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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Part 1: Deep Learning and Its Models
1 CNN: A Review of Models, Application of IVD Segmentation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Various CNN Models
1.3 Application of CNN to IVD Detection
1.4 Comparison With State-of-the-Art Segmentation
Approaches for Spine T2W Images
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Location-Aware Keyword Query Suggestion Techniques
With Artificial Intelligence Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Related Work
2.3 Artificial Intelligence Perspective
2.4 Architecture
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Identification of a Suitable Transfer Learning Architecture
for Classification: A Case Study with Liver Tumors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Related Works
3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks
 3.4 Transfer Learning
3.5 System Model
3.6 Results and Discussions
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Optimization and Deep Learning-Based Content Retrieval,
Indexing, and Metric Learning Approach for Medical Images
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Related Works
4.3 Proposed Method
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Conclusion
References
Part 2: Applications of Deep Learning
5 Deep Learning for Clinical and Health Informatics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Related Work
5.3 Motivation
5.4 Scope of the Work in Past, Present, and Future
5.5 Deep Learning Tools, Methods Available for Clinical,
and Health Informatics
5.6 Deep Learning: Not-So-Near Future in Biomedical
Imaging
5.7 Challenges Faced Toward Deep Learning Using in
Biomedical Imaging
5.8 Open Research Issues and Future Research Directions
in Biomedical Imaging (Healthcare Informatics)
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 Biomedical Image Segmentation by Deep Learning Methods
 6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Deep Learning Algorithms
6.3 Other Deep Learning Architecture
6.4 Biomedical Image Segmentation
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Multi-Lingual Handwritten Character Recognition Using
Deep Learning
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Works
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.4 Experiments and Results
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Disease Detection Platform Using Image Processing Through
OpenCV
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problem Statement
8.3 Conclusion
8.4 Summary
References
9 Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis
Patients Using Convolutional Neural Network
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of System
9.3 Methodology
9.4 Performance and Analysis
9.5 Experimental Results
9.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Part 3: Future Deep Learning Models
10 Lung Cancer Prediction in Deep Learning Perspective
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Machine Learning and Its Application
10.3 Related Work
10.4 Why Deep Learning on Top of Machine Learning?
10.5 How is Deep Learning Used for Prediction of Lungs
Cancer?
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Lesion Detection and Classification for Breast Cancer
Diagnosis Based on Deep CNNs from Digital Mammographic
Data
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Background
11.3 Methods
11.4 Application of Deep CNN for Mammography
11.5 System Model and Results
11.6 Research Challenges and Discussion on Future
Directions
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Health Prediction Analytics Using Deep Learning Methods
and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background
12.3 Predictive Analytics
12.4 Deep Learning Predictive Analysis Applications
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Conclusion
 References
13 Ambient-Assisted Living of Disabled Elderly in an
Intelligent Home Using Behavior Prediction—A Reliable Deep
Learning Prediction System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Activities of Daily Living and Behavior Analysis
13.3 Intelligent Home Architecture
13.4 Methodology
13.5 Senior Analytics Care Model
13.6 Results and Discussions
13.7 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
14 Early Diagnosis Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease Using 3D
Slicer
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Related Work
14.3 Existing System
14.4 Proposed System
14.5 Results and Discussion
14.6 Conclusion
References
Part 4: Deep Learning - Importance and Challenges for Other
Sectors
15 Deep Learning for Medical Healthcare: Issues, Challenges,
and Opportunities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Related Work
15.3 Development of Personalized Medicine Using Deep
Learning: A New Revolution in Healthcare Industry
15.4 Deep Learning Applications in Precision Medicine
 15.5 Deep Learning for Medical Imaging
15.6 Drug Discovery and Development: A Promise
Fulfilled by Deep Learning Technology
15.7 Application Areas of Deep Learning in Healthcare
15.8 Privacy Issues Arising With the Usage of Deep
Learning in Healthcare
15.9 Challenges and Opportunities in Healthcare Using
Deep Learning
15.10 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
16 A Perspective Analysis of Regularization and Optimization
Techniques in Machine Learning
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Regularization in Machine Learning
16.3 Convexity Principles
16.4 Conclusion and Discussion
References
17 Deep Learning-Based Prediction Techniques for Medical
Care: Opportunities and Challenges
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Framework
17.3 Challenges and Opportunities
17.4 Clinical Databases—Electronic Health Records
17.5 Data Analytics Models—Classifiers and Clusters
17.6 Deep Learning Approaches and Association
Predictions
17.7 Conclusion
17.8 Applications
References
18 Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Open Issues and
Future Research Directions for the Next 10 Years
 18.1 Introduction
18.2 Evolution of Machine Learning and Deep Learning
18.3 The Forefront of Machine Learning Technology
18.4 The Challenges Facing Machine Learning and Deep
Learning
18.5 Possibilities With Machine Learning and Deep
Learning
18.6 Potential Limitations of Machine Learning and Deep
Learning
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Contribution/Disclosure
References
Index

