Review of Heavy-Ion Inertial Fusion Physics

S. Kawata 1, 2, * , T. Karino 1 , and A. I. Ogoyski 3

1
Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Yohtoh 7-1-2, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
2
CORE (Center for Optical Research and Education), Utsunomiya University, Yohtoh 7-1-2, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
3
Department of Physics, Technical University of Varna, Ulitska, Studentska 1, Varna, Bulgaria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
In this review paper on heavy ion inertial fusion (HIF), the state-of-the-art scientific results are presented and discussed on the HIF
physics, including physics of the heavy ion beam (HIB) transport in a fusion reactor, the HIBs-ion illumination on a direct-drive fuel
target, the fuel target physics, the uniformity of the HIF target implosion, the smoothing mechanisms of the target implosion non-
uniformity and the robust target implosion. The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion:
in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of ~ 30-40%, and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of
materials. Therefore, a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low, that would be ~50-70 to operate a HIF fusion
reactor with the standard energy output of 1GW of electricity. The HIF reactor operation frequency would be ~10~15 Hz or so. Several-
MJ HIBs illuminate a fusion fuel target, and the fuel target is imploded to about a thousand times of the solid density. Then the DT
fuel is ignited and burned. The HIB ion deposition range is defined by the HIB ions stopping length, which would be ~1 mm or so
depending on the material. Therefore, a relatively large density-scale length appears in the fuel target material. One of the critical issues
in inertial fusion would be a spherically uniform target compression, which would be degraded by a non-uniform implosion. The
implosion non-uniformity would be introduced by the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability, and the large density-gradient-scale length
helps to reduce the R-T growth rate. On the other hand, the large scale length of the HIB ions stopping range suggests that the
temperature at the energy deposition layer in a HIF target does not reach a very-high temperature: normally the about 300eV or so is
realized in the energy absorption region, and that a direct-drive target would be appropriate in HIF. In addition, the HIB accelerators
are operated repetitively and stably. The precise control of the HIB axis manipulation is also realized in the HIF accelerator, and the
HIB wobbling motion may give another tool to smooth the HIB illumination non-uniformity. The key issues in HIF physics are also
discussed and presented in the paper.
PACS Codes: 52.58.Hm; 52.50.Gj; 52.57.Fg; 52.40.Mj; 52.30.-q; 52.40.-w

constitute an ICF reactor system. HIB driver accelerators have

a high driver energy efficiency of 30-40 % from the electricity
1 INTRODUCTION
to the HIB energy. In general, high-energy accelerators have
The heavy ion beam (HIB) fusion (HIF) has been proposed been operated repetitively daily. The high driver efficiency
many years ago in 1970’s. For example, a proton-beam inertial relaxes the requirement for the fuel target gain. In HIF the
fusion target was proposed in Ref. [1]. The HIF reactor designs target gain of 50~70 allows us to construct HIF fusion reactor
were also proposed in Refs. [2-4]. systems, and 1MkW of the electricity output would be realized
with the repetition rate of 10~15 Hz.
HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials, and the
interaction of the HIB ions with the materials are well The HIB accelerator has a high controllability to define
understood [5, 6]. The HIB ion interaction with a material is the ion energy, the HIB pulse shape, the HIB pulse length and
explained and defined well by the classical Coulomb collision the HIB number density or current as well as the beam axis.
and a plasma wave excitation in the material plasma. The HIB The HIB axis could be also controlled or oscillated with a high
ions do not reflect from the target material, and deposit all the frequency [8-10]. The controlled wobbling motion of the HIB
HIB ion energy inside of the material. The HIB energy axis is one of remarkable preferable points in HIF, and would
deposition length is typically the order of ~mm in an HIF fuel contribute to smooth the HIBs illumination non-uniformity on
target depending on the HIB ion energy and the material. a DT fuel target and to mitigate the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T)
When several MJ of the HIB energy is deposited in the instability growth in the HIF fuel target implosion [11-13].
material in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) fuel target, the The relatively large density gradient scale length is
temperature of the energy deposition layer plasma becomes created in the HIBs energy deposition region in an DT fuel
about 300 eV or so. The peak temperature or the peak plasma target, and it also contribute to reduce the R-T instability
pressure appears near the HIB ion stopping area by the Bragg growth rate especially for shorter wavelength modes [14, 15].
peak effect, which comes from the nature of the Coulomb So in the HIF target implosion longer wavelength modes
collision. The total stopping range would be normally wide should be focused for the target implosion uniformity.
and the order of ~mm inside of the material. An indirect drive
target was also proposed in Ref. [7]. However, due to the In ICF target implosion, the requirement for the
relatively moderate temperature inside of the material and the implosion uniformity is very stringent, and the implosion non-
plasma temperature and pressure profiles, a spherical direct uniformity must be less than a few % [16, 17]. Therefore, it is
drive target would be appropriate in HIF. essentially important to improve the fuel target implosion
uniformity. In general the target implosion non-uniformity is
In ICF, a driver efficiency and its repetitive operation introduced by a driver beams’ illumination non-uniformity, an
with several Hz ~ 20 Hz or so are essentially important to

1
imperfect target sphericity, a non-uniform target density, a
target alignment error in a fusion reactor, et al. The target
implosion should be robust against the implosion non-
uniformities for the stable reactor operation.
In the HIBs energy deposition region in a DT fuel target
a wide density valley appears, and in the density valley a part
of the HIBs deposited energy is converted to the radiation and
the radiation is confined in the density valley. The converted
and confined radiation energy is not negligible, and it would
be the order of ~100 kJ in a HIF reactor-size DT target. The
confined radiation in the density valley contributes also to
reduce the non-uniformity of the HIBs energy deposition.
Fig. 1 An example fuel target structure in heavy ion
The HIB must be transported in a fusion reactor, which inertial fusion.
would be filled by a debris gas plasma. The reactor radius
would be 3~5 m or so. From the beam exit of the accelerator
An example direct-drive fuel target is presented in Fig. 1. The
the HIB should be transported stably. The HIB ion is rather
target should be compressed to about one thousand of the solid
heavy. For example, Pb+ ion beams could be a promising
density to reduce the driver energy and to enhance the fusion
candidate for the HIF driver beam. Fortunately the heavy ions
reactions [22]. The target should be robust against the small
are transported almost ballistically with straight trajectories in
non-uniformities caused by the driver beams’ illumination
a long distance. Between the HIB ions and the background
non-uniformity, a fuel target alignment error in a fusion
electrons, beam-plasma interactions occur: the two-stream and
reactor, the target fabrication defect, et al. The ICF reactor
filamentation instabilities may appear, and simple analyses
operation would be 10~15 or so. So the stable target
confirm that the HIBs are almost safe from the instabilities’
performance should be realized.
influences. However, the HIB’s self charge may contribute to
a slight radial expansion of the HIBs especially near the fuel The HIB stopping range is rather long, and the HIB
target area due to the neutralized electrons’ heating by the HIB beam energy is deposited mainly at the end area of the beam
radial compression during the HIB’s propagation in a reactor ion stopping range due to the Bragg peak effect, which is
[18]. So the HIB charge neutralization is also discussed in the originated from the nature of the Coulomb collision. The
paper. interaction of the HIB ions could be utilized to enhance the
HIB preferable characteristics. The HIB ion interaction is
The HIB uniform illumination is also studied, and the
relatively simple, and is almost the classical Coulomb
target implosion uniformity requirement requests the
collision, except the plasma range-shortening effect [6, 23].
minimum HIB number: details HIBs energy deposition on a
Therefore, the HIB energy deposition profile is well defined
direct-drive DT fuel target shows that the minimum HIBs
in the HIF target. A typical HIB ion species would be Pb+ or
number would be the 32 beams [19]. The 3-dimensional detail
Cs+ or so. For Pb+ ions the appropriate Pb ion energy would be
HIBs illumination on a HIF DT target is computed by a
about 8GeV or so.
computer code of OK [20]. The HIBs illumination non-
uniformity is also studied in detail. One of the study results However, the HIBs illumination scheme should be
shows that a target misalignment of ~100µm is tolerable in studied intensively to realize a uniform energy deposition in a
fusion reactor to release the HIF energy stably. HIF target. The ICF target implosion uniformity must be less
than a few % [16, 17]. The uniformity requirement must be
In the paper first the issues in HIF are summarized, and fulfilled to release the fusion energy. The multiple HIBs
the key requirements are then discussed. The HIB transport is should illuminate the HIF target with a highly uniform scheme
examined with discussions on the HIB neutralization and the
relating instabilities. The HIB illumination uniformity and the
HIF target physics are then discussed in detail. Presented are
the HIB energy deposition, the HIB illumination non-
uniformity, the target implosion dynamics, the implosion
uniformity, the HIB ion interaction with the target and the
robust target implosion. The chamber gas dynamics is also
touched briefly. In addition, the HIB projects are also
introduced. The summaries are presented finally.

