he said, “but I don’t believe
Lamson is as bad as you fellows think he is. Anyway, Crowell is
satisfied with him.”
“Crowell doesn’t let you know whether he’s satisfied or
dissatisfied,” said Halliday. “Still, I don’t care who plays goal for us as
long as he stops Broadwood from scoring. That’s the main thing, I
guess. I’ve got to trot. Coming along, Fan? No more juice of the sun-
kissed orange, thanks, Homer. I’m full of it now. I’ll bet I’ve got
enough different kinds of chemicals inside me to stock a laboratory!”
“You have not!” denied Homer indignantly. “That’s pure fruit-juice
untouched by the human hand and passed by the board of censors.”
Halliday and Fanning took their departure, laughing, and Toby, so
far a very silent member of the party, broached the object of his
visit.
“I wish you’d go over to Greenburg with me in the morning, Arn,
and help me buy some leg-guards and a pair of gloves. Will you?”
“Of course, if I can. What time?”
“Eleven? You don’t have anything then, do you?”
“Not on Saturday. All right. We won’t take Homer, though. He
indulges in too much levity on such solemn occasions.”
“Thanks, but Homer wouldn’t go if he was asked. Homer has
given his promise to expunge three conditions between now and the
fifteenth day of February, and what Homer promises, that he
performs.” His expression of implacable virtue was, however,
somewhat marred by a cavernous yawn. “Still, if you really need my
advice, Toby—”
“No, thanks, I’m not buying neckties to-morrow.”
With which bon-mot Toby closed the door behind him before
Homer could think of a suitable rejoinder.
 CHAPTER XII
THE MARKED COIN

F rank Lamson was coming along the corridor as Toby reached the
top of the last flight. The fact that Stillwell’s door was open
indicated that Frank had been paying a visit to the substitute cover
point. Toby was for passing with a nod and a word, but Frank, who
seemed to be in unusually good humor, stopped.
“Hello, Sober Sides,” he greeted. “What’s the good word?”
“Hello, Frank,” answered Toby without much enthusiasm. “How
are you?”
“Oh, fine! How do you like playing on a real team, Toby?”
“Pretty well. I’ll probably like it better when I get more—more
used to it. I dare say you found it hard at first, didn’t you?”
“Rather! You wait till you have Crowell and Arn and those chaps
shooting at you. Then you’ll know what playing goal really is. Say, I
heard that Dave Henry isn’t coming back. Know anything about it?”
Toby shook his head. “No. They were talking about it to-night in
Arn’s room, but I got the idea that he expected to get off probation
in two or three weeks.”
“Two or three weeks?” Frank repeated calculatingly. “That would
make it just before the Broadwood game. Well, I don’t wish him any
bad luck, but I’d like it just as well if he didn’t.” Frank grinned and
winked expressively. “I’d sort of like to play goal myself against
Broadwood, you see.”
“You think that if Henry didn’t get back you’d play?” asked Toby
innocently.
 “Sure thing! Why not? Who else is there?” asked Frank in surprise.
“Unless you think you’re going to do it.” Frank was plainly amused.
“Well, if anything happened to you,” said Toby gravely, “I might
have a chance.”
“Nothing’s going to happen to me, Tobias. So don’t set your hope
on that,” chuckled Frank. “What could happen, eh?”
“Well, you might fall downstairs and break something, or you
might have measles or scarlet fever—”
“Don’t be an idiot,” growled the other. “I dare say you’d like
something to happen, though. I guess it wouldn’t do you much
good, however. You’re too green yet, son.”
“I suppose so,” agreed Toby reluctantly. “I dare say it will take me
a long time to learn to play goal the way you do, Frank.”
Frank nodded, placated and cheerful again. “Oh, I’m not such a
much,” he replied. “I can’t play the game Henry can yet, but I
haven’t had the practice he’s had. But if he stays out another two
weeks or so it might just happen that we wouldn’t want him so
much. That chap Loring’s a great coach. He’s showing me a lot of
things. I’ll bet you that in another week they won’t be getting ’em by
me so’s you’ll notice it, Toby.”