List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Architecture of LeNet-5.
Figure 1.2 Architecture of AlexNet.
Figure 1.3 Architecture of ZFNet.
Figure 1.4 Architecture of VGG-16.
Figure 1.5 Inception module.
Figure 1.6 Architecture of GoogleNet.
Figure 1.7 (a) A residual block.
Figure 1.8 Architecture of ResNeXt.
Figure 1.9 Architecture of SE-ResNet.
Figure 1.10 Architecture of DenseNet.
Figure 1.11 Architecture of MobileNets.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 General architecture of a search engine.
Figure 2.2 The increased mobile users.
Figure 2.3 AI-powered location-based system.
Figure 2.4 Architecture diagram for querying.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Phases of CECT images (1: normal liver; 2: tumor
within liver; 3: sto...
Figure 3.2 Architecture of convolutional neural network.
Figure 3.3 AlexNet architecture.
Figure 3.4 GoogLeNet architecture.
Figure 3.5 Residual learning—building block.
Figure 3.6 Architecture of ResNet-18.
Figure 3.7 System model for case study on liver tumor
diagnosis.
Figure 3.8 Output of bidirectional region growing
segmentation algorithm: (a) in...
Figure 3.9 HA Phase Liver CT images: (a) normal liver; (b)
HCC; (c) hemangioma; ...
Figure 3.10 Training progress for AlexNet.
Figure 3.11 Training progress for GoogLeNet.
Figure 3.12 Training progress for ResNet-18.
Figure 3.13 Training progress for ResNet-50.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Proposed system for image retrieval.
Figure 4.2 Schematic of the deep convolutional neural
networks.
Figure 4.3 Proposed feature extraction system.
 Figure 4.4 Proposed model for the localization of the
abnormalities.
Figure 4.5 Graph for the retrieval performance of the metric
learning for VGG19.
Figure 4.6 PR values for state of art ConvNet model for CT
images.
Figure 4.7 PR values for state of art CNN model for CT images.
Figure 4.8 Proposed system—PR values for the CT images.
Figure 4.9 PR values for proposed content-based image
retrieval.
Figure 4.10 Graph for loss function of proposed deep
regression networks for tra...
Figure 4.11 Graph for loss function of proposed deep
regression networks for val...
Chapter 6
Figure 5.1 Different informatics in healthcare [28].
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 CT image reconstruction (past, present, and future)
[3].
Figure 6.2 (a) Classic machine learning algorithm, (b) Deep
learning algorithm.
Figure 6.3 Traditional neural network.
Figure 6.4 Convolutional Neural Network.
Figure 6.5 Psoriasis images [2].
Figure 6.6 Restricted Boltzmann Machine.
Figure 6.7 Autoencoder architecture with vector and image
inputs [1].
Figure 6.8 Image of chest x-ray [60].
 Figure 6.9 Regular thoracic disease identified in chest x-rays
[23].
Figure 6.10 MRI of human brain [4].
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Architecture of the proposed approach.
Figure 7.2 Sample Math dataset (including English
characters).
Figure 7.3 Sample Bangla dataset (including Bangla numeric).
Figure 7.4 Sample Devanagari dataset (including Hindi
numeric).
Figure 7.5 Dataset distribution for English dataset.
Figure 7.6 Dataset distribution for Hindi dataset.
Figure 7.7 Dataset distribution for Bangla dataset.
Figure 7.8 Dataset distribution for Math Symbol dataset.
Figure 7.9 Dataset distribution.
Figure 7.10 Precision-recall curve on English dataset.
Figure 7.11 ROC curve on English dataset.
Figure 7.12 Precision-recall curve on Hindi dataset.
Figure 7.13 ROC curve on Hindi dataset.
Figure 7.14 Precision-recall curve on Bangla dataset.
Figure 7.15 ROC curve on Bangla dataset.
Figure 7.16 Precision-recall curve on Math Symbol dataset.
Figure 7.17 ROC curve on Math symbol dataset.
Figure 7.18 Precision-recall curve of the proposed model.
Figure 7.19 ROC curve of the proposed model.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Eye image dissection [34].
 Figure 8.2 Cataract algorithm [10].
Figure 8.3 Pre-processing algorithm [48].
Figure 8.4 Pre-processing analysis [39].
Figure 8.5 Morphologically opened [39].
Figure 8.6 Finding circles [40].
Figure 8.7 Iris contour separation [40].
Figure 8.8 Image inversion [41].
Figure 8.9 Iris detection [41].
Figure 8.10 Cataract detection [41].
Figure 8.11 Healthy eye vs. retinoblastoma [33].
Figure 8.12 Unilateral retinoblastoma [18].
Figure 8.13 Bilateral retinoblastoma [19].
Figure 8.14 Classification of stages of skin cancer [20].
Figure 8.15 Eye cancer detection algorithm.
Figure 8.16 Sample test cases.
Figure 8.17 Actual working of the eye cancer detection
algorithm.
Figure 8.18 Melanoma example [27].
Figure 8.19 Melanoma detection algorithm.
Figure 8.20 Asymmetry analysis.
Figure 8.21 Border analysis.
Figure 8.22 Color analysis.
Figure 8.23 Diameter analysis.
Figure 8.24 Completed detailed algorithm.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Basic overview of a proposed computer-aided
system.
 Figure 9.2 Block diagram of the proposed system for finding
out liver fibrosis.
Figure 9.3 Block diagram representing different pre-
processing stages in liver f...
Figure 9.4 Flow chart showing student’s t test.
Figure 9.5 Diagram showing SegNet architecture for
convolutional encoder and dec...
Figure 9.6 Basic block diagram of VGG-16 architecture.
Figure 9.7 Flow chart showing SegNet working process for
classifying liver fibro...
Figure 9.8 Overall process of the CNN of the system.
Figure 9.9 The stages in identifying liver fibrosis by using
Conventional Neural...
Figure 9.10 Multi-layer neural network architecture for a CAD
system for diagnos...
Figure 9.11 Graphical representation of Support Vector
Machine.
Figure 9.12 Experimental analysis graph for different
classifier in terms of acc...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Block diagram of machine learning.
Figure 10.2 Machine learning algorithm.
Figure 10.3 Structure of deep learning.
Figure 10.4 Architecture of DNN.
Figure 10.5 Architecture of CNN.
Figure 10.6 System architecture.
Figure 10.7 Image before histogram equalization.
Figure 10.8 Image after histogram equalization.
 Figure 10.9 Edge detection.
