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RISC OS 5
User Guide
Copyright © 1996 Acorn Computers Limited. All rights reserved.
Updates and changes copyright © 2018 RISC OS Open Ltd. All rights reserved.
Issues 1 and 2 published by RISC OS Open Ltd.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or
stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the
copyright holder and the publisher, application for which shall be made to the
publisher.
The product described in this manual is not intended for use as a critical
component in life support devices or any system in which failure could be expected
to result in personal injury.
The product described in this manual is subject to continuous development and
improvement. All information of a technical nature and particulars of the product
and its use (including the information and particulars in this manual) are given by
the publisher in good faith. However, the publisher cannot accept any liability for
any loss or damage arising from the use of any information or particulars in this
manual.
If you have any comments on this manual, please complete the form at the back of
the manual and send it to the address given there.
All trademarks are acknowledged as belonging to their respective owners.
ii
Contents
Introduction xvii
About this Guide xvii
The RISC OS operating system xviii
Conventions used in this manual xviii
Important tips xix
Getting help xxi
Additional documentation xxii
iii
Contents
Chapter 4: Windows 15
Features of windows 15
Practising manipulating windows 17
Changing a window’s size 17
Moving a window 17
Toggling window size 18
Bringing windows to the front 18
Closing windows 19
Scrolling 19
Practising scrolling 21
Scrolling step by step 22
Moving through a file 22
iv
Contents
v
Contents
vi
Contents
vii
Contents
viii
Contents
ix
Contents
x
Contents
xi
Contents
xii
Contents
xiii
Contents
xiv
Contents
Appendices 493
Appendix A: The command line 495
Accessing the command line 495
Using the task window 497
Getting Help 500
Using the command line 501
Command line syntax 501
System devices 506
!Run and !Boot files within applications 507
System variables 507
Command and application options and other variables 513
Command scripts 515
Using GS formats in scripts 520
xv
Contents
Index 567
xvi
Introduction
T his Guide describes the RISC OS 5 operating system. If you are new to your
computer, you should first read its Welcome Guide, which tells you how to set it
up and start using it.
xvii
The RISC OS operating system
The Appendices tell you about the Command Line Interface. This provides you with
an additional way of communicating with the computer, one which programmers
and experienced users will find especially useful. They also contain reference
material on subjects such as BBC BASIC, file-types, character sets and error
messages.
At the end you’ll find a Reader’s Comment Form to return with your comments or
suggestions for this Guide.
Mouse techniques
Usually, you’ll perform the following techniques with the Select (lefthand) mouse
button, unless instructed otherwise in the text:
● clicking – pressing a button just once and then releasing it immediately.
● double-clicking – pressing and releasing twice in quick succession. This is most
commonly used to load an application.
● dragging – moving an object from one place to another whilst holding down a
button.
xviii
Often, you’ll be told to ‘press Menu over’ an object. This means move the pointer over
the object and press the Menu (middle) mouse button.
Menu names and options are shown in bold type. The path you need to take
through a series of submenus to reach an option is described like this:
These techniques are covered in greater depth in the chapter Using the mouse on
page 7, and the chapter Menus and dialogue boxes on page 23.
Other conventions
● Often you’ll be told to ‘press Return’ (to enter a command, or confirm an action).
This is the key marked with the following symbol: ↵
● The Shift key is marked with this symbol:
● Sometimes you will need to press one key while holding down another. For
example, ‘press Ctrl-F9’ means hold down the Control (Ctrl) key and press the
function key F9. Your keyboard may have two Control keys, one on each side,
either can be used in these situations.
Important tips
xix
Important tips
Unexpected behaviour
If the screen goes blank
If your screen goes blank while you are not using it, it’s probably because the
screen saver has automatically switched off the display to save electricity and wear
on the screen. You can restore the display by moving the mouse or pressing any
key on the keyboard (e.g. the Shift key).
Check that the computer and monitor are connected to the mains supply and that
the connectors between the monitor and the computer are tight.
Star
prompt
xx
If this does not work, performing a Delete power on (switching the computer on
while holding down the Delete key) will restore the configuration settings to their
factory default values.
If this still does not cure the problem, ask your supplier for help.
Getting help
xxi
Additional documentation
Additional documentation
Your supplier should have the following products available:
BBC BASIC Reference Manual A reference manual for BBC BASIC V and VI.
The BBC BASIC programming language is
provided with RISC OS. If you plan to write
BASIC programs on your computer, you will
find the BBC BASIC Reference Manual
invaluable.
RISC OS Programmer’s A multi-volume reference manual for the
Reference Manual RISC OS operating system. Essential
reading for all serious RISC OS
programmers explaining all of the
programmer interfaces to communicate
with the operating system.
RISC OS Style Guide This sets out any user interface design
guidelines application authors should
follow.
User Interface Toolbox Information for application authors on
writing powerful desktop applications,
using the Toolbox to perform much of the
work for you.
Technical Reference Manuals These are available for most RISC OS
computers. They give the technical
specifications of all interfaces used in the
computer. These manuals are essential if
you are developing hardware add-ons and
enhancements for the computer.