“Yes, a lot can happen in a week.” Toby agreed thoughtfully.
“Right-o! Well, good-night. How’s business? Still pressing? Oh, by
the way, old scout, I still owe you a small bit, don’t I?”
“One dollar, five,” answered Toby promptly.
“All right. I’ll pay that to-morrow, Toby. I really meant to settle it
long ago, but you know how it is. I blew in so much money at
Christmas that I came back stoney-broke. There’s a chap owes me a
couple of dollars, and I’ll collect it to-morrow and pay you, Toby.
Good-night.”
Frank went off, whistling cheerfully, and Toby entered his room
and spread his books out. “I wish he would pay me,” he muttered.
“But I don’t suppose he will. And I wish—I wish I knew where he got
that scarf-pin!”
Toby hurried out of Mr. Gladdis’s English class the next forenoon at
a minute after eleven and scurried across to Whitson and up two
flights of stairs. In his room he dumped his books on the table,
slipped on a sweater under his jacket, put on his cap and then
paused before the door and thoughtfully patted his pockets. Wasn’t
there something else? Of course! He must take some money with
him! So he went to the bureau and, pulling open the second drawer,
rummaged around for the little pasteboard box that held his Hockey
Fund.
“That’s funny,” he murmured, turning over the scanty contents of
the drawer. Finally he pulled everything out. The little box was
certainly not there! He shook each garment and put it back hurriedly
and agitatedly, and still no box came to light. He looked searchingly
about the room, on the table, on the bureau, even on the floor. Then
he went through the other drawers, tossing their contents about
anxiously. Finally, at a loss, he stopped and, plunging his hands into
his pockets, frowned at the floor.
“THAT’S FUNNY,” HE MURMURED
 “I had it out last night,” he recalled. “I made change for Tommy
Lingard. But I didn’t take it away from the bureau and I remember
putting it right back again. At least, I’m almost sure. I suppose I
might have dropped it in my pocket. But I had these clothes on—”
He ransacked his pockets, but without success. Then: “It must be
here,” he muttered, and once more he searched the second drawer
in the bureau, again taking everything out and shaking it thoroughly.
But there was no box and no six dollars and a quarter! It was
certainly puzzling! To make certain that he had not put the contents
of the box in his pocket, he turned his pockets inside-out. Sixteen
cents, mostly in coppers, that crumpled dollar bill that Lingard had
given him, a knife, a bone button that belonged on his overcoat and
a skate key emerged from his trousers. His waistcoat yielded his
memorandum-book and a leather case containing a fountain pen
and two pencils. From his coat he extracted a handkerchief, a small
roll of lead wire, the inch-long remains of a third pencil, a letter from
his mother which had reached him that morning and the end of a
roll of adhesive tape. That was all. He restored the articles to his
pockets, all save the letter and the button, and sank dejectedly into
the dilapidated arm-chair.
At that moment footsteps came along the hall and Arnold called:
“Are you there, Toby?”
“Yes,” was the dismal response. “Come on in.”
“It’s nearly twenty minutes past eleven—” began Arn, appearing in
the doorway. Then he caught sight of Toby’s dejected countenance
and stopped. “Hello, what’s the matter, Toby?”
“I can’t find my money.”
“Can’t find it? Where was it?”
“In the bureau drawer. It was in a little box and I hid it under
some things there. And now it’s gone!”
“Oh, feathers! Look again. How much was it?”
“I have looked again. There was six dollars and a quarter in it.”
 Arn whistled expressively and viewed the still open drawer. “Let
me have a look,” he said. But he was no more successful than Toby
had been. “You probably put it somewhere else,” he suggested
brightly. “Have you looked in the other drawers?”
“I’ve looked everywhere,” answered Toby sadly. “It—it just isn’t
anywhere!”
“You don’t suppose—you don’t suppose any one’s taken it, do
you?” asked Arnold, frowning.