Figure 10.10 Edge segmented image.
Figure 10.11 Total cases.
Figure 10.12 Result comparison.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Breast cancer incidence rates worldwide (source:
International Agenc...
Figure 11.2 Images from MIAS database showing normal,
benign, malignant mammogra...
Figure 11.3 Image depicting noise in a mammogram.
Figure 11.4 Architecture of CNN.
Figure 11.5 A complete representation of all the operation
that take place at va...
Figure 11.6 An image depicting Pouter, Plesion, and Pbreast in
a mammogram.
Figure 11.7 The figure depicts two images: (a) mammogram
with a malignant mass a...
Figure 11.8 A figure depicting the various components of a
breast as identified ...
Figure 11.9 An illustration of how a mammogram image
having tumor is segmented t...
Figure 11.10 A schematic representation of classification
procedure of CNN.
Figure 11.11 A schematic representation of classification
procedure of CNN durin...
Figure 11.12 Proposed system model.
Figure 11.13 Flowchart for MIAS database and unannotated
labeled images.
Figure 11.14 Image distribution for training model.
 Figure 11.15 The graph shows the loss for the trained model
on train and test da...
Figure 11.16 The graph shows the accuracy of the trained
model for both test and...
Figure 11.17 Depiction of the confusion matrix for the trained
CNN model.
Figure 11.18 Receiver operating characteristics of the trained
model.
Figure 11.19 The image shows the summary of the CNN
model.
Figure 11.20 Performance parameters of the trained model.
Figure 11.21 Prediction of one of the image collected from
diagnostic center.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Deep learning [14]. (a) A simple, multilayer deep
neural network tha...
Figure 12.2 Flowchart of the model [25]. The orange icon
indicates the dataset, ...
Figure 12.3 Evaluation result [25].
Figure 12.4 Deep learning techniques evaluation results [25].
Figure 12.5 Deep transfer learning–based screening system
[38].
Figure 12.6 Classification result.
Figure 12.7 Regression result [45].
Figure 12.8 AE model of deep learning [47].
Figure 12.9 DBN for induction motor fault diagnosis [68].
Figure 12.10 CNN model for health monitoring [80].
Figure 12.11 RNN model for health monitoring [87].
Figure 12.12 Deep learning models usage.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Intelligent home layout model.
Figure 13.2 Deep learning model in predicting behavior
analysis.
Figure 13.3 Lifestyle-oriented context aware model.
Figure 13.4 Components for the identification, simulation, and
detection of acti...
Figure 13.5 Prediction stages.
Figure 13.6 Analytics of event.
Figure 13.7 Prediction of activity duration.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Comparison of normal and Alzheimer brain.
Figure 14.2 Proposed AD prediction system.
Figure 14.3 KNN classification.
Figure 14.4 SVM classification.
Figure 14.5 Load data in 3D slicer.
Figure 14.6 3D slicer visualization.
Figure 14.7 Normal patient MRI.
Figure 14.8 Alzheimer patient MRI.
Figure 14.9 Comparison of hippocampus region.
Figure 14.10 Accuracy of algorithms with baseline records.
Figure 14.11 Accuracy of algorithms with current records.
Figure 14.12 Comparison of without and with dice coefficient.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 U-Net architecture [19].
Figure 15.2 Architecture of the 3D-DCSRN model [29].
 Figure 15.3 SMILES code for Cyclohexane and Acetaminophen
[32].
Figure 15.4 Medical chatbot architecture [36].
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 A classical perceptron.
Figure 16.2 Forward and backward paths on an ANN
architecture.
Figure 16.3 A DNN architecture.
Figure 16.4 A DNN architecture for digit classification.
Figure 16.5 Underfit and overfit.
Figure 16.6 Functional mapping.
Figure 16.7 A generalized Tikhonov functional.
Figure 16.8 (a) With hidden layers (b) Dropping h2 and h5.
Figure 16.9 Image cropping as one of the features of data
augmentation.
Figure 16.10 Early stopping criteria based on errors.
Figure 16.11 (a) Convex, (b) Non-convex.
Figure 16.12 (a) Affine (b) Convex function.
Figure 16.13 Workflow and an optimizer.
Figure 16.14 (a) Error (cost) function (b) Elliptical: Horizontal
cross section.
Figure 16.15 Contour plot for a quadratic cost function with
elliptical contours...
Figure 16.16 Gradients when steps are varying.
Figure 16.17 Local minima. (When the gradient ∇ of the
partial derivatives is po...
Figure 16.18 Contour plot showing basins of attraction.
 Figure 16.19 (a) Saddle point S. (b) Saddle point over a two-
dimensional error s...
Figure 16.20 Local information encoded by the gradient
usually does not support ...
Figure 16.21 Direction of gradient change.
Figure 16.22 Rolling ball and its trajectory.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Artificial Neural Networks vs. Architecture of
Deep Learning Model [...
Figure 17.2 Machine learning and deep learning techniques
[4, 5].
Figure 17.3 Model of reinforcement learning
(https://www.kdnuggets.com).
Figure 17.4 Data analytical model [5].
Figure 17.5 Support Vector Machine—classification approach
[1].
Figure 17.6 Expected output of K-means clustering [1].
Figure 17.7 Output of mean shift clustering [2].
Figure 17.8 Genetic Signature–based Hierarchical Random
Forest Cluster (G-HR Clu...
Figure 17.9 Artificial Neural Networks vs. Deep Learning
Neural Networks.
Figure 17.10 Architecture of Convolution Neural Network.
Figure 17.11 Architecture of the Human Diseases Pattern
Prediction Technique (EC...
Figure 17.12 Comparative analysis: processing time vs.
classifiers.
Figure 17.13 Comparative analysis: memory usage vs.
classifiers.
 Figure 17.14 Comparative analysis: classification accuracy vs.
classifiers.
Figure 17.15 Comparative analysis: sensitivity vs. classifiers.
Figure 17.16 Comparative analysis: specificity vs. classifiers.
Figure 17.17 Comparative analysis: FScore vs. classifiers.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Deep Neural Network (DNN).
Figure 18.2 The evolution of machine learning techniques
(year-wise).