2 ISSUES IN HEAVY ION INERTIAL FUSION

In this section key issues in HIF are summarized first. The fuel
Fig. 2 An input heavy ion beam pulse. The HIB pulse
target design should be conducted further toward a robust fuel consists of the low power part (foot pulse) and the high
implosion, ignition and burning. The HIF target design is quite power one (main pulse).
different from the laser fusion target due to the relatively long
range (the order of ~1mm) of the energy deposition [1, 17, 21].
2
during the imploding DT shell acceleration phase. HIBs transport in the reactor. The reactor radius may be 3-5m
or so. The debris gas dynamics should be also studied.
In addition, the HIB pulse shape should be also designed
The HIB transport in the reactor is another key issue. The
to obtain a high implosion efficiency ηimp. An example Pb
HIB ion mass is large so that the ion trajectory is almost
HIBs pulse shape is presented in Fig. 2. The pulse shape
straight between the HIB accelerator exit to the reactor center.
consists of a low-intensity foot pulse, a ramping part to the
However, each HIB carries a large current of ~1kA or so. The
peak intensity and the high-intensity main pulse. The foot
remaining large current and its self-charge would provide a
pulse generates a weak shock wave in the target material and
slight HIB radial expansion [18]. The final neutralized HIB
the DT fuel, and the first shock wave kicks the low-
transport should be also studied.
temperature DT liquid fuel inward. When no foot pulse is used,
the main pulse with the high intensity generates a strong first The reactor design is also another key issue in ICF [2-
shock wave inside of the DT fuel and increases the DT adiabat. 4]. The first wall could be a wet wall with a molten salt or so
The DT fuel preheat would be induced and the efficient fuel or a dry wall. The reactor design must accommodate a large
compression would be realized. The foot pulse length and the number of HIBs beam port, for example, 32 beam ports. At the
ramping time are designed to reduce the entropy increase. The first wall and the outer reactor vessel the beam port holes
first weak shock wave is not caught by the second and third should have mechanical shutters or so to prevent the fusion
stronger shocks inside of the DT fuel layer. At the inner edge debris exhaust gas toward the accelerator upstream. In
of the DT fuel layer the shocks should be overlapped so that addition, the target debris remains inside of the first wall or
the efficient fuel acceleration and compression are mixes with the liquid molten salt, which may be circulated.
accomplished during the implosion. A stronger shock wave The target debris treatment should be also studied as a part of
increases the entropy more from the fluid ordered motion than the reactor design. The tritium (T) also remains inside of each
the weak shock wave. The detail pulse shape should be target after its burning. Usually about 30% or so of the DT fuel
designed for each target design. is reacted and depleted in the target during the burning process.
So a large part of T in each target is mixed in the reactor gas
The DT fuel stable compression is another key issue in
and would be melted in the liquid first wall. The rest T and the
ICF. In the recent NIF target experiments in Livermore, CA,
radio-activated target materials must be distributed inside of
U. S. A., they have succeeded to compress the DT fuel to a
the reactor vessel right after the target burning, and they would
few thousands of the solid density and reached a scientific
not accrete in a large lump in the reactor. The distributed
breakeven in ICF [24, 25]. Before getting the success on NIF,
radioactive materials must be collected and separated in the
the low-intensity foot pulse lasers were used, and the DT fuel
fusion reactor system safely.
was compressed more than that shown in Refs. [24, 25]. The
The HIB accelerators have the high controllability and
highly compressed DT fuel met a DT fuel mix, that would be
flexibility for the particle energy, the beam pulse shape, the
induced by the R-T instability. The R-T instability and the fuel
pulse length, the ion species, the beam current, the beam radius,
mix are caused by the implosion non-uniformity, the driver
the beam focusing and the beam axis motion. The accelerators
laser illumination non-uniformity, etc. The DT fuel implosion
are operated daily with a high frequency stably. This is a very
stability should be studied carefully in ICF. The DT fuel
preferable feature for the fusion reactor system [27]. However,
compression dynamics itself in HIF is the same as that in the
the high-current operation may need additional studies for the
laser fusion, though the driver target interaction is quite
fusion reactor design. The ~kA HIB may induce an additional
different from that in the laser fusion.
HIB divergence, a beam loss and an electron cloud generation
Each target should be injected into the reactor, and must
in the accelerator. The high-current and high-charge HIB
be situated at the reactor center. The target alignment or
generation and transport should be studied carefully to avoid
positioning error in the reactor should be minimized to reduce
the uncertainty in the HIB accelerator. At present an
the HIBs illumination non-uniformity. The experimental
experimental device of NDCX II at Berkeley, CA, U. S. A.
results show that the target alignment error would be
works on the HIB accelerator physics study [28]. FAIR
minimized to ~100µm or so [26]. This issue is also studied for (Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research) at Darmstadt,
a real reactor design. On the other hand, the target should be
Germany and HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator
designed to be robust against the target alignment of ~ 100µm. Facility) in China have been planned for HIF and HEDP (High
The HIF reactor would have a dilute reactor gas inside Energy Density Physics) studies [29, 30]. The key issues in the
the reactor chamber after each fuel target shot. The reactor accelerator physics include the ion source, which should
operation frequency would be 10~15 Hz in HIF. In HIF the supply a large number of HIB particles with 10-15 Hz or so
debris gas would supply cold electrons to compensate the HIB [31]. The high-current HIB accelerator type should be also
self charge in the vicinity of the fuel target and / or during the another issue in HIF accelerators [32].
In the accelerator system, each beam is generated first
from the ion source, and near the final beam transport to the
HIB
Beam bunchig HIF reactor each HIB may be compressed longitudinally. The
Ion source and
injector HIB pulse shape in Fig. 2 may impose a requirement of the
HIF reactors
HIB longitudinal length. For example, an 8GeV Pb ion has the
speed of ~0.29c, where c is the speed of light. The 20ns HIB
pulse length is about 1.7m. So at the last stage of the
Fig. 3 Schematic figure for a HIF concept.
accelerator, the HIB may be compressed or bunched in the
3
longitudinal direction. The HIB longitudinal bunching may be
also required.
In addition to the issues shown above, the following
pints should be studied for a realistic HIB reactor system: a
power flow in the HIB power plant has not been well studied
[33]. The ICF reactor operation is intermittent, and the DT
neutrons and the target debris transfer the fusion pulse energy
HIF reactor chamber
to the heat recovery system. The pulsation of the heat transfer
would not have a significant influence on the steady electric
power generation. This point should be studied to ensure the Fuel target
optimistic presumption, as well as a reactor design and its
system design.

3 TARGET GAIN REQUIREMENT FOR HIF

REACTOR SYSTEM
A target energy gain required for an energy production is
evaluated by a reactor energy balance in ICF shown in Fig. 3.
The driver pulses deliver an energy Ed to a target, which Fig. 5 Conceptual diagram for HIF reactor chamber
releases fusion energy Efusion. The energy gain is G =Efusion/Ed. background reactor gas [34, 35]. After the acceleration of
The fusion energy is first converted to electricity by a standard beam ions to, for example, about 8-10 GeV, HIB should be
thermal cycle with an efficiency of ηth. A fraction f of the transported in a fusion reactor of a few m to 5 m in the HIF
electric power is circulated to the reactor system operation and reactor and focused on a few mm fuel pellet (see Fig. 1) [5,
the driver system, which converts it to the HIB energy with an 21]. In a reactor, HIB particles interact with each other and
efficiency of ηd. The energy balance for this cycle is written with background plasma or a reactor gas ( few mTorr) [36].
by fηthηdG > 1. Taking ηth = 40 % and requiring that the It was confirmed by D.A.Callahan that the interaction between
circulated-energy fraction f of electrical energy should be less neighboring HIBs is not serious in a HIB fusion reactor [37].
than 1/4, we find the condition Gηd > 10. For a driver In the long distance transport of HIB, the HIB space charge
efficiency in the range of ηd = 30 ~ 40%, the condition G > and current should be neutralized, and electrostatic and
~30 is required for power production. Therefore, the electromagnetic instabilities should be suppressed.
preferable fusion target gain would be G ~ 50~70 in HIF. Consequently, we should establish a charged-particle-beam-
When the HIF reactor system operation is about 10~15 Hz, a transport control method for the above purposes.
1GW HIF power plant can be designed. In the HIB final transport, several transport schemes
have been proposed: the preformed channel transport [38, 39],
the neutralized ballistic transport using a preformed plasma
Efusion=GEd
[38, 40, 41] or using a tube liner [36, 42], the ballistic transport
in near vacuum [38], and so on. One of the promising transport
schemes is the neutralized ballistic transport, in which
( ηth~40% from thermal energy preformed-plasma electrons or wall-emitted electrons
to electric energy )
neutralize the HIB space charge. On the other hand, the HIB
( ηd~30~40% for HIB accelerators ) ion number density increases from !"# ~10'' – 10') cm-3 at a
Electric Power Generation
( f < 1/4 or less: The generated electric energy
beam port entrance to 100~200×!"# at the fuel pellet
of f goes to operate the HIF reactor system position. During the HIB transport in a fusion reactor, the HIB
including the HIB driver system. )
radius changes from several cm to 2–3mm. A chamber gas or
Fig. 4 Energy balance in ICF reactors. attached electrons neutralize the HIB space charge well at the
beginning transport section near the reactor wall. Near the fuel
pellet at the chamber center, the HIB number density and the
neutralizing electron number density increase, and we can also
4 HIB TRANSPROT IN A FUSION REACTOR expect the chamber gas photoionization to increase the
The HIB should be focused and transported against the beam chamber gas electrons near the target. However, at the
space charge onto a fuel pellet at the reactor center. The target transport middle stage between these two regions, there may
radius is the order of mm. In this section the HIB final be a region in which the background chamber electron number
transport is focused and studied. In the HIB final transport, the density is smaller than the HIB neutralizing electron number
key factors are as follows: the final small focal radius (a few density, depending on the chamber gas density and its
mm), a low emittance growth relating to the HIB particle
energy and momentum divergences, the HIB space charge and
current neutralizations, electrostatic and electromagnetic
instabilities, and collision effects between the HIB and a

4
ionization degree. number density nb, like a channel transport scheme, the HIB
space charge is always well neutralized [43]. At the central
When a core plasma is surrounded by a lower density
target area surrounding a fuel pellet in the reactor chamber,
plasma or vacuum and at the same time the core plasma
photoionized electrons are also supplied from the chamber gas,
electron has a high temperature, the core plasma expands with
a higher speed than the plasma ion thermal speed: the high- the HIB is also ionized to Zb~6 [43,44], and one can expect the
temperature electrons move out of and back to the core plasma situation of nce>Zbnb. The photoionization effect helps
additionally neutralize the HIB charge at the central area of the
ions and induce a charge separation at the core plasma ion
reactor chamber. Therefore, at the central area the HIB can be
surface. The charge separation extracts the plasma ions and,
expected to be well neutralized. Especially the additional
consequently, the core plasma expands fast by the ambipolar
electrons and the chamber original gas electrons are relatively
(plasma sheath) field. In the HIB transport, the HIB ions are
cold than that of the electrons compressed at the chamber
the core plasma ions, and the neutralizing electrons may have
central area and co-moving with the HIBs from the reactor
a high temperature during the HIB convergence. Hereafter, we
outer area.
discuss the HIB divergence by the ambipolar field generated
On the other hand, near the chamber wall area, the HIB
by the neutralizing electrons, propose possible solutions to
number density nb0 would be comparable to the background
suppress the HIB divergence and present a transportable
chamber gas electron number density. At the same time, the
window.
emitted electrons move together and neutralize the HIB space
charge well.
4.1 Neutralizing electron heating effect on HIB final However, at the middle area in the NBT between the
transport near the chamber center chamber wall area and the target central area, there may be a
situation in which nce<Zbnb and the neutralizing electron
The fuel target requires several MJ of HIB driver energy in temperature Te becomes high. In this region a charge
HIF. Each HIB carries 1–5 kA and a HIB ion particle energy separation between the neutralizing electrons and the HIB ions
may be 8–10GeV, depending on the HIB ion species. At the induces a strong radial electric field to expand the HIB radius
beam port entrance at the reactor wall a Pb+ HIB radius rb0 may
be several cm and its number density is !"# ~10'' – 10') at
the beam port entrance. The Pb+ HIB radius decreases to rb~2–
3mm in its radius at the target surface and its number density
increases to !" ~100~200×!"# = 1~2×10'- at the fuel
pellet position. In this section, we focus on the neutralized
ballistic transport (NBT) scheme. In this scheme, a chamber
gas pressure may be a few torr and a chamber neutral gas
density may be 1014/cm3. The chamber gas electron number
density may be 1012/cm3. In the NBT scheme, electrons are
supplied from a preformed plasma or a plasma at a wall, and
move together with a HIB to neutralize the HIB space charge.
Along with a HIB convergence, the co-moving electron
density increases to the same order of the HIB density. Near
the chamber wall, the co-moving electron temperature Te0
would be several tens of eV, and near the target area the
electron temperature increases to a few hundreds of keV with
the decrease in the HIB radius [41, 42]: if we assume an
adiabatic increase in the electron temperature Te, ./ ~./# ×
01# /01 -/3 ~22×./# .
If we have a high number density nce (>Zbnb) of the chamber
electrons surrounding the HIB compared with the HIB ion