“No one knew it was there. Besides, no one ever comes in here
except Nellie.”
“Well, Nellie wouldn’t take it. She’s been goody here for years. So,
if no one took it, it must be around somewhere. Come on and let’s
make a thorough search, Toby.”
Ten minutes later they acknowledged defeat.
“I’m awfully sorry, Toby,” said Arnold. “But maybe it will turn up
yet. Things do, you know, when you’re not looking for them. I
guess, anyway, it’s too late to go to Greenburg now, for I promised
Frank I’d play pool with him in the club at twelve. I’d lend you the
money, but I’m just about broke. I say, though, they’ll charge stuff
to you, Toby. They aren’t supposed to, but they do it right along.
Lots of fellows have accounts in Greenburg. If faculty doesn’t get on
to it you’re all right—as long as you don’t let things run too long.
Maybe we can get over Monday after dinner.”
“What’s the good of having them charged if I can’t pay for them?”
asked Toby morosely. “Anyway, I wouldn’t dare to. When you win a
scholarship you have to be mighty careful, don’t you?”
“I don’t know,” laughed Arnold. “I never won one yet. Well, cheer
up, old man. You’ll run across that money when you aren’t expecting
to. Come along up to Cambridge and play pool.”
“I don’t know how, thanks. You go ahead.”
“Well, come and watch me beat Frank then.”
 But Toby refused and presently Arnold hurried away to keep his
appointment, leaving Toby staring disappointedly after him. “He’d
rather play pool with Frank than help me find my money,” he told
himself. Considering that Arnold had put in a good ten minutes of
searching, that was rather unjust, but Toby was in no mood to judge
persons or things fairly just now. “If it had been he who lost it,” Toby
muttered resentfully, “I’d have stayed around and helped him find it.
I wish I’d asked him to tell Frank to bring around that dollar and five
cents!”
Presently he set to work restoring the room to its wonted tidiness,
always hoping that the Hockey Fund would turn up. But it didn’t, and
when things were once more in place he banged the door behind
him and went downstairs and loafed disconsolately around the
Prospect until dinner time. It was much too cold for comfort, but
Toby found satisfaction in being miserable and cold.
He didn’t see Arnold at dinner, for he went into commons early,
and Arnold, staying late at the pool table in the Cambridge Club—
one of the two rival social and debating clubs of which the other was
known as Oxford—didn’t arrive until he had gone out. Toby cleaned
young Lingard’s clothes after dinner, filling Number 22 with the odor
of benzine, and then hung the garments on their hangers by an
open window. By that time it was nearly three and Toby went over
to the gymnasium and joining the throng in the locker-room,
changed into hockey togs. When he reached the rink Warren Hall
was already hard at work, a dozen sturdy-looking youths with black-
and-yellow stockings, sweaters and toques. Warren yielded the ice
to Yardley, Toby and Frank skated to the goals and ten minutes of
practice followed. To-day Toby’s heart was not in his work and about
every other shot went past him into the cage. It seemed to him that
he spent most of his time hooking the puck out with the blade of his
stick. But he didn’t care. What Frank had said last night was
probably quite true, anyway. No matter how hard he tried they’d
never let him be more than a substitute this year. Even if Frank
failed to make good Crowell would probably take Warren from the
second to fill his place. The world was very unjust, and—
 “Wake up, Tucker! Get onto your job!” cried Flagg at this point in
his reflections. “I can’t play point and goal too, you know!”
So Toby tapped his stick on the ice, crouched and gave a very
good imitation of a goal-tend with his mind on the game. The
machinations of the forwards were foiled, Toby stopping the waist-
high shot with his body and whisking the puck out of the way before
Gladwin could reach it. But the next charge was more successful,
although the shot was an easy one, and possibly it was well for
Toby’s reputation as a coming goal-tend that the referee, a
Greenburg High School teacher, blew his whistle about that time.