List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Various parameters of the layers of LeNet.
Table 1.2 Every column indicates which feature map in S2 are
combined by the uni...
Table 1.3 AlexNet layer details.
Table 1.4 Various parameters of ZFNet.
Table 1.5 Various parameters of VGG-16.
Table 1.6 Various parameters of GoogleNet.
Table 1.7 Various parameters of ResNet.
Table 1.8 Comparison of ResNet-50 and ResNext-50 (32 × 4d).
Table 1.9 Comparison of ResNet-50 and ResNext-50 and SE-
ResNeXt-50 (32 × 4d).
Table 1.10 Comparison of DenseNet.
Table 1.11 Various parameters of MobileNets.
Table 1.12 State-of-art of spine segmentation approaches.
Chapter 2
 Table 2.1 History of search engines.
Table 2.2 Three types of user refinement of queries.
Table 2.3 Different approaches for the query suggestion
techniques.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Types of liver lesions.
Table 3.2 Dataset count.
Table 3.3 Hyperparameter settings for training.
Table 3.4 Confusion matrix for AlexNet.
Table 3.5 Confusion matrix for GoogLeNet.
Table 3.6 Confusion matrix for ResNet-18.
Table 3.7 Confusion matrix for ResNet-50.
Table 3.8 Comparison of classification accuracies.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Retrieval performance of metric learning for VGG19.
Table 4.2 Performance of retrieval techniques of the trained
VGG19 among fine-tu...
Table 4.3 PR values of various models—a comparison for CT
image retrieval.
Table 4.4 Recall vs. precision for proposed content-based
image retrieval.
Table 4.5 Loss function of proposed deep regression networks
for training datase...
Table 4.6 Loss function of proposed deep regression networks
for validation data...
Table 4.7 Land mark details (identification rates vs. distance
error) for the pr...
Table 4.8 Accuracy value of the proposed system.
 Table 4.9 Accuracy of the retrieval methods compared with
the metric learning–ba...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Definition of the abbreviations.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Performance of proposed models on English dataset.
Table 7.2 Performance of proposed model on Bangla dataset.
Table 7.3 Performance of proposed model on Math Symbol
dataset.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 ABCD factor for TDS value.
Table 8.2 Classify mole according to TDS value.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 The confusion matrix for different classifier.
Table 9.2 Performance analysis of different classifiers:
Random Forest, SVM, Naï...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Result analysis.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Comparison of different techniques and tumor.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Cognitive functions related with routine activities.
Table 13.2 Situation and design features.
Table 13.3 Accuracy of prediction.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Accuracy comparison and mean of algorithms with
baseline records.
 Table 14.2 Accuracy comparison and mean of algorithms with
current records.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Variances of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).
Table 15.2 Various issues challenges faced by researchers for
using deep learnin...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Comparative analysis: classification accuracy for 10
datasets—analysi...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Comparison among data mining, machine learning,
and deep learning.
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Computational Analysis and
Deep Learning for Medical
Care