Fig. 7 PIC simulation results for the HIB transverse

expansion near the reactor chamber center by the
Fig. 6. Neutralizing high-temperature electrons compressed ambipolar field, which is generated by the electron
during the HIB focusing generate a charge separation at the heating. (a) The Pb ion transverse kinetic energy
HIB surface in the HIB transverse direction. The ambipolar distribution in x, and (b) the electron energy
field contributes to a slight expansion of the HIB in the radial distribution in x. In this simulation Te= 100keV, Tb=
direction. 1keV, rb=0.4cm, nb=1013cm-3, Ti=1keV and Zb=3

5
(see Fig.6). The ion acceleration mechanism is the same with
that in the TNSA (target normal sheath acceleration) in laser
plasma interaction [45-47]. r z
In NBT, if the neutralizing electron number density is r
nbe=Zbnb=1014 cm-3, the neutralizing electron temperature is
z θ
Te~100 keV and nce < Zbnb, the Debye length of the
neutralizing electrons is λDe~0.235mm (<rb). In the region A θ
(inside of HIB) in Fig. 6, we can assume nbe ~Zbnb and in the
region B the ambipolar field potential can be estimated by the Fig. 9 Concept of an annular insulator guide for HIB charge
following Poisson equation: neutralization. At the inner surface of the insulator guide, the high-
current HIB creates a strong electric field and induces electric
4)5 discharges, which create a plasma. From the plasma the sufficient
~478!1/ ~478!/# 8 /9/:; (1) electrons are extracted to neutralize the HIB space charge in the
40 )
self-regulated manner.
In the region B, the nonlinear Eq. (1) has an exact solution:
/ fuel target area comes from the electron temperature Te
85 = ./ 1 − 2 ln 1 + CD/ 0 , increase with the HIB focusing. The next important factor
)
would be Zb, that is, the HIB ion charge stripping effect. The
2 8/2 possible solutions to suppress the ambipolar field are
F1 8G = F1 ./ CD/ for 0 > 01 . (2)
1 + 8/2 CD/ 0 presented below. The ambipolar field supplies a new
Here kDe = 1/λDe. After integration of Eq. (2) between the HIB mechanism for the HIB divergence, in addition to the effects
surface rb to rb+λDe, we obtain the energy gained at the HIB of the beam space charge, the HIB emittance, the chromatic
surface by the ambipolar field in the transverse direction. aberration and the HIB aiming error [37, 38].
When Zb=5, Te=200keV, rb=0.4cm and nb = 3×1013cm-3, the The ambipolar HIB ion divergence phenomenon can be
HIB Pb ions obtain MN = 136keV of the transverse energy. In seen in Refs. [42-44], though the ambipolar expansion effect
this case, a 10 GeV Pb HIB expands by 3.7 mm in its radius was not recognized in these references. In Refs. [43, 44], LSP
by the ambipolar field after the 1m transport. For Zb=2, simulations were performed, and ions located at the HIB outer
Te=10keV, rb=0.5cm and nb=2×1012cm-3, MN =3keV. In this part in transverse expand seriously. The co- moving electron
case, the 10 GeV HIB Pb ion beam expands by 0.5 mm after temperature is also shown in Ref. [44] and shows a very high
the 1m transport. For λDe < rb, which is normally satisfied in temperature of several tens to hundreds of keV. In Ref. [42],
NBT, we have also shown the serious electron temperature increase
S as a HIB converges. In these simulation results, the effect of
F1 ./ T the ambipolar expansion was neither recognized nor pointed
MN ∝ . (3) out. We clarified the HIB additional ambipolar expansion
!1R 01
mechanism to explain the HIB divergence.
Then, MN / M∥ = 3~10 keV /(8~10 GeV). The key factor for PIC simulations are also performed for the following
the ambipolar expansion of the transverse expansion near the parameter values for a Pb3+ HIB: Te=10 or 100keV, Tb= 1keV,
rb=0.4cm, nb=1013cm-3, Ti=1keV and Zb=3. Figure 7 shows the
example results of (a) the Pb HIB particle kinetic energy, and
nb(/cm3) 8GeV
Zb=3 (b) the electron energy distribution in x for Te=100 keV. The
b-i Two-stream Instability rb=0.5 cm HIB, which is neutralized the background electrons, is located
0.7cm at the center of the simulation box in vacuum in this case. After
1 cm
HIB trajectory 10ns, the HIB ions are accelerated transversely and obtain
during Chamber transport
about MN = 30keV at the maximum. For Te=10 keV, the
b-e Two-stream Instability maximal MN is about 10 keV at 10 ns. This transverse energy
MN is another issue to obtain a fine focus on a fuel pellet.
Ambipolar Expansion
When the chamber gas electron density nce is much
higher than the HIB number density, that is, nce > Zbnb, Eq. (2)
Neutralized well by Chamber electrons also shows the HIB usual neutralization by the background
nbi Zb<< nchamber-e
chamber electrons. In this case, normally the chamber electron
temperature is low. When Te =10 eV, Zb=5, rb=0.4 cm and nce
Te(keV)
= 1014 /cm3, the HIB Pb ions obtain a negligible transverse
Fig. 8 HIB transport window in the neutralized ballistic energy of MN =0.05 keV. The neutralization by the high-density
transport (NBT) scheme in a HIF reactor chamber. The cold electrons is rather preferable for the HIB final transport
circled area is the transport window. The neutralizing
electron temperature Te is limited by the ambipolar
expansion, and the HIB ion number density is limited by
two-stream instabilities. The solid arrow shows a
preferable HIB trajectory during the drift compression
and focusing in the reactor chamber.

6
 Insulator Guide Insulator Guide
Electric Field (Ceramics)
Rl r=5cm
Ion Beam
1. Local electric field creation
(= 5cm) Generated Plasma r=3cm
Plasma Insulator Guide
[Origin of plasma Heavy Ion Beam r=0cm
is an absorbed gas or vapor.]
2. Discharges and plasma production 1m long

rb(= 4cm) Vacuum

Plasma Insulator Guide
z=0m z=0.3m z=1.3m z=2.3m
Electrons Emitted
3. Electron extraction
Fig. 11 HIB transport system using an annular ceramics
Fig. 10 Electron extraction mechanism to compensate the HIB insulator beam guide. The intense HIB creates a local electric
space charge. An intense HIB creates a strong electric field at field on the inner surface of the annular insulator guide. The
the insulator ceramics annular guide inner surface, and induces local electric field induces the local discharges, and the plasma
the electric discharges, which produces a plasma at the annular is produced on the insulator inner surface. The electrons are
insulator surface. From the created plasma the HIB extract extracted from the plasma. The HIB space charge and current
electrons to neutralize the HIB net charge in the regulated way. are effectively neutralized.
the ambipolar field divergence of HIB and to realize the stable
in the reactor chamber. HIB transport in the fusion reactor chamber:
(1) Use of a high chamber background electron density, which
4.2 Stable HIB transport window should be always larger than or equal to the HIB number
density; this means nce > Zbnb. This means that near the target
The two-stream instability between the HIB ions and the nce > 1014–1015/cm3 and at the middle transport area in the
background chamber electrons is excited as shown in Fig. 8, reactor chamber nce > 1013–1014/cm3. In this case the HIB is
in which the lower limit band for the instability is indicated. secure from the ambipolar field expansion, and the
However, this mode is an electron mode [48], and may not be background electrons always come around the HIB ions to
so dangerous for the HIB transport, though it should be studied compensate the HIB space charge. This solution is simple, but
in detail. On the other hand, the two-stream instability between in this case the HIB-chamber gas instabilities, the HIB charge
the HIB ions and the chamber gas ion also appears, but its stripping effect, and an interaction between a shock wave
limitation of nb is not serious. In Fig. 8 the solid arrow shows generated by a fuel pellet explosion and a chamber gas should
a possible preferable HIB transport trajectory in the reactor be studied further in this circumstance. However, relating
chamber (see Fig. 5). A circled region in Fig. 8 shows the studies have been intensively performed in association with a
transport window. The upper limit of the HIB ion number channel transport scheme [37, 38, 49], and we can adopt the
density nb comes from the two-stream instabilities [48], and previous research results [50, 51].
the neutralizing electron temperature is limited by the (2) Employing the NBT scheme: in this case the lower
ambipolar expansion limit driven by Eq. (2). For the ambipolar temperature electrons should be used to neutralize the HIB
expansion limit we employ a relation of MN /M∥ = 10-6: for space charge, in order to reduce the ambipolar field strength,
example, under this condition, the 50% increase in the HIB based on Eqs. (2) and (3) near the chamber center, where the
radius is allowed during 1m transport. In Fig. 8, three solid HIB is compressed in the radial direction.
curves show the results from this limitation. The most upper
solid curve is obtained under the conditions of Zb=3, rb=0.5cm Here it should be pointed out that the co-moving
and M1 =8GeV. The middle solid curve is obtained for Zb=3, electron interaction with the background chamber gas is
rb=0.7cm and M1 =8GeV. The lower limit is for Zb=3, rb=1.0cm
and M1 =8GeV. For the low nb region (nce > Zbnb) no ambipolar
field appears as we discussed above. Figure 8 demonstrates
that the neutralizing electron temperature should be kept lower
than the limit obtained by Eq. (2). This may be realized by a
careful control of electron temperature, and the neutralizing
electron supply method should be studied further [44].
If the background cold electron number density nce is
nearly equal to the HIB neutralizing high-temperature electron
number density Zbnb hot, the effective temperature Te becomes
Teff = 1/(1/Tehot+1/Tecold) in Eq. (3). Therefore, the ambipolar
field is weakened by employing a cold background gas
Fig. 12 Input Pb+ ion beam waveform. The Pb ion-beam-
surrounding the HIB with a high density of nce ≥ Zbnb.
parameter values are as follows: the maximum current is 5 kA,
Based on the analyses and discussions in this section, the particle energy is 8 GeV, the pulse width is 10 ns, and the
rise and fall times are 2.0 ns.
one can find the following two solutions in order to suppress

7
negligible. For the background electron temperature of 10eV
and its density of a few Torr, a few eV is the co-moving
electron collision energy loss. So the co-moving electrons
survives and neutralize continuously during the whole HIB
transport in the reactor chamber, once the HIB catches the
neutralized electrons near the reactor wall chamber or just after
the focusing element in the accelerator. From this estimation,
after the HIB and co-moving electrons enter the HIB ICF
reactor chamber gas, the electrons keep on moving with the
HIB, and the HIB space charge neutralization is kept.
Here we briefly review the two-stream and the
filamentation instabilities [48, 52-55] in the reactor chamber,
discussed in Fig. 8. The maximum growth rate of the two-
stream instability between the HIB ions and the background
electrons is given by Eq. (4). Fig. 15 HIB radius at the focal spot without the insulator
ceramics guide. Due to the HIB space charge the HIB is not
well focused at the focal point.