Toby and the other substitutes skated to the boards, climbed over,
donned their coats and ranged themselves on the benches. The two
teams assembled about the referee and listened to his warnings and
the rival captains watched the fall of the coin. Warren Hall, winning
the toss, took the south goal. The players skated to position. For
Yardley, Frank Lamson was at goal, Framer at point, Halliday at
cover point, Crumbie at right center, Captain Crowell at left center,
Arnold Deering at right end and Rose at left end. Jim Rose’s return
to the first line-up was accepted on the bench as evidence that he
had proved his right to hold the position for the rest of the season.
Crowell and a tall black-and-yellow stockinged youth faced off, the
whistles blew and the game began.
Warren Hall started a march toward the Yardley goal at the outset,
but the right center was so slow on his skates that the rest of the
forward line were all offside before the middle of the rink was
reached. The puck was stopped, but Warren again secured it and
her big cover point once more started down the center toward the
opponent’s cage. Captain Crowell intercepted him, however, and
took the puck away, and then, keeping a straight course with his
team-mates abreast, he skated down to the black-and-yellow goal
and shot through the outer defense for the first tally. Crowell had
made no attempt to fool the defenders and his success was due to
the fact that the Warren Hall goal-tend had the puck hidden from
him by his skates. Some three minutes later Yardley caged the disk
again after a very pretty exhibition of team work by Captain Crowell
and Jim Rose. Crowell carried the puck down the ice and passed it to
Rose near the Warren Hall goal. Rose slid it back to Crowell and the
latter snapped it in. Yardley’s cheers, however, were quickly stilled,
for a forward pass had been detected and the tally was not allowed.
Subsequent to this disappointment Yardley tried hard to score, but
were unable to do so because of the stubborn defense of the black-
and-yellow goal-tend, who during the ensuing ten minutes made
some really remarkable stops. On one occasion Arnold Deering broke
through and had nothing between him and the net but the goal-
tend. The latter came out and made a neat stop, the puck bounding
away from his leg-guard. Had there been another Yardley player on
hand to take a shot at that moment the home team would have had
another goal to her credit. The Warren cover point started another
of his bull-dog rushes, and, after spilling Ted Halliday head-over-
heels, himself came to grief when he bumped Framer and went
sprawling along the ice to bring up with a crash against the boards.
The game slowed up after that and the referee had to warn both
teams against loafing. The first period ended with the score 1 to 0 in
Yardley’s favor. Thus far the Blue had shown far better offensive and
defensive playing, save, perhaps, in the matter of goal-tend. Frank
Lamson had had but six chances and none of them had been
difficult, thanks to Halliday and Framer. Yardley had lost several
opportunities to score by slowing up near goal. Crumbie and Rose
both showed a tendency to hesitate when a quick shot would have
scored, and all save Captain Crowell showed the need of practice in
shooting.
When the second period began Warren again scored the puck at
the face-off and took the offensive. She at once invaded Yardley
territory, but the man with the puck was “knifed” by Halliday and
Framer. The puck went up and down the rink, with neither team
showing much in the way of team-play. A scrimmage in front of the
Warren Hall cage gave Arnold his chance to shoot the disk past the
goal-tend, but again a forward pass was called and again Yardley
had to swallow her disappointment. Shortly after that Crumbie was
sent off for one minute for loafing, and Warren Hall tried desperately
to penetrate the Yardley outer guard, but lost the puck after every
rush. Crumbie came back with instructions from Coach Loring to
keep the puck away from the Yardley goal. With five minutes of the
final period left, the play became fast and furious, Yardley confining
herself to the defensive. A black-and-yellow forward was sent off for
tripping. Halliday stopped a long shot in front of his position and
evaded the Warren Hall players to the net. But his shot went three
feet wide. Warren got together with the return of the penalized
player and showed a brief flash of team-work, taking the puck down
to her opponent’s goal and finally slamming a shot at Lamson. Frank
caught the puck with his hand, dropped it and flicked it aside. It
bounded off a skate and the Warren right center was on it like a
flash. A quick lift and the puck shot into the cage, passing between
Frank Lamson’s body and the side of the net. Had Frank shifted
himself four inches he would have made the stop, but it all
happened so suddenly that he was caught unawares. The period
ended with the score tied.