Principles, Methods, and

Applications
Edited by

Amit Kumar Tyagi

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,
Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite
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Preface
Due to recent technological developments and the integration of
millions of Internet of Things (IoT)-connected devices, a large volume
of data is being generated every day. This data, known as big data, is
summed up by the 7 V’s—Volume, Velocity, Variety, Variability, Veracity,
Visualization, and Value. Efficient tools, models and algorithms are
required to analyze this data in order to advance the development of
applications in several sectors, including e-healthcare (i.e., for disease
prediction) and satellites (i.e., for weather prediction) among others. In
the case of data related to biomedical imaging, this analyzed data is
very useful to doctors and their patients in making predictive and
effective decisions when treating disease. The healthcare sector needs
to rely on smart machines/devices to collect data; however, nowadays,
these smart machines/devices are facing several critical issues,
including security breaches, data leaks of private information, loss of
trust, etc.
We are currently entering the era of smart world devices, where robots
or machines are being used in most applications to solve real-world
problems. These smart machines/devices reduce the burden on
doctors, which in turn make their lives easier and the lives of their
patients better, thereby increasing patient longevity, which is the
ultimate goal of computer vision. Therefore, our goal in writing this
book is to attempt to provide complete information on reliable deep
learning models required for e-healthcare applications. Ways in which
deep learning can enhance healthcare images or text data for making
useful decisions will be discussed. Also presented are reliable deep
learning models, such as neural networks, convolutional neural
networks, backpropagation, and recurrent neural networks, which are
increasingly being used in medical image processing, including for
colorization of black and white X-ray images, automatic machine
translation images, object classification in photographs/images (CT
scans), character or useful generation (ECG), image caption generation,
etc. Hence, reliable deep learning methods for the perception or
production of better results are a necessity for highly effective e-
healthcare applications. Currently, the most difficult data-related
problem that needs to be solved concerns the rapid increase of data
occurring each day via billions of smart devices. To address the growing
amount of data in healthcare applications, challenges such as not
having standard tools, efficient algorithms, and a sufficient number of
skilled data scientists need to be faced. Hence, there is growing interest
in investigating deep learning models and their use in e-healthcare
applications.
Based on the above facts, some reliable deep learning and deep neural
network models for healthcare applications are contained in this book
on computational analysis and deep learning for medical care. These
chapters are contributed by reputed authors; the importance of deep
learning models is discussed along with the issues and challenges
facing available current deep learning models. Also included are
innovative deep learning algorithms/models for treating disease in the
Medicare population. Finally, several research gaps are revealed in deep
learning models for healthcare applications that will provide
opportunities for several research communities.
In conclusion, we want to thank our God, family members, teachers,
friends and last but not least, all our authors from the bottom of our
hearts (including publisher) for helping us complete this book before
the deadline. Really, kudos to all.
Amit Kumar Tyagi
Part 1
DEEP LEARNING AND ITS
MODELS
1
CNN: A Review of Models, Application of IVD
Segmentation
Leena Silvoster M.1* and R. Mathusoothana S. Kumar2
1Department of Computer Science Engg, College of Engg, Attingal, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
2Department of Information Technology, Noorul Islam University, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract
The widespread publicity of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in various domains such as image
classification, object recognition, and scene classification has revolutionized the research in machine
learning, especially in medical images. Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) are suffering from severe
noise, weak edges, low contrast, and intensity inhomogeneity. Recent advances in deep learning with
fewer connections and parameters made their training easier. This chapter presents an in-depth review
of the various deep architectures as well as its application for segmenting the Intervertebral disc (IVD)
from the 3D spine image and its evaluation. The first section deals with the study of various traditional
architectures of deep CNN such as LeNet, AlexNet, ZFNet, GoogleNet, VGGNet, ResNet, Inception model,
ResNeXt, SENet, MobileNet V1/V2, and DenseNet. It also deals with the study of the parameters and
components associated with the models in detail. The second section discusses the application of these
models to segment IVD from the spine image. Finally, theoretically performance and experimental results
of the state-of-art of the literature shows that 2.5D multi-scale FCN performs the best with the Dice
Similarity Index (DSC) of 90.64%.
Keywords: CNN, deep learning, intervertebral disc degeneration, MRI segmentation

1.1 Introduction
The concept of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was introduced by Fukushima. The principle in CNN is
that the visual mechanism of human is hierarchical in structure. CNN has been successfully applied in
various image domain such as image classification, object recognition, and scene classification. CNN is
defined as a series of convolution layer and pooling layer. In the convolution layer, the image is convolved
with a filter, i.e., slide over the image spatially and computing dot products. Pooling layer provides a smaller
feature set.
One major cause of low back pain is disc degeneration. Automated detection of lumbar abnormalities from
the clinical scan is a burden for radiologist. Researchers focus on the automation task of the segmentation of
large set of MRI data due to the huge size of such images. The success of the application of CNN in various
field of object detection enables the researchers to apply various models for the detection of Intervertebral
Disc (IVD) and, in turn, helps in the diagnosis of diseases.
The details of the structure of the remaining section of the paper are as follows. The next section deals with
the study of the various CNN models. Section 1.3, presents applications of CNN for the detection of the IVD.
In Section 1.4, comparison with state-of-the-art segmentation approaches for spine T2W images is carried
out, and conclusion is in Section 1.5.

1.2 Various CNN Models

1.2.1 LeNet-5
The LeNet architecture was proposed by LeCun et al. [1], and it successfully classified the images in the
MNIST dataset. LeNet uses grayscale image of 32×32 pixel as input image. As a pre-processing step the input
pixel values are normalized so that white (background) pixel represents a value of 1 and the black
(foreground) represents a value of 1.175, which, in turn, speedup the learning task. The LeNet-5
 Another Random Document on
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to ask, or to receive information. And this was the case, not in this
hospital only, but in all the hospitals I was in, both before and
afterwards. I did indeed say a few words to my dying comrade,
about praying for mercy to his soul, and made use of the name of
Jesus in a formal way; and he continued for several days before his
death, to pray very earnestly to God for mercy, and made use of that
name: but whether he understood the character of Jesus as a
Saviour, and was led to place his dependence upon his merits, is
more than I can tell. It may be, that the Spirit of Christ, in his
sovereign grace, gave him a saving knowledge of that name that
was used at first in ignorance, and led him to trust in him for
salvation; but if this was the case, it was known only to himself; he
was unable to make it known to others; and, although he had been
able to tell me if I asked, I was unable to discern it; for he that has
not been enlightened by the Spirit of Christ himself, and brought out
of darkness into marvellous light, is ill qualified to discern when that
change takes place upon others.[15]

7. I quote these words from Sir R. Wilson's history, which

contains a degree of knowledge that I could not pretend to.
The statements which I give of the strength of the enemy, the
number of cannon they had on the field on the different days,
and what we took from them, I also state upon his authority.
The account of the losses of the army I take from the
statements in the gazettes, which I believe to be pretty
correct, for I have found that they gave a true account of the
loss of my own regiment, and I have heard soldiers of other
regiments say the same of the gazette accounts of the loss of
theirs.

8. The boats had gradually verged to the left during their

progress, so that this height, which before appeared to be
opposite their centre, was now opposite their right.

9. It was afterwards said that it was the dromedary corps.

10. He was taken on board one of the ships in the fleet, and had
one of his legs amputated, but he died in a few days, and was
buried on shore, at Aboukir.