` T T
a bc dc ' instability is given by Eq. (5).
\]^_ = − + T exp (− ) (4)
) ) b; ec )

T T
bc dc
Here the collision frequency is evaluated by the Coulomb \]^_ = 2 Tν (5)
b; ec
interaction between the background electron and the HIB ions,
whose speed is Vb and thermal speed is ub. The HIB ion
plasma frequency is denoted by ωb, and ωe is the background Here the beam effective temperature is estimated by the
electron plasma frequency. inward motion of the focusing beam ions. An outer part of the
focusing beam moves inward and overlaps an inner part, so
The maximum growth rate of the filamentation
that the beam effective temperature becomes high ( MeV).
In Fig. 8 we calculate the density range in which the
focusing HIB can propagate without severe influences of the
two-stream instability (γτ < 5) by Eq. (4). The typical
parameter values in HIF are as follows: the focusing beam
temperature Tb~0.3~0.5MeV, the background plasma
temperature Te~10 eV, the beam drift velocity Vb ~ 5 × 109
cm/s for 8 GeV Pb, the focused beam density nb ~ 1.38×1011
2.5×1012 cm−3, the beam current is I~5.0 kA, and the
Fig. 13 Pb+ ion particle map in the case for the ballistic background plasma density ne ~ 1015 1016 cm−3. For the
focusing without the insulator guide. The mean velocity filamentation instability, γτ ~ 0.0040 0.0005, and therefore,
of Pb ions is given to focus at Z=2.1m. The radius at the
focal point is about 5.8 mm, which is too large compared we confirm that the HIB is safe from the filamentation
with the expected focal radius of about a few mm. instability. We expect that the HIB is not influenced seriously
by both the instabilities, as long as the background reactor gas
electron density is kept low as shown in Fig. 8.
t=18.8nsec t=18.8nsec We have also checked that the HIB is safe from
instabilities of a mode between HIB ions and reactor gas ions
Pb+Beam Electrons and modes between co-moving electrons and reactor gas ions.
The modes have almost no influences on the HIB propagation
in the HIF reactor.
t=28.3nsec t=28.3nsec
4.3 HIB charge Neutralization
Focal point Focal point
Pb+Beam
Pb +Beam Electrons In this subsection, the HIB self-charge neutralization method
is focused. In a HIF reactor system a HIB accelerator and final
z=0m z=2.3m z=0m z=2.3m focusing elements should stand away from a reactor vessel so
as not to be damaged by neutrons and fusion debris. In order
Fig. 14 Pb ion particle map and electron map in the case with to ensure the HIB transport control and its fine focus on a fuel
the annular insulator guide. The focal radius is 2.4 mm at target after a long distance HIB transport in the HIF reactor
Z=2.1 m. chamber, the HIB charge neutralization is needed. To realize
the HIB fine focusing on a fuel pellet, the space-charge
neutralization of the incident focusing HIB is required at the

8
HIB final transport after the final focusing element in an HIB generated on the inner surface of the insulator beam guide by
accelerator. An active plasma neutralization was realized the HIB net space charge. The emitted electrons follow the
experimentally in Ref. [41] at Berkeley. The actively-supplied HIB, and the HIB space charge is effectively neutralized by
plasma supplies electrons to neutralize the HIB net charge well, the electrons. Therefore, the HIB can be transported efficiently
and the HIB fine focus was realized. and one may expect a fine focus through the insulator beam
As a practical HIB neutralization method in an HIF guide. In this subsection, we employ a Pb ion beam to
reactor system, an insulator annular tube guide is proposed at demonstrate the viability of the proposed insulator beam guide
the final transport part, through which a HIB is transported. system. Our simulation model is shown in Fig. 11. We assume
The physical mechanism of HIB charge neutralization based that the phenomenon concerned is cylindrically symmetric
on an insulator annular guide is as follows (see Fig. 9) [36, 56- (see Fig. 9). The PIC code used is a 2.5-dimensional
58]: a local electric field created by the intense HIB induces electromagnetic one.
local discharges, and a plasma is produced at the annular The Pb ion-beam-parameter values are as follows: The
insulator inner surface. The electrons are extracted from the maximum current is 5 kA, the particle energy is 8 GeV, the
plasma by the HIB net space charge. The electrons emitted pulse width is 10 ns, and the rise and fall times are 2.0 ns as
neutralize the HIB space charge well, and move together with shown in Fig. 12. The initial beam radius is 4 cm at Z=0. The
the HIB in the reactor chamber. In addition, the HIB self- initial mean velocity of the focusing Pb beam is given to focus
charge regulates the electron extractions to compensate the at Z=210 cm, and the average speed of the HIB ions injected
HIB charge as shown in Fig. 10. is determined by the waveform. The beam temperature is 10
We study the HIB transport through the annular eV and the beam ions enter uniformly at the beam entrance,
insulator beam guide by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations [59- that is, Z=0. The maximum beam density is 1.3×1011/cm3 at
62] in order to neutralize the beam space charge just after the Z=0. The transport area is in vacuum initially. In our
final focusing element in an HIB accelerator. The results simulation, the local plasma is generated on the insulator guide
obtained in this study present that the HIB space charge is surface, when the magnitude of the electric field exceeds the
neutralized well by using the annular insulator guide located threshold for the local discharge. The threshold value
at the final transport in an HIB accelerator. Without a employed in this work is 1.0×107V/m in this study. The most
neutralization mechanism at the final transport part, the HIB outer boundary of the simulation area is a conductor, and in
final fine focus onto a fuel pellet becomes difficult. actual situations or experiments [63], the current flows
When the magnitude of the electric field is beyond the through the conductor to the insulator surface. The origin of
threshold at the guide surface, the electric discharges are plasma generated on the ceramics insulator inner surface is gas
induced by the electric field and the local discharges produce or vapor absorbed into the insulator ceramics surface.
the plasma (see Fig. 10). We assume that the plasma consists Therefore, the ceramics insulator itself can survive long
of protons and electrons, and that the thickness of the plasma enough [63].
layer is infinitesimal. We also assume that a sufficient amount First, we simulate a Pb+ ion beam propagation in a
of plasma is generated at the insulator guide surface such that vacuum without the insulator beam guide. The particle map of
the charged particle emission from the insulator inner surface the Pb+ beam ions is shown in Fig. 13. In this case, due to the
is limited by the space charge and the plasma temperature is beam space charge, the beam radius at Z=210 cm (the focal
10 eV. Then, the electrons are extracted from the plasma point) is about 5.8 mm, which is slightly larger than that of
usual reactor-size fuel target and would not be acceptable in
HIF. Figure 14 presents the particle maps of the HIB ions and
the electrons emitted from the insulator beam guide for the
( ) case with the proposed insulator guide system with the same
initial conditions. The electrons extracted from the plasma
move along with the Pb ion beam. The emitted electrons
neutralize the space charge of the beam ions effectively, and
suppress the radial expansion of the beam. Figure 15 shows
the history of the HIB radius at the focal point, and shows a
rather large HIB radius due to the self space charge. Figure 16
shows the HIB radius history at the focal point with the
insulator guide. The final focal radius is about 2.4 mm in the
case with the insulator guide. Figure 17(a) shows the histories
of the total space charges of the HIB ions and the electrons in
the whole transport region. The beam space charge is
neutralized rather well by the electrons emitted from the
insulator beam guide. Figure 17(b) presents the total currents
of the HIB and the electrons. The HIB current is also well
Fig. 16 HIB radius at Z=210cm (focal sport) with the insulator neutralized by the co-moving electrons. Figures 18 show ( (a)
ceramics guide. The HIB space charge is well neutralized by and (b) ) the electron temperature and ( (c) and (d) )the HIB
the co-moving electrons extracted from the insulator guide
inner surface. ion temperature in the z and r directions for the case with the
insulator guide. Figures 18 (a) and (b) shows the electron

9
 Fig. 17 (a) The total space charges of the HIB and the emitted
electrons, which are extracted from the insulator ceramics guide inner
surface and neutralize the HIB space charge well. (b) The HIB and
the electron currents in the whole transport region.