After a five-minute rest the teams went back to it again for a
“sudden death” period, the first team scoring to win. Gladwin went
in for Crumbie and Casement for Deering, and Warren Hall tried a
new cover point. All kinds of chances were taken by both sevens,
but to no avail. Crowell had two opportunities to bring the game to
an end, but he failed to produce a tally. Once he reached the net
unchecked but lost his balance and was unable to shoot. A second
time his try was neatly stopped by the goal-tend. Had he followed
his shot then he might still have secured a tally, but he swung to the
right and the rebounding puck was slashed aside by the point.
Darkness made it almost impossible to see the puck now, and when,
at the end of nine minutes, a flurry of snow began to fall the referee
blew his whistle and brought the game to a disappointing and
indecisive end.
Toby took his way back to the gymnasium through the snowy
twilight with the rest. Personally he was less concerned with the
disappointing outcome of the game than with the loss of his money.
Of course he had wanted Yardley to win, but there are more
important things in life than a hockey victory, and one of them is
losing six dollars and twenty-five cents when that amount has been
earned by hard labor and represents something very much like a
small fortune. Every one else was talking at the top of his voice in
the locker room and proving, at least to his own satisfaction, that, in
spite of the final scores, the contest rightfully belonged to Yardley.
“I wish Ted Halliday would fix up a return game with them,” said
Framer earnestly. “That’s what I wish.”
“That referee chap was crazy in the head like an onion,”
proclaimed Simpson, who had been detached from the second team
to take Dunphy’s place. “Every time we shot a goal he called offside
on us.”
“Oh, I guess he was all right,” said Jim Rose. “I know for a fact
that Cap was offside that first time when I passed to him. There’s no
use growling at the referee, Simp.”
Toby waited around a few minutes for Arnold, but when he
discovered him talking with Frank Lamson, still only partly dressed,
he made his way out and walked over to Whitson alone. Back in
Number 22, he searched for the missing box for the fifth or sixth
time. A half-hearted attempt to polish up his morrow’s algebra was
interrupted by the six o’clock bell and he went down to commons.
The occupants of Table 14 had recovered their spirits, if they had
lost them, and were very merry that evening. Or most of them were.
Toby was not. Toby satisfied a healthy hunger in almost
uninterrupted silence and viewed life gloomily. Supper was half over
when Arnold came in. Gladwin at once started a discussion of the
game and he and Arnold, who seldom agreed on any subject under
the sun, were soon at it across the board. Gladwin was a bit cocky
by reason of having been sent in in the overtime period and was
more than ever inclined to think his own opinions about right.
“We had the game sewed up until Lamson made that rotten fluke,”
he declared. “Gee, a child could have stopped that shot! The puck
wasn’t even going fast!”
 “I don’t believe any fellow would have stopped it,” answered
Arnold stoutly. “I was right there and I saw it. Frank whisked it to
the right and it hit off some one’s skate and a Warren chap had a
clean path to the net. It was all done in a second and Frank didn’t
have time to get into position again.”
“Piffle! He was standing right by the left post when the shot was
made,” returned Gladwin. “If he had kept his eye on the puck he’d
have seen it and stopped it with his body. The trouble was he lost
sight of it. I tell you, if you’re going to play goal—”
“Oh, you make me tired,” said Arnold shortly. “If a goal-tend could
stop every shot no one would ever win a game!”
“I don’t expect him to stop every shot, but when it comes to an
easy one like that—”
“It wasn’t an easy one, I tell you. It may have looked easy to you
sitting on the bench—”
“It sure did! And it looked easy to every one else except you and
Lamson, I guess. You saw it, Tucker. Did it look to you to be a hard
shot to stop?”