11. For the information of such readers as have not access to large
works, I will take the liberty of inserting an account of the
dimensions of these celebrated and ancient monuments, from
Sir R. Wilson's history.
"Pompey's Pillar is of the Corinthian order, and eighty-eight feet
six inches in height; the shaft formed of a single block of
granite, retaining the finest polish, except where the wind on
the north-east front has chafed the surface a little; it is sixty-
four feet in height, and eight feet four inches in diameter.
"About thirty yards in the rear of the French intrenchments,
stands Cleopatra's Needle, and one of equal magnitude is lying
close by, horizontally. The form of these obelisks is of
considerable elegance, and their magnitude is enormous,
considering that each is only one piece of granite; their height
is sixty-eight feet three inches, and their base seven feet seven
inches by seven feet square; their sides are covered with
hieroglyphics, which, on the eastern front of the one that is
upright, are much effaced by the wind.
"Tradition affirms that they ornamented the gate of Cleopatra's
palace. From the quantity of marble, &c. &c. found near the
spot, probably the residence of the sovereigns of Egypt was
placed there."—History of the Expedition, 2d vol. pp. 156, 158,
159.
Dr. E. D. Clark, the traveller, who has paid great attention to
the study of the age and design of ancient monuments, thinks
that the shaft of Pompey's Pillar "is of much earlier antiquity
than either the capital or the pedestal." He gives probable
reasons to believe that the shaft was made in the time of
Alexander the Great, the founder of Alexandria, and who was
buried there, to be a sepulchral pillar to the memory of that
 monarch; but that Julius Caesar had set it upon a pedestal,
and had put a capital upon it in honour of Pompey, whose
head he caused to be burnt with funeral honours, and the
ashes put into an urn, and placed on the top of the pillar: but
that the pillar had likely fallen afterwards, and had been
restored by the emperor Hadrian.—Clarke's Travels, 4th Edit.
8vo. vol. v. ch. vii. p. 361, &c.

12. Or Sed; "sometimes called the Lake of Aboukir. The passage

into it at Aboukir, is about two hundred yards wide, and was
made about the year 1782, by the sea breaking down the
dyke, which had been built ages back, to recover from the
ocean that part of the country which now is Lake Maadie."
History of the Expedition to Egypt, p. 27.

13. This canal commences at Rhamanieh, on the banks of the Nile,

and passes over fifteen or sixteen leagues of country. The bed
of it is above the level of Egypt; the banks are formed of earth
raised wholly above the surface. There is no water in it, but at
the time of the inundation of the Nile. The beds of the canals
in Egypt are all above the level of the country, that, when cut,
the water may run out of them. They are properly canals of
irrigation.

14. This wind was still more dreadful in the interior of the country;
and at the place where the army was on its march to Cairo; as
appears by the following extract from Sir R. Wilson's History of
the Expedition to Egypt, vol. 1. p. 177.
ALGUM, 23d May.
"This day will ever be remarkable to the Egyptian army; a
sirocco wind darkened with a burning mist the atmosphere; the
thermometer was at 120 in the shade; the ground was heated
like the floor of a furnace; every thing that was metallic, such
as arms, buttons; knives, &c. became burning hot; the poultry,
exposed to the air, and several horses and camels died;
 respiration was difficult, and the lungs were parched with fiery
particles. Had the heat continued forty-eight hours, the effect
would have been dreadful: but happily as night drew on, the
wind cooled, and at last changed to the north west.
"At Balbeis, the thermometer was at 130; on the western side
of the Nile 120; at Alexandria 105."
Extract from a Journal written by one of my comrades.
"We had one day's hot wind from the south; it began to blow
about 9 o'clock; and wo be to him that is far from shelter, as
neither man nor beast can survive it three days! It came from
the desert as hot as the opening of an oven door, bringing
small sand like mist along with it. All the sentinels were called
in, and the cattle crept close to the ground and groaned for
fear. The buffaloes took to the river, covering themselves, all
but the nose, in the water; and no man was able to stir out of
his tent until the evening."

15. The promise that I made of informing his relatives of the time
and circumstances of his death, I fulfilled when I came to
Ireland, for which I received a letter of thanks from his brother.
 CHAPTER VI.