temperature increase near the HIB focal point (z=210 cm). The
electrons co-moving with the HIB are also focused with the
HIB focusing, and are heated up to ~ a few hundreds keV,
which induces the ambipolar field as shown in the previous
subsection. Fig. 18 The emitted electron temperature for (a) longitudinal
The HIB temperature also becomes large as it and (b) trans- verse direction, respectively. The HIB
temperature for (c) longitudinal and (d) transverse direction,
approaches the focal point, though the HIB temperature respectively.
increase is not so significant, compared with the HIB ion
longitudinal energy of ~8GeV. To find the HIB quality, we the driver energy deposition should be rather uniform to fulfill
also evaluate the HIB emittance in the all-transport region for the uniform implosion requirement, and smoothing
both cases: The emittance is 0.113 π-mm-mrad at t=0 ns, and mechanisms are also expected to reduce the implosion non-
1.41 π-mm-mrad at t=24.3ns in the case with the insulator uniformity. The R-T instabilities must take place at the
guide. On the other hand, the emittance is 2.07 π-mm-mrad at ablation front and at the stagnation phase in the ICF target
t=24.3ns in the case without the insulator guide. The results implosion. For the R-T instability at the stagnation phase, the
show that the HIB quality is kept well through the insulator perturbation amplitude and phase are defined by the non-
guide. uniform implosion process before the stagnation. Therefore,
the uniform implosion at the acceleration phase is essentially
important. The ij product at the stagnation is directly relating
to the fusion energy output. When a small implosion non-
5 PHYSICS OF FUEL TARGET IMPLOSION uniformity is imposed, ij is degraded from the perfect
In ICF, the DT fuel must be compressed to about ~1000 times uniform (ij)# . ij is proportional to 1/j ) . Therefore, (ij)/
of the solid density to reduce the input energy and increase the ij # = (j + kj)/j l) = (1 + kj/j)l) . On the other
fusion reaction rate [22, 64]. The Lawson criterion shows the hand, the nonuniformity km of the implosion acceleration m is
requirement for the density-radius product ρR of the estimated by km/m ≃ kj/0# = (kj/j)(j/0# ) = o l'/3 (kj/
compressed DT core based on the energy balance between the j) , where 0# is the fuel initial radius and o the density
fusion energy output and the energy loss [22, 64]. In ICF the compression ratio. Typically the density compression ratio o
condition of ρR > ~0.5~1g/cm2 should be fulfilled together is about 1000 in inertial fusion. Then we obtain the relation of
with the DT hot core temperature > ~5~10keV. The DT km/m ≃ o l'/3 {(ij)# /ij}'/) − 1 . In an inertial fusion
burning fraction is estimated to be ~10~30% in the DT fuel reactor the degradation threshold of (ij)/ ij # would be
target. A typical DT fuel target contains a few mg of DT in one about 0.5 ~ 0.8, and km/m should be less than about 3~4% [17].
target. So about several hundreds MJ of the fusion energy Based on this consideration, the driver beam illumination non-
output is expected from each DT fuel target. uniformity should be also mitigated to release a sufficient
The fuel target implosion non-uniformity leads a fusion energy output.
degradation of fusion energy output. The implosion uniformity
requirement is stringent. Therefore, it is essentially important
5.1 Target implosion dynamics in HIF
to improve the fuel target implosion uniformity, and the
implosion non-uniformity would be induced by the driver In order to study the fuel target implosion in HIF, we
beam illumination non-uniformity and the other origins [14, present a typical target hydrodynamics by using a 2D
19, 65, 66]. The target implosion non-uniformity allowed is hydrodynamics code coupling with the HIB illumination code
less than a few percent in inertial fusion target implosion [16, [20, 67]. We employ a 32-HIBs illumination system [68]. In
17]. In this section first the non-uniform implosion effect is this subsection, two-dimensional simulations are performed.
discussed on the target implosion in inertial fusion. Therefore, The DT fuel target employed is shown in Fig. 1 and the HIB

10
input pulse is shown in Fig. 2. In this specific case, the total shows conservation of the vorticity ω [69]: tu = vw!xyz!y.
HIB energy is 4.0 MJ. Here S is the circulating area. In inertial fusion, the DT fuel

Vortex in R-T

Vortex in the imploding fuel in 3D

Fig. 19 A mean density and a mean radiation

temperature averaged over the θ direction at 36.2 nsec.

ω=rot v
Figure 19 presents a mean density and a mean radiation
temperature averaged over the θ direction at 36.2 nsec. The So,
averaged HIB illumination non-uniformity is 2.3 % in this case. ω~ω0(ρ/ρ0)~ω0(r0/r)3
in Lagrangian Frame.
Other 1D example simulations results are also found in Ref.
[22], which presents some typical ion-beam-based DT fuel
target implosion performances. Fig. 20 The fuel mixing is one kind of the vortex, that is, the
circulating motion. During the shrinkage of the DT fuel at the
The HIB deposition energy distribution produces an stagnation final stage just before the fuel ignition, the vorticity ω,
ablation region at the Al energy absorber layer, and then about that is, the circulation of the DT fuel would be enhanced
one-third of Al pusher mass pushes the DT fuel. In Fig. 19 the significantly.
low density region appears at the ablation front. The density
gradient scale length of the ablation surface is relatively large mixing is induced by the R-T instability and also by the non-
in HIF target implosion, that is, about several hundred uniform implosion. The fuel mixing is one kind of the vortex,
µm~500µm or so. that is, the circulating motion. During the shrinkage of the DT
When the density gradient scale length L is large, the fuel at the stagnation final stage just before the fuel ignition, S
growth rate (γ) reduction effect on the R-T instability would must be reduced together with the shrinkage of the fuel radius
be expected [14, 15]. \ = rC 1 + Cs Here r is the scale length LDT. Therefore, the vorciticy ω would be
implosion acceleration, and k the wave number. In HIF, enhanced significantly at the final stage of the stagnation as
typically L is about several hundred µm~500 µm as shown in follows: t~t# (sD:# /sD: )) . In addition, the fusion fuel target
Fig. 13 and Ref. [22], and the ablation effect is minor in HIF. shrinks in the 3 dimensional way. So in the Lagrangian frame
Therefore, the short wavelength (2π/k) modes of the the fuel mass is conserved during the stagnation, and the Ertel
perturbation would be suppressed or mitigated by the density theorem [69, 70] shows t/i = t# /i# . The ICF target fuel is
gradient effect in HIF. So in HIF typically the large scale compressed in 3D, and so t~t# (sD:# /sD: )3 (see Fig. 20).
perturbation modes, which have the wavelength of several Based on this consideration, the vorticity ω, that is, the
hundred µm~500µm, becomes a central concern to keep the circulation of the DT fuel would be enhanced significantly.
fuel target implosion spherically symmetric. The circulation enhancement induces the mixing of the cold
fuel and hot fuel.
For the fuel dynamics near the ignition, a hot-spot Due to the fuel mixing enhancement at the fuel stagnation
dynamics analysis is also important at the final stage of the phase, the fuel non-uniformity would be significantly
fuel stagnation. At the initial stage of the fuel target implosion enhanced at the final stage of the fuel compression just before
the implosion non-uniformity reflects the imposed non- the fuel ignition. In order to release the DT fusion energy
uniformity by, for example, the driver beam illumination non- stably, the initial non-uniformity, which is the seed of the
uniformity, the target fabrication error and so on. During the consequent fuel mixing at the final stagnation phase, must be
implosion, the target radius shrinks till the fuel ignition, and reduced to a few % of the implosion non-uniformity.
the initial amplitude of the imposed non-uniformity grows as
the fuel radius shrinks. However, the previous implosion
simulation results [17, 67] presented that the non-uniformity 5.2 Smoothing of HIBs illumination non-uniformity in HIF
grows significantly and the non-uniformity amplitude
enhancement is extraordinary especially around the ignition or In order to realize an effective implosion, beam
final stagnation phase. illumination non-uniformity on a fuel target must be
When the fuel behavior near the ignition is treated by a suppressed less than a few percent. In this subsection first a
fluid model in the Lagrangian form, the Kelvin’s theorem direct-indirect mixture implosion mode is discussed in heavy

11
 Figure 22 presents the time histories of the RMS non-
uniformity of the radiation temperature at the ablation front in
the cases of the radiation transport ON and OFF. In Fig. 22 we
see that the implosion non-uniformity at the ablation front
becomes small effectively by the main pulse in the case of the
radiation transport ON. During the main pulse, the implosion
non-uniformity is well smoothed by the radiation transport
effect.
In the direct-indirect hybrid implosion we employ the
target with the 0.5mm-thickness foam as shown in Fig. 21. The
peak conversion efficiencies of the HIB total energy to the
Fig. 21 Target structure with the 0.5 mm-thick foam. The foam
inserted confines the radiation energy more to smooth the HIBs
radiation energy are ~ 4.5 % in the case of the 0.5mm foam
illumination non-uniformity. and ~ 1.5 % in the case without the foam. The result means
that a few hundreds kJ of the radiation energy is confined in
the density valley and contributes to the non-uniformity
ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (HIF) in order to
mitigation. From these results, we find that the implosion
release sufficient fusion energy in a robust manner. In the
mode in the case with the foam would be a direct-indirect
direct-indirect mixture mode target, a low-density foam layer
hybrid mode.
is inserted, and the radiation energy confinement is enhanced Next a mitigation mechanism of the R-T instability is
by the foam layer. In the foam layer the radiation transport is discussed in order to realize a spherically symmetric implosion.
expected to smooth the HIB illumination non-uniformity in the So far the dynamic stabilization for the R-T instability [71-76]
lateral direction. Two-dimensional implosion simulations are has been discussed in order to obtain a uniform compression
performed [66, 67], and show that the HIB illumination non- [22, 77] of a fusion fuel in ICF. The R-T dynamic stabilization
uniformity is well smoothed in the direct-indirect mixture
was found many years ago [71, 72] and is important in inertial
target.
fusion. It was found that the oscillation amplitude of the
Figure 21 shows a typical fuel target in HIF. The
driving acceleration should be sufficiently large to stabilize the
radiation energy confined may smooth the HIB illumination
R-T instability [71-76]. In inertial fusion, the fusion fuel
non-uniformity. Therefore, we employ a foam layer to
compression is essentially important to reduce an input driver
increase the confined radiation energy at the low density
energy, and the implosion uniformity is one of critical issues
region as shown in Fig. 19. We call this target as a direct- to compress the fusion fuel stably. Therefore, the R-T
indirect hybrid target. The mass density of the foam layer is instability stabilization [71-76] or mitigation [11-13] is
0.01 times the Al solid density in this study. attractive to minimize the fusion fuel mix.
The HIB pulse consists of a foot pulse and a main pulse On the other hand, instabilities grow from a perturbation in
as shown in Fig. 2. In this case, the total HIB energy is 4.0MJ. general, and normally the perturbation phase is unknown.
We employ the 32-HIBs illumination system [68]. We
Therefore, we cannot control the perturbation phase, and
evaluate the beam illumination non-uniformity at the target. In
usually the instability growth rate is discussed. However, if the
HIF the Bragg peak deposition area plays the most important
perturbation phase is controlled and known, we can find a way
role for the fuel acceleration.
to control the instability growth. One of the most typical and
In the foam layer the radiation transport is expected to
well-known mechanisms is the feedback control in which the
smooth the HIB illumination non-uniformity in the lateral
perturbation phase is detected and the perturbation growth is
direction. To see the radiation transport effect on the implosion
controlled or mitigated or stabilized. In plasmas it is difficult
non-uniformity smoothing, we compare the results for the to detect the perturbation phase and amplitude. However, even
cases with the radiation transport (ON) and without the in plasmas, if we can actively impose the perturbation phase
radiation transport (OFF) for the target shown in Fig. 21. by the driving energy source wobbling or so, and therefore, if
we know the phase of the perturbations, the perturbation
growth can be controlled in a similar way [11-13]. For
example, the growth of the Weibel instability or the
filamentation instability [48, 52, 53, 78] driven by a particle
beam or a jet could be controlled by the beam axis oscillation
or wobbling. The oscillating and modulated beam induces the
initial perturbation and also could define the perturbation
phase. Therefore, the successive phase-defined perturbations
are superposed, and we can use this property to mitigate the
instability growth. Another example can be found in heavy ion
beam inertial fusion; the heavy ion accelerator could have a
Fig. 22 The time histories of the RMS non-uniformity of capability to provide a beam axis wobbling with a high
the radiation temperature at the ablation front in the frequency. The wobbling heavy ion beams also define the
cases of the radiation transport ON and OFF. perturbation phase. This means that the perturbation phase is
known, and so successively imposed perturbations are

12
 !"#$"%$!&'$"()$2!/"! "!