Desktop Development If you are developing desktop applications
Environment for RISC OS, you’ll need the DDE. This
contains the Acorn C/C++, Acorn Assembler,
and Desktop Tools books.
xxii
Part 1 –
Beginner’s concepts
1
2
1 The RISC OS desktop
T his chapter introduces some of the basic concepts behind the RISC OS
desktop, what they are for, and how they are used. These terms will be referred
to throughout the rest of this Guide.
The desktop is your working area. At first it is clear, except for the bar across the
bottom of the screen. As you perform tasks and use applications, things will be
added to the desktop. You can move them around, change their size, hide and
remove them to make room for others.
The desktop is a graphical user interface which uses Windows, Icons, Menus and a
Pointer – or WIMP.
3
Windows
Windows
A window is an area of the screen displaying an activity or application. It shows only
the portion of the information that you choose to view, like looking through a
window to a larger scene outside.
Icons
The small pictures at the bottom of the screen represent the tools, applications
and storage devices available. The pictures are called icons. The area they occupy is
called the icon bar.
Device icons
The icons on the left of the icon bar represent the devices which are available – that
is, the discs and other places where you can load information from, and save it to:
4
The RISC OS desktop
Hard disc drive. The hard disc drive, if one is fitted, is where you can store all of
your work.
USB flash drive. If there are USB sockets on your computer, you can put a flash
drive in any USB socket and it will appear here.
Memory card. If your computer has a memory card socket then you will see an
icon here. The shape of the socket determines which types of card can be used to
store your work.
Floppy disc drive. The floppy disc drive, if one is fitted, stores your work on
removable 3.5” plastic discs which you put into the slot in the front of the
computer.
Apps. Gives you quick access to some useful applications which are available on
the computer.
Battery Manager. This icon will only be present if your computer is powered from
a rechargeable battery.
If your computer is fitted with a network interface, there may also be a Discs icon or
Net icon shown. These are used to let you share information or equipment
connected to other computers on the network. You’ll find more information about
networking later on in the chapter Local networks on page 149.
Application icons
On the righthand side are the application icons. These represent things you can do,
such as word-processing and drawing programs. Initially there are only two or
three:
Display Manager
Task Manager
Display Manager. This enables you to change the screen resolution (the amount
of data you can display) and the numbers of colours or grey scales displayed on the
screen.
5
Menus
Task Manager. This enables you to look at and control your computer’s memory,
amongst other things. You don’t need to worry about this for now since the chapter
Managing the desktop on page 73 explains its facilities in full. It is always the
rightmost application icon, though it may look very different to a coloured cog.
Any other applications which you load will normally be represented by icons
displayed on the righthand side of the icon bar.
Menus
A menu on the desktop is similar to a menu in a restaurant: it’s a list of things to
choose from. In a foreign restaurant, if you can’t actually speak the language, you
can point at the menu with your finger to tell the waiter which dish you want
(assuming that you know what the menu means!). On the computer, you move the
mouse to point at your choice from the menu.
This is the main way of doing things on the RISC OS desktop.
Menu options shown in grey (like Clear selection above) are not available at that
time. Often you must perform another action before the option becomes available.
The pointer
The arrow on the screen is the pointer. It is used to point at things you want to use
or move, and is itself moved by sliding the mouse around on the desk with your
hand. The pointer can have a number of different shapes, which you will come
across as you become more familiar with your computer.
6
2 Using the mouse
T his chapter tells you how to use the mouse to select and move things
displayed on the screen.
What is a mouse?
The mouse is the main way of interacting with the computer, apart from the
keyboard (see page 11 for an introduction to the keyboard). As you move the
mouse on a flat surface, so the pointer moves around on the screen. Using the
mouse and its three buttons you control much of what the computer does.
Move the mouse around and watch the pointer move around the screen. If you run
out of space to move the mouse, lift it up and put it down again in a more
convenient position. While the mouse is lifted, the pointer will not move, and
when you put it down again you can carry on where you left off.
Use the mouse on a smooth but non-slippery surface such as a mouse mat
(available from your supplier). Other surfaces on which the mouse works well are
wood and coarse paper.
The mouse will not work well on painted metal or highly polished surfaces, and
optical mice in particular will not work well on regularly patterned surfaces.
7
The mouse buttons
Menu
Select Adjust
You use the Select button to select and move icons displayed on the screen, or to
choose from menus.
You use the Menu button to make a menu appear. Menus are described in the
chapter Menus and dialogue boxes on page 23. Some mice incorporate a scroll wheel in
the centre position to give a third axis of movement to the user; pressing the wheel
down will emit an audible click as the button is built into the wheel mechanism.
The Adjust button does a variety of things. It is most often used to choose from
menus without removing the menu from the screen. Keeping a menu on the screen on
page 24 shows you this. The Adjust button is also sometimes used to perform the
opposite action to the Select button. See Practising scrolling on page 21 for an
example of this.
8
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