Preparations having been made for erecting a general hospital in the

town of Rosetta, all that were capable of being removed from
Aboukir were sent there. I left Aboukir, and was taken on board of a
Germ on the 23d June; which sailed in the afternoon; and at day-
break next morning, we were near the entrance of the Rosetta
branch of the Nile. The surf on the bar, at the mouth of the river,
was high; but the Arabs, who navigated the vessel, risked the
passage. The hazard on such occasions is considerable, owing to the
surf, and the shallowness of the water on the bar: for the vessel is in
danger of striking on the bottom between the surges; and, when
this takes place, the next wave that comes is apt either to break
over her and fill her with water, or to overset her.—When we came
opposite that part of the bar, which the Arabs thought deepest, they
pointed the bow of the vessel to it, and clued up the sails that she
might have little pitch, and might float as level as possible; they then
got out hand poles; and, as soon as she began to lose head-way,
they set the poles to the bottom, and pushed her forward with all
their power, making a great noise, until we got over the bar into
smooth water. There were several masts of vessels visible near
where we passed, that had recently been swamped in this
dangerous passage. Many British seamen lost their lives here, for
they were ignorant of its real danger, and would hardly be convinced
of it, because it had not at a distance a very dangerous appearance.
It was not until they had actually got upon the bar, that the extent
and nature of the danger were perceivable; and then, to attempt to
return against the wind and surge is vain; they must push through
or perish. At the first I wondered why the Arabs were making so
much noise; but when we came upon the bar my surprise ceased. I
had never seen any thing like it; yet the wind was not stormy, and if
such was the state of this place with a moderate wind, how terrible
must it be in a storm.—As soon as we were in smooth water, the
large sails were again spread out to the wind, we passed rapidly up
the Nile, and in a short time were at Rosetta.
I was soon taken into a large square building, having a square court
in the centre, and piazzas round about from the bottom to the top;
the ground flat, which was high in the roof, was occupied as cellars,
store-houses, &c. There were two flats above, the various
apartments of which communicated with piazza'd passages, round
the centre square. This building, from the largeness of its size, and
the number of its apartments, accommodated a great many
patients, consisting of men of all the different regiments,
promiscuously lodged together.
In coming into a place of this kind, among so many strange faces,
and various and opposite characters, it is a matter of some
consequence to meet with some one previously known, to whom
you can talk, in whom you can place confidence, and who will act
the part of a comrade. In this respect I was fortunate; falling in with
a man of my own company, whose bed was next to mine: a young
man of agreeable dispositions. He was the rear rank man of the
second file from my right, in the battle of the 13th March, who got
the calf of his leg grazed by the cannon ball, as formerly related. His
leg was now in a hopeful way; and being able to move about with
the help of a stick, he was serviceable to me who was confined to
bed. In this building we were more cool than on the sands of
Aboukir; the flies were not so excessively troublesome through the
day; and as the floor, which was upon arches, was paved with flat
stones, or large bricks, the fleas were not so numerous. But a new
enemy attacked us during the night, which we had not met with
before—the mosquitoes. They were very troublesome; and there
was no way of securing ourselves from their bite, which was very
sharp, and for a while had an inflammatory effect; so much so, that
every one for some time after his arrival, resembled a person in the
height of the measles. Our accommodation and attendance were
much better here in many respects. We were provided with sheets
for our beds, which was very agreeable; for a sheet was as much as
one could bear for a covering during the night; nor was even that
needed so much for heat, as to be a partial defence against the
musquitoes. Our woollen blankets, which would have been quite
uncomfortable from their heat, were very useful now to put under
us; for our beds being made of branches of the date tree, put across
each other, with a slender matt, made of a particular kind of rushes,
laid over them to cover the holes, the cross spars soon became
prominent, and were very uneasy to lie upon. My knapsack was my
pillow, and my blanket, folded four-ply, I put under me. Without it
indeed, it would not have been possible to lie in the beds; and even
with it, they were very uncomfortable, especially for those who were
long and close confined to them.
I had not been in Rosetta above a fortnight, when my wound again
inflamed and mortified in a most alarming degree; the leg swelled
excessively, and the wound became large and jet black, with a most
offensive smell. I was very much alarmed; I beheld many dying,
whose wounds were in a similar state, and some of them apparently
not so bad; the severity of pain deprived me of appetite: nor could I
so much as drink the wine that was allowed me. The pain continued
to increase; the discharge from the wound was great; I was reduced
to a skeleton, and my strength was failing fast; I was at the gates of
death; and, with eternity before me, I was destitute of that
discernment of the merits and grace of the Great Redeemer, which
alone can form a sure ground of confidence, and a true source of
consolation to a poor sinner, ready to perish. I again reflected on my
past life, and accused myself of want of firmness in my resolutions. I
thought God had now afflicted me in order to make me hate sin, and
love righteousness; and that were I again restored to health, and
free from pain, nothing in this world would be able to make me
leave my duty: and I flattered myself that what I had now suffered
had destroyed the love of sin in my heart. Under this persuasion,
being in agony through the severity of pain, I exclaimed, "Lord, let it
suffice thee, for it is enough; take but thine hand from me this
once!" Although this was not a prayer becoming a sinner ready to
perish, which ought to have been a supplication for mercy for the
sake of Christ; yet God was pleased in his compassion to grant me
the thing I sought. He did remove his hand, and spare my life; the
mortification, after having raged about three weeks, subsided; the
putrid flesh began to fall away; the burning pain left the wound; and
in about ten days it was clean; but the mortification had detached,
and wholly destroyed, the greater part of the tendon of the heel. I
now looked upon myself as one that had been rescued from the
grave, and the occurrences that took place immediately, tended still
more strongly to impress this upon my mind. The wound of my
comrade, who had been serviceable to me when I was so ill, as I
began to mend, grew worse, inflamed, and in a few days, nearly the
whole of the calf of his leg was one putrid mass. A blood-vessel
burst in it during the night; but he was in such pain, that he was not
sensible of the bleeding, which continued until day break; when the
floor under and around his bed was covered with blood. The surgeon
was sent for, to whom he said, "I believe Sir, I have been bleeding to
death in the night time, and was not sensible of it." The bleeding
had now ceased, but he was so weak that he was unable to speak;
and he died in a few hours, and was carried out and buried. The
Saviour's words, "One shall be taken and the other left," struck me