#!
!$%!
!$2!/"!

!+#$"%$!$0.5!/"&&
!!
"!
&&&&&&"()$2!/"! !$2!/"!
#!

Fig. 24 Example simulation results for the R-T instability

!! mitigation. (a) 10% acceleration non-uniformity drives the
R-T instability as usual, and (b) 10% acceleration non-
!*#$"%$!$!/"&"()$2!/"!
"! !$2!/"! uniformity oscillates or wobbles.

#! If the energy driver beam wobbles uniformly in time, the

imposed perturbation for a physical quantity of F at t=τ may
be written as { = k{8 R|} 8 ~(l})ÄRÅ∙_ . Here δF is the
!"
#"
#" amplitude, Ω the wobbling or oscillation frequency, and Ωt the
#! phase shift of the superposed perturbations. At each time t=τ,
the wobbler provides a new perturbation with the controlled
Fig. 23 Superposition of perturbations defined by the wobbling driver
beam. At each time the wobbler provides a perturbation, whose amplitude phase shifted and amplitude defined by the driving wobbler
and phase are defined by the wobbler itself. If the system is unstable, each itself. After the superposition of the perturbations, the overall
perturbation is a source of instability. At a certain time the overall 
perturbation is the superposition of the growing perturbations. The
perturbation is described as # 4É k{8 R|} 8 ~(l})ÄRÅ∙_ ∝
~ÄR|
superposed perturbation growth is mitigated by the beam wobbling k{8 ~ 8 RÅ∙_ . At each time of t=τ the driving wobbler
motion. ~ T Ä|T
provides a new perturbation with the shifted phase. Then each
superposed on the plasma. We can use the capability to reduce perturbation grows by the factor of 8 ~ . At t>τ the superposed
the instability growth by the phase-controlled superposition of overall perturbation growth is modified as shown above.
perturbations. Here we discuss and clarify the dynamic When Ω>> \, the perturbation amplitude is reduced by the
mitigation mechanism for instabilities. In HIF the HIBs factor of \/Ω, compared with the pure instability growth
illumination non-uniformity would be mitigated by the
(Ω=0).
wobbling beam motion, that is, the HIB axis oscillation or
Figure 23 shows the perturbations decomposed, and each
rotation [11-13].
time the phase-defined perturbation is imposed actively by the
In instabilities, one mode of an initial perturbation, from
driving wobbler. The perturbations are superposed at the time
which an instability grows, may have the form of
t. The wobbling trajectory is controlled by for example a beam
a = a0 eikx+γ t , where a0 is the amplitude, k=2π/λ the wave accelerator or so, and the superposed perturbation phases and
number, λ the wave length and γ the growth rate of the amplitudes are controlled so that the overall perturbation
instability. At t=0 the perturbation is imposed. The initial growth is controlled.
perturbation grows in an unstable system. After Δt, if the From the analytical expression for the physical quantity F,
feedback control works on the system, another perturbation, the mechanism proposed in this subsection does not work,
which has an inverse phase with the detected amplitude at t=0, when Ω ≪ \. Only for the modes, which satisfy the condition
is actively imposed, so that the actual perturbation amplitude of Ω ≥ \, the mechanism of the instability mitigation by the
is mitigated very well (see Fig. 23). This is an ideal example wobbler is applied for its growth mitigation. For R-T
for the instability mitigation. instability, the growth rate γ tends to become larger for short
In plasmas the perturbation phase and amplitude cannot be wavelengths. If Ω ≪ \ , the modes cannot be mitigated. In
measured dynamically. However, by using a wobbling beam addition, if there are other sources of perturbations in the
or an oscillating beam or a rotating beam or so, the initial physical system and if the perturbation phase and amplitude
perturbation is actively imposed so that the initial perturbation are not controlled, this dynamic mitigation mechanism also
phase and amplitude are defined actively. In this case, the does not work. For example, if the sphericity of an inertial
amplitude and phase of the unstable perturbation cannot be fusion fuel target is degraded, the dynamic mitigation
detected but can be defined by the input driver beam wobbling mechanism does not work. In this sense the dynamic
at least in the linear phase. In plasmas it is difficult to realize mitigation mechanism is not almighty. Especially for a
the perfect feedback control, but a part of its idea can be uniform compression of an inertial fusion fuel all the
adopted to the instability mitigation. In actual, heavy ion beam
accelerators can provide a controlled wobbling or oscillating
beam with a high frequency [8-10].

13
 Fig. 25 Schematic diagram for a circularly wobbling beam
Fig. 27 The mode (2,0) amplitude of HIBs non-
uniformity vs. time

in our previous work [79] we found that at the initial stage of

the wobbling HIBs illumination the illumination non-
uniformity, that is, the initial imprint, becomes huge and
cannot be accepted for a stable fuel target implosion.
This problem on the initial imprint of the rotating HIBs
illumination is solved by the spiral wobbling HIBs as shown
in Fig. 26. When the spirally wobbling beams in Fig. 26 are
used, the initial imprint of the non-uniformity at the beginning
of the irradiation is greatly reduced about from 14% to 4%.
For the spiral wobbling beam the beam radius changes from
Fig. 26 Schematic diagram for spiral wobbling beam
3.1mm to 3.0mm at y = 1.3ÉÜ1 . Here ÉÜ1 is the time for one
rotation of the wobbling beam axis. The beam rotation radius
becomes 2.0mm at y = 2.0ÉÜ1 . After that, the beam rotation
instability stabilization and mitigation mechanisms would radius is 2.0mm. In our studies, we employ the spirally
contribute to release the fusion energy in stable. wobbling beam for the HIBs illumination non-uniformity
Figures 24 show example simulations for the R-T study.
instability, which has one mode. In this example, two stratified Figure 27 shows the amplitude of the mode !, á = (2, 0) vs.
fluids are superposed under an acceleration of g = g0 + δ g . time, and Fig. 28 presents the spectrum of the mode (2, 0) in
its frequency space. Here !, á are the polar and azimuthal
In this example case the wobbling frequency Ω is 2πγ, the mode numbers, and uà] is the amplitude of the spectrum,
amplitude of δg is 0.1g0, and the results shown in Figs. 24 are respectively. If the deposition energy distributed is perfectly
at y = 8\ . In Fig. 24(a) δg is constant and drives the R-T spherically symmetric, the amplitude of the spectrum is 1.0 in
instability as usual, and in Fig. 24(b) the phase of δg is shifted the mode !, á = (0, 0). For this reason, the amplitude of the
or oscillated with the frequency of Ω as stated above for the mode !, á = (0, 0) becomes large, nearly 1.0. In this case, the
dynamic mitigation. The example simulation results also amplitude of the spectrum mode is not taken into consideration.
support the effect of the dynamic mitigation mechanism well. As a result, the amplitude of spectrum mode !, á = (2, 0) is
In HIF a fuel target is irradiated by HIBs, when the fuel largest and the mode !, á = (2, 0) is dominant throughout the
target is injected and aligned at the center of the fusion reactor HIBs illumination. In Fig. 27 the time is normalized by the
[19, 26, 42]. Here we employ (Pb+) ion HIBs with the mean wobbling beam axis rotation time ÉÜ1 . In Fig. 28 âÜ1 shows the
energy of 8GeV. The HIB temperature is 100MeV and the HIB wobbling HIBs rotation frequency. The result in Fig. 28
transverse distribution is the Gaussian profile. The beam
radius at the entrance of a fusion reactor is 35mm and the
radius of a fusion reactor is 3m. We employ an Al monolayer
pellet target structure with a 4.0mm external radius. The 32-
HIBs positions are given as presented in Ref. [68]. The HIBs
illumination non-uniformity is evaluated by the global rms,
including the Bragg peak effect in the energy deposition
profile in the target radial direction. In this study, one HIB is
divided into many beamlets, and the precise energy deposition
is computed [19, 20, 26].
So far, we have found that the growth of the R-T instability
would be mitigated well by a continuously vibrating non-
uniformity acceleration field with a small amplitude compared
with that of the averaged acceleration [11-13]. Figure 25
Fig. 28 Spectrum of the mode (2, 0) in its frequency
shows a schematic diagram for the wobbling beam. However, space.
14
demonstrates that the small non-uniformity of the HIBs energy !# É < ìî >D: /2)) , (8)
deposition has the oscillation with the same frequency and the
for the optimal content of tritium in DT ICF. The result shows
double frequency with the wobbling HIBs oscillation
that k is positive and the reduction of the T content brings
frequency of âÜ1 . sufficient fusion energy. For an example parameter set of
In addition, we have been investigating the influence of T=100keV, !# = 4.5×10)ñ /cm3 and τ=100ps, k/(!# /2) =
the wobbling HIBs energy deposition on the implosion 0.014. This value means that 14% of the tritium reduction
acceleration in a HIF target implosion. Our preliminary results brings the maximal DT fusion energy output in the DT ICF.
show that the implosion acceleration reflects well the The additional numerical estimations and fluid computer
wobbling HIBs energy deposition, and so the implosion simulations support the result as presented in Ref. [80]: the DT
acceleration g has a small oscillating acceleration δg, which fusion output becomes peak around k/(!_0/2) ≈ 0.01, and
contributes to the R-T instability growth mitigation and the that about 30% T reduction still gives a sufficient fusion
HIBs non-uniformity smoothing in HIF. The remarkable energy output in an ICF reactor system.
results come from the unique features of the HIB accelerator
high controllability for the HIB’s axis motion [8-13].
6 HIB ILLUMINATION ON A FUEL TARGET