Toby hesitated an instant. As a matter of fact, he considered Frank
Lamson’s failure to make the stop quite excusable, but he wasn’t
feeling very kindly toward Frank, nor toward Arnold either. “It looked
pretty soft to me,” he answered.
“Sure!” said Gladwin, triumphantly. “That’s just what it was, soft!”
“Maybe you’ll have a chance to stop some of those ‘soft’ ones,”
said Arnold crossly to Toby. “Then we’ll see how well you can do it.”
“I’ll bet he’d have stopped that one,” said Gladwin. “What do you
say, Warren?”
The second team goal shrugged. “I wasn’t in position to see the
shot,” he said. “But I know it’s a mighty easy thing to criticize a goal-
tend, Glad. Some of you fellows who think it’s so easy had better get
out there sometime and try a few!”
 “That’s right,” agreed Arnold. “You have a go at it sometime, Glad.
I’ll bet you wouldn’t be so critical of others then.”
“That’s no argument. I’m not a goal. Lamson is, or pretends to be,
and—”
“Chuck it, Glad,” advised Jack Curran. “Lamson did the best he
could, I guess. What’s the good of throwing the harpoon into him?
You wouldn’t like it yourself, would you?”
“Oh, well, what does Arn want to pretend that Lamson’s the finest
goal-tend in the world for?” grumbled Gladwin. “I haven’t got
anything against Lamson, only—”
“Well, quit knocking him then,” retorted Arnold. “I don’t say he’s a
wonder. I say he’s doing the best he knows how, and when a fellow
does that—”
“Angels can’t do more,” said Homer Wilkins, soothingly. “Let’s talk
about something else for a minute. I’m a bit fed up on Lamson.”
Toby pushed back his chair and Arnold looked up. “Wait for me,
Toby, will you?” he asked.
“I’ve got some work to do,” answered Toby stiffly.
Arnold shrugged. “Oh, all right. I just wanted to give you this.
Catch!” A crumpled envelope fell to the table with a tinkle in front of
Will Curran, and the latter passed it on to Toby.
“What is it?” asked Toby.
“Money or something. Frank asked me to give it to you this noon
and I forgot all about it.”
“Oh! Thanks.” Toby dropped the envelope in his pocket and turned
away. Homer Wilkins smiled at his plate and Kendall and young
Curran exchanged winks. Toby’s jealousy of Frank Lamson was no
longer a secret. Arnold caught the wink, flushed, scowled and
blamed Toby for the moment’s embarrassment he felt. On the way
upstairs Toby regretted, just as he usually did, his churlishness, and
hoped that Arnold would overlook it and come up to Number 22
later. He wished that he hadn’t taken sides with Gladwin, too. As
little as he liked Frank Lamson, he thought that Frank had played a
very good, steady game that afternoon and deserved credit. He felt
that he owed Frank an apology, which did not tend to make him any
more satisfied with himself. Up in his room, he pulled the envelope
from his pocket and emptied the contents into his palm. A half, two
quarters and a five-cent piece lay there. Frank had paid in full, and
Toby started to find his memorandum book and scratch off the debt.
But his hand paused on its way to his vest pocket and he stepped
swiftly to the light and peered curiously at the coins in his palm. An
expression of amazement came to his face. Dropping all but one
twenty-five cent piece on the table, he took that between his fingers
and examined it, for an instant incredulously, finally with satisfaction.
The only apparent point of difference between that quarter and
the other one was that just over the date the letters “E. D.” had
been punched into the silver. The D was indistinct, but the first letter
had cut deep into the coin, as though some one had struck the
cutting die an uneven blow. The letters were about half again as
large as the numerals in the date, large enough to attract the
attention of any one glancing at that side of the coin. There was
nothing startling in the presence of the initials. Toby had frequently
been possessed of coins having letters stamped or scratched on
them. Nor was he at all concerned as to the identity of “E. D.” What
accounted for his interest was the fact that over a month before, in
New York City, he had received that identical quarter in change at a
dry goods store and that as late as twenty-four hours since it had
reposed in a little paste-board box in his second bureau drawer.