5.3 Tritium content of ICF DT fuel target In HIF key issues includes a non-uniformity of heavy- ion-
beam illumination onto a fuel pellet in a fusion reactor [19, 20,
In ICF each DT fuel contains a few mg of DT fuel. In a second 68]. The HIB illumination non-uniformity must be suppressed
10~15 fuel targets are ignited and burned. Therefore, each ICF less than a few percent in order to achieve a symmetric fuel
reactor uses about ~1000kg of T in a year. The tritium has a pellet implosion. Previous researches [26, 81-83] show that in
half life of 12.3 years. The T production is not so difficult, and realistic cases a pellet displacement from a reactor chamber
the reaction of Li + neutron is used to produce T in a fusion center may be required to be within about 20~100µm. If this
reactor. The total T inventory would be huge. requirement is relaxed, the target placement precision, the
We have studied the T content in the DT fuel target. The driver HIB alignment accuracy, and the target tracking
results show that about ~30% reduction of tritium still accuracy may be also relaxed. Therefore, we study a robust
produces a sufficient DT fusion energy output in a DT fuel HIB illumination scheme against the fuel pellet displacement.
target. This means that the T inventory can be reduced In this section, we study the robust HIB illumination scheme
significantly without a significant reduction of the DT fusion by three-dimensional HIB illumination simulations in a direct-
energy output in an ICF reactor system. The important result driven HIB illumination scheme [19, 20], and found a robust
comes from the contribution of the DD reactions in a DT fuel HIB illumination scheme by using a larger radius of HIBs and
target and from a fact that a relatively small amount by an optimization of HIB illumination angles. The new robust
(~10~30%) of DT fuel is reacted in a DT fuel target. HIB illumination scheme allows a fuel pellet displacement of
100~200µm.
In a DT fuel target the DT and DD reactions mainly For the evaluation of the illumination non-uniformity on
contribute to the fusion reactions: the target, we employ the rms non-uniformity on the target [84,
85], and also the mode analyses of the HIB deposition energy
on the spherical fuel pellet using the Legendre-polynomial
ä + . → å/- + !
functions.
ä+ä →.+ç (50%)
In our studies we employ Pb+ ion HIBs with the mean
↘ å/3 + ! (50%) particle energy of 8 GeV. The beam radius at the entrance of a
reactor chamber wall Ren is 35mm, the reactor chamber radius
Rch is 5m. The beam particle density distribution is the
The contents of the important elements in a DT fuel target are
Gaussian one. The longitudinal temperature of HIB ions is 100
estimated by the following simplified equations:
MeV with the Maxwell distribution. The beam transverse
4! : emittance εr is 3.5 mm mrad [67]. From the beam emittance εr,
≈ −!D ! : < ìî >D: + !D) < ìî >DD /4
4y we obtain a divergence angle αdvr, the focal spot radius Rf, and
≈ −!): −< ìî >D: +< ìî >DD /4 (6) f (see Fig. 29) [20, 67]. Mò = (7/0.18)môöò j/à . The target
4!D ) temperature increases linearly during the time of a HIB pulse
≈ −!D ! : < ìî >D: − !D < ìî >DD
4y deposition from 0.025 to 300 eV in our study. We employ a
2
≈ −!ä < ìî >ä. +< ìî >ää (7) Pb + Al pellet structure with the 4mm external radius. The Pb
mass density is 11.3 g/cm3. In the pellet structure, the outer Pb
Here < ìî >, which depends on only the temperature, is the
layer thickness is 0.06 mm.
reaction rate for each reaction and t the time. ! :# = !# /2 −
k, ! :# = !# /2 − k. Here we assume the temperature is In this study, we employ the 32-HIBs illumination
constant and k ≪ !# . We obtain system [68, 86]. Figure 30 presents a schematic image for the
32 HIB centers at the target surface. Figure 30 shows the HIB
k/(!# /2) ∼ (5/32)(!# É)) < ìî >D: < ìî >DD /(1 +

15
 G"Øúõ∞l° = G±°®≤° ∪ G¥µµ . G±°®≤° =
Forward focal position T T
/ ∂ à∑• ß/∫∫ )]∑ ö•∑ªº
T log − log 1 − ¿ ) − ¿ ) − k for
Rbeam
Backward focal position -a∏πT ]∑ ö•∑ªº æø
' )∏π ¡¬
3 -
Fuel pellet Focal Spot F" < ¿, where δ = à≈# zõ logMƒ°¢ à , logMƒ°¢ =
/T
Ren αdvr
Rf log M°¢ ×10l3 , δ shows the shell correction, ¿ = î"°¨≠ /v,
∆« the averaged ionization potential of the target material
fmax
and î"°¨≠ the beam ion speed. The effective charge F8ââ
fmin of the beam ion is
Rch …
f
F8ââ = F" 1 − 1.034×exp −137.04 .
ß•π. À ¬
Õ
Fig. 29 The relationship between a beam emiittance and the '
)/ T ^• à∑• ß• 3 )∏π ¡¬
divergence angle. Here Ren is the HIB radius at the chamber Gûµµ = S î_beam for F" ≥ ¿.
entrance in a fusion reactor, Rch the reactor radius, f the beam focal ∏π ö Ã S S T /T
ß• T Ä߶ T
spot, Rf the focal spot radius, αdvr the beam divergence angle, and
Rbeam is the beam radius at the target surface. / ∂ à;” ß/∫∫ T
G—“°°l° = s° , where
-a∏πT ]∑ dò∑T
dò∑
s° = ‘° ’° ln ÷◊° C° + å° ’° ln ’° , ’° = , the
d∑
illumination displacement angle, which is used in this work to ∂
ö•∑ªº Ä T d∑
optimize the HIB illumination angle. When Δθ becomes zero, relative projectile speed ™0° = ∂
ÿ
, ™° the electron
'Ä Ÿ
the HIB illumination scheme becomes the conventional one in ÿT •∑ªº
⁄∑
¤T
Refs. 68 and 86. In this work we assume that all the HIB center
) _ ) _T
lines are directed to a target center. thermal speed, ‘° ’ = exp −y ) 4y − ’exp − ,
a # a )
In our study, we calculate the HIB energy deposition
l_ S °‹› l_ T ) _∂
using a stopping power. We employ the widely used and å° ’ = + . The Debye shielding
3 )aûØfi_ _ ∂ Ä')
expression of the HIB particle effective charge presented in -a∏π dò∑T Äd∑T )]∑ dò∑
Refs. 87 and 88. The stopping power of a target is the sum of length is denoted by ÷◊° , C° = min , .
ß/∫∫∑ ℏ
the energy deposited in the target nuclei, the target bound T T
/ ∂ à∑ø ß/∫∫ ߶
electrons, the free electrons, and the target ions [6, 87, 88]: G«Øõ = s« , where ™0« ≈ î"°¨≠ , s« =
-a∏πT ]ø dòøT
Estop =Enuc + Eboud-e + Efree-e + Eion: ‘« ’« log ÷◊« C« + å« ’« log ’« , ÷◊« the Debye length and
Gõúùû = 10lü †õ' G°¢ exp −45.2 †õ) G°¢ #.)üü -a∏π dòøT
C« ≈ .
ß/∫∫
Here
3 ' 3 3 We assume that the pellet is injected into a chamber
§• §¶ ) ß• ߶ ) ) )
†õ' = 4.14×10£ i F" + F® , vertically, and simulate the effect of a little displacement dz as
§• ħ¶ §¶
3 l' well as dx and dy on the HIB illumination non-uniformity, as
§• §¶ ) 3 3 )
†õ) = 10l£ i F" F® l'
F" )
+ F® )
, and shown in Fig. 31. Our illumination pattern is a basically
§• ħ¶ spherically symmetric pattern.
G°¢ [8™] = (8G"°¨≠ )/Æ1 , where G"°¨≠ is the HIB ion particle Figure 32 shows the relation between the pellet
energy, Ab the beam ion atomic weight, Zb the beam ion atomic displacement dz and the non-uniformity rms for the 3.4 and
number, Zt the target ion atomic number and ρ the target 4.6 mm HIB radii in the case of the Pb+Al layer target
density. structure. The pellet outer radius is also 4.0 mm, and the 32
HIBs are employed. For the beam radius of 4.6 mm, Δθ is set
θ =37.38 [deg] to be 2 ° . In these cases, the HIB energy deposition non-
uniformity is evaluated in the Al layer in this study. The rms
4
3
θ =63.44 [deg]
2
θ =79.19 [deg]
z
1
0
non-uniformity is less than 3.0% for a pellet displacement dz
θ =100.2 [deg]
-1
-2
4 θ =116.6 [deg] up to about 200µm. For this pellet structure, the HIB
-3
-4
-4 -3 0
1
2
3
θ =142.6 [deg] illumination of the larger beam radius of 4.6 mm introduces a
-2 -1
-2
-1 y
0 1
2 3 4 -4 -3
x
Fuel pellet
Pellet injector
Δθ
HIB
0<θ <90 [deg]
z z

Fuel pellet HIB

Reactor chamber
θ
r
HIB center line
y
center
y Displacement dz
φ x HIB
x 90<θ <180 [deg]
HIB
Δθ

Fusion reactor
Fig. 30 Schematic diagram for the 32 HIBs
illumination arrangement in Ref. [68] on the target in
the case of a pellet radius of 4.0 mm. The displacement Fig. 31 Schematic diagram for the target miss
angle Δθ is also presented. alignment of dz.

16
 32-beam, Pb + Al target
External pellet radius 4.0mm

HIB radius: 4.6mm Δθ =2[deg]

HIB radius: 3.4mm

Fig. 32 The rms non-uniformity vs the pellet

displacement dz in a reactor chamber for the beam
radiuses of 3.4 and 4.6 mm and for the pellet of the
Pb+Al layer structure. The external pellet radius is 4.0 Fig. 33. The energy spectrum at the Bragg peak layer (a) for
mm and the 32 HIBs are employed. When the beam the beam radius 3.4 mm (the Bragg peak position radius
radius is 4.6 mm and Δθ = 2°, The target becomes RBragg = 3.72 mm) and (b) for the beam radius 4.6 mm (RBragg
robust against dz. = 3.93 mm) and Δθ =2° for the Pb+Al layer target and the
pellet dis- placement of dz=100 µm. The global HIB
deposition energy spectrum (c) for the beam radius of 3.4
robustness against the pellet displacement dz. We also mm and (d) for the beam radius of 4.6 µm, Δθ =2° for the
calculate the spectra as shown in Figs. 33 for dz =100µm: (a) Pb+Al layer target and the pellet displacement of dz=100
for the case of the beam radius of 3.4 mm at the Bragg peak µm.
layer (RBragg =3.83 mm) and (b) for the beam radius of 4.6 mm
and Δθ = 2° at the Bragg peak layer (RBragg = 3.93 mm), for the uniformity, and confirmed the robustness of the new
global spectrum (c) for the beam radius of 3.4 mm, and (d) for illumination scheme. As described above, the HIB
the beam radius of 4.6 mm and Δθ is 2°. The amplitude of the illumination deposition energy loss appears for a larger radius
spectrum mode (n, m) = (1, 0) in Fig. 33(b) becomes HIBs compared with the target radius. For example, the
successfully a smaller value of σrms = 2.73%, compared with illumination energy loss is about 17.5% in the optimal case.
σrms = 4.19% shown in Fig. 33(a). This mishit HIB energy loss ratio may not be significant but
When we perform the DT fuel target implosion fluid not negligible. We also studied the HIB illumination
simulations with the target and the pulse shape in Fig. 34, the
non-uniformity against dz and the target gain (= Fusion output
energy / HIBs input energy) are obtained as shown in Fig. 35.
When a HIB radius is larger than a target radius, outer
particles of HIB do not hit the target. The HIB mishitting
particles may induce another problem of an interaction
between HIBs and an ICF reactor first wall, that may be a
liquid metal wall. However, this interaction problem does not
raise a new problem, because in a real ICF reactor the
interactions of charged particles, radiation, target debris, and
neutrons with the reactor first wall should be considered.
In this section, we studied the robust HIB illumination
against the pellet displacement from a reactor chamber center
in a direct-driven HIB ICF. In our simulation studies we found
the robust HIB illumination scheme, in which the HIB radius
is larger than the pellet external radius. In our study we
employed the parameter of Δθ and optimized it to find the
robust HIB illumination scheme against the pellet
displacement dz. In our simulations the optimal Δθ is 2° for
the beam radius of 4.6 mm and for the pellet radius of 4.0 mm. Fig. 34 An example target structure and an
The tolerable pellet displacement is about 200–300 µm. We example HIBs pulse shape, employed to obtain
the fuel target gain in Fig. 35.
also analyzed the spectrum of the HIB illumination non-

17
 density would be the order of 1~a few torr or so, which
corresponds to the gas number density of 8×10'- /cm3, just
after the blast wave reaches the chamber wall. Without the
chamber gas supply, the expansion of the chamber gas after
the target burning may make the target-debris gas dilute.
During each shot, the chamber gas may be actively supplied to
keep the high-density chamber gas in the chamber. When the
reactor system operated with a 10~15 Hz, the blast wave
propagation is too fast to give a significant interaction between
the blast waves. The blast wave expands vary fast in ~5µs, and
the time interval for two DT fuel target implosions is about
1/15~1/10 s.
The gas density should be high enough to compensate
the focusing HIB charge (see Section 4). This is a good way
for the HIB neutralization transport in a fusion reactor
chamber. However, for accelerators and for the final focusing
elements in the accelerator final sections, a part of the exhaust
gas and debris coming up may have influences. The vacuum
of the accelerator part should be kept to the low pressure to
avoid the HIB ions scattering and the halo formation.
In the HIF reactor system we may have the ceramics
Fig. 35 The example simulation results for the HIBs HIB transport annular guide (see Section 4), whose inner
illumination non-uniformity versus dz and for the surfaces would absorb the upcoming exhaust chamber gas to
target gain versus dz. the accelerator final section. The ceramics material surface has
many small holes, which absorb the debris gas and vapor [56-
robustness against the pellet displacements in the three- 58, 63]. If the beam ports at the chamber wall have no
dimensional directions of dx, dy, and dz in Ref. [19]. The mechanical shutters to stop the blast waves and the chamber
optimized 32 HIB system is also robust against the three- gas flow, the accelerator final elements may meet the
dimensional displacement. contamination. So at the final part of each accelerator near the
chamber wall, each accelerator final part may several
mechanical shutters, and two pairs of the mechanical shutters
7 REACTOR CHABER GAS
would confine the exhaust gas and absorb it at the ceramics
In this section a reactor chamber gas dynamics is studied by guide inner surface. The absorbed gas is reused to produce a
using a simple analysis [89, 90]. A simple spherically plasma at the ceramics annular guide inner surface to supply
symmetric fireball in a fusion reactor is estimated by the the electrons to neutralize the next HIB space charge (see Fig.
equation of continuity, the equation of motion and the equation 10 and its relating discussions) [56-58, 63]. This is a realistic
of state for the adiabatic expansion: solution to keep the accelerator upper stream parts clean from
‚i 1 ‚(0 ) i„) the chamber gas and debris. Figure 36 shows an example
‚y + 0) ‚0 = 0,
‚„ ‚„ ‚ç
‚y + „ ‚0 = − 1/i ‚0,
Rotating
Mechanical shutter Rotating
ç
i ~ = vw!xyz!y.
One of the solutions is the ZBG (Zimanyi, Bondorf and
Garpman) solution [89]:
j ) y = j#) +< „ >) y − y# ) ,
j3 ) ‰
i(y, 0) = i# # j 3 1 − 0 j ) ,
j) Accelerator Final element
. y, 0 = .(y# , 0) # j ) ,
á < „ > )
m= 2.# − 1.
In this work α=1 is employed, and then we obtain a simple Fig. 36 At the final HIB accelerator final sections, mechanical
adiabatic expansion of the blast wave gas. In one shot of the shutters may be required to protect the accelerator upstream parts
DT fuel target implosion, ignition and burning, the initial from the exhaust gas and debris from the reactor chamber. Several
mechanical shutters may protect the accelerator. In this concept
temperature would be ~10keV or so. In this case the sound the ceramic annular guide in Fig. 10 has a role to absorb the
speed of †Â ~ < „ > ~10Ê cm/s or so. Therefore, the blast exhaust gas confined between the mechanical shutters. The
wave traveling time τ in a fusion reactor chamber may be absorbed gas is reused to produced plasma, from which electrons
are extracted to neutralize the HIB space charge just before the
É~500cm/10Ê cm/s~5µsec. The target-debris chamber gas HIBs chamber entrance ports.

18
concept for the accelerator protection system. the HIF researches as well as other remaining issues.
The intense ion beam provides also a unique tool to
8 HIF RESEARCH PROJECTS investigate unique physics in dynamic instability stabilization
At present an experimental device of NDCX II at Berkeley, and in High Energy Density Physics, and provides a promising
driver to study science in ion beam inertial fusion energy as
CA, U. S. A. works on the HIB accelerator physics study [28].
our reliable future energy source, which is discussed and
In U. S. A. HIF-VNL (virtual national lab.) has been organized
summarized in this paper. Beam ions deposit their energy
to conduct the HIF study experimentally and theoretically [91].
inside a material, and so a warm or a high-energy area is
The HIF-VNL consists of Lawrence Berkeley National
created inside a material. One good example of the ion beam
Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National
applications is an ion beam cancer therapy, in which a cancer
Laboratory (LLNL) and Princeton university. The project
inside a human body is directly illuminated without a serious
overview in HIF-VNL [91] shows that they focus on the HIB
damage of normal cells. The ion beam also has another unique
accelerator physics.
feature of a precise controllability of the particle energy, the
The FAIR (Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research)
beam direction, the beam pulse duration, the beam pulse shape
project has started at Darmstadt, Germany [29, 92]. FAIR is
oriented to basic physics to understand the structure of matter, and also a wobbling capability by the ion beam axis precise
the evolution of the universe, etc. including the plasma physics. rotation or oscillation. The wobbling capability of the ion
beam presents an innovative tool to stabilize instabilities
The HEDP (High Energy Density Physics) studies would be
dynamically in plasmas and fluids. For example, the Rayleigh-
included in the plasma physics project in FAIR.
Taylor instability growth would be controlled and stabilized
The HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator
significantly by the ion beam wobbling.
Facility) in China have been planned for HIF and HEDP
studies [30]. The HIAF construction site would be near Hong The precise beam control is a remarkable feature of the
Kong. The total beam energy planned is ~40kJ with the pulse HIBs. The wobbling HIBs would provide a stable robust DT
length of 33~130 ns. The HIAF project plan would provide a fuel target implosion in a fusion reactor against the non-
promising future accelerator for HIF studies. uniformity sources as discussed above.
In addition to the large accelerator facilities shown
above, theoretical, simulation and small-scale experimental Acknowledgments
studies have been performed in various places. In Japan,
historically Tokyo Institute of Technology started the HIF
study in Japan 1970’s, and then basic experimental studies and The work was partly supported by JSPS, MEXT, CORE
simulations have been intensively performed in HIF in Tokyo (Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya
Institute of Technology, Utsunomiya University, Nagaoka University), ASHULA, ILE / Osaka University, and CDI
University of Technology, Osaka University and KEK [93]. (Creative Department for Innovation, Utsunomiya University).
The researchers on HIF have been conducted a large number The authors also would like to extend their acknowledgements
of research labs. and researchers in U. S. A., Germany, France, to friends in HIF research group in Japan, in Tokyo Inst. of
Russia, China, Italy, Spain, Israel, Kazakhstan, etc. Tech., Nagaoka Univ. of Tech., KEK and also in HIF-VNL,
U.S.A. and our collaborators in Utsunomiya Univ. Our former
and present graduate students have contributed partly to the
9 SUMMARY AND HIF ENERGY PERSPECTIVE HIF studies, and they are also acknowledged. Especially the
As we have discussed above, the ion-beam based DT inertial late Prof. Keishiro Niu, who allowed S. K. in his graduate
fusion has preferable features to release the fusion energy to student age to start the ion-beam-based inertial fusion instead
sustain our human society with respect to the repetitive driver of laser inertial fusion and magnetic confinement fusion, is
operation, the driver high efficiency, the 100% HIB energy acknowledged deeply. The authors would also like to express
deposition in the fuel target, the concrete HIB ion energy their appreciations to Prof. Yan Yun Ma in Changsha, the
deposition profile in the fuel target deep layer, etc. The crucial Editor of the Journal, who encouraged us to prepare the paper.
point in ICF was the fuel implosion and ignition of the DT
shell target. However, the recent NIF experiments have
References
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design study of a heavy-ion driven inertial confinement fusion power plant,
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In this sense HIF has no fatal problems to construct a [3] T. Yamaki, et al., HIBLIC-1, Conceptual Design of a Heavy Ion Fusion R
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