forcibly in these circumstances: when my comrade, who was so
shortly before in a fairer way of recovery than I was, was thus cut
off, and I was left as a monument of God's sparing mercy.
His bed was not long empty. In a few days an Irish grenadier was
brought to it, whose case was truly hopeless. He had had a boil on
the lower part of the breast, which had mortified; the mortification
had spread over the breast, and had eaten a hole larger than a
dollar into the chest, so that when the dressing was off, the inside of
the chest was visible. He lived in great agony for about six days, and
died; by which time the hole into the chest was much larger.—In a
few days after, the same bed was filled by an artilleryman, a
townsman of my own, who had got the calf of one of his legs
accidentally bruised. The leg inflamed; amputation was resorted to;
but, with all the attention the surgeons paid to him, he also died in a
very short time. My wound continued to mend; and as soon as I was
able to move, I got a crutch and a staff, and a strap to support my
leg, and got out of bed for a part of the day, after having been
confined to it nearly six months.
This was about the middle of September, before the Nile had
attained the height of its inundation. I passed a part of the day,
sitting in one of the front windows which looked to the Nile, and
remarked its daily progress. As I grew stronger, I got upon the roof
of the building, which was flat, and had a view of the town and the
surrounding country. In the country, on the opposite side of the Nile,
nothing was to be seen, as far as the eye could reach, but water,
with the trees standing in it. I travelled about too, visiting my
acquaintances in the hospital who belonged to the same regiment
with myself.
Some of the Arab watermen were employed to supply the hospital
with water. They brought it from the Nile[16] upon their backs, in the
skins of goats slung across their shoulders. The skin had been sewed
up after being taken off the animal, and was in its natural shape; the
neck part being left open for filling and emptying. (This was simply
twisted and held together with the hand, when the skin was to be
immediately emptied; but it might be tied, when it was to be kept
full, or carried to a distance.) All kinds of liquids, even wine and
honey are kept in these skins.—This illustrates the parable of the
new wine and old bottles, Luke v. 37, 38. The bottles were skins:
and, as wine is a fermented liquor, the skin bottles, once used,
would be so much impregnated with the wine that had been in
them, that if new wine were put into them, it would cause it to
ferment anew; and this would burst them. The original inmates of
the hospital were now greatly reduced; a number having recovered,
and a great many having died: but it was not allowed in any part to
remain empty. Grand Cairo having surrendered to the British and
Turkish forces on the 24th June, the sick of our own army were sent
down the Nile; and they filled up all the vacancies. Cases of
dysentery, and sore eyes, were so numerous, that a number of
buildings were fitted up in Rosetta for their reception. Many died of
the dysentery; but those afflicted with sore eyes were most
numerous, and much to be pitied.—Their torment was excessive: the
pain in their eyes was as if they had been filled with burning sand,
they had no respite from acute sufferings; and many lost their sight
in spite of all the power of medicine. About the end of August, my
own eyes became dreadfully inflamed in one night. The surgeon
applied a very large blister in the morning, and by next day the
inflammation was greatly subsided, but I did not get wholly free of it
until I left Egypt, and was several days at sea on the way to Malta.
The Egyptian ophthalmia was one of the most dreadful calamities
that ever befel the British army.
The French that were in Cairo, amounting to 13000, were embarked
and sent to France in the month of August.
As my leg continued to mend, I felt grateful to God for his great
mercy to me; but it was not long, until I had to accuse myself of
having failed in duty, and come short of my promise; and this threw
me into dejection of mind; which however wore gradually off. As I
had much leisure time, I read more of my Bible than formerly; but
the historical parts attracted my attention more than the doctrinal.
Happening to read through the beginning of Exodus, I was struck
when I found, that I had made use of the same words that Pharaoh
used to Moses, chap. ix. ver. 28, and which he afterwards repeated,
chap. x. ver. 17. This made me fear, lest I should prove like Pharaoh;
and in place of being softened by mercies, and bound by gratitude,
become hardened by them and perish in the end. I then recollected,
that I had heard Dr. Balfour preach, from Hebrews iii. 12, 13, I
remembered the words, "lest any of you be hardened through the
deceitfulness of sin," and I turned to the passage and read it. It led
me to ponder on the deceitful nature, and dangerous tendency of
sin; which increased my fear that I might become hardened, and
made my mind very uneasy. I would sometimes think on the
instructions I had got, and the tasks I had learned at the Sabbath
school; which I had now almost forgotten: I remembered some little
of the seventeenth chapter of John, for the learning of which, myself
and others had received a penny. This led me to read it, and the
fifty-third of Isaiah, which also I had learned; but I did not
understand its import, although familiar with the words. I then
turned over all the parallel passages, that I had read, in proof of
doctrines in the school; and although I did not understand those
that treated of the way of a sinner's acceptance with God, by faith in
the righteousness and atonement of the great Redeemer, yet it
helped to keep the words of Scripture relative to these doctrines on
my memory, which was of use to me afterwards. But the doctrines
of heaven, and hell, the resurrection, and eternal judgment, are
more readily apprehended: and these made increasingly strong
impressions on my mind.
I was now pretty certain that I was unfit for military service; and
from Egypt, the land of bondage, I cast a longing eye to my native
home, and wished myself there, that I might enjoy the benefits of a
Sabbath, the instructions of religious teachers, and freedom from the
society of the wicked. All my hopes now centered in this, and had I
despaired of it, I would have given myself over for lost.
After the French were embarked who had surrendered at Cairo, our
troops which had been there, rejoined the army that was blockading
Alexandria. Several regiments had lately come from England, so that
it was now pretty strong. Alexandria was immediately besieged in
form, and the operations pushed so vigorously, that the garrison was
compelled to surrender on the 1st September, on condition of
retaining their private property and being sent to France. Their
number was about eleven thousand, of all descriptions. This event
terminated hostilities in Egypt, and our troops prepared to leave it as
soon as possible. Rosetta was occupied during the siege by a
division of British, and Sepoys, natives of India, under the command
of Sir David Baird, who had come from the East Indies to our
assistance, with about seven thousand men. They had sailed up the
Red sea, and marched through the desert, and arrived at Cairo
shortly after it had surrendered. The Sepoys, when off duty, laid
aside their uniforms, and walked about in the burning sun with
nothing on the body but a pair of very short white drawers.
The dress of men and women of the common people of Egypt,
consists of a blue cotton gown resembling a woman's shift: some
have an upper and under garment. The men wear a sash or girdle
round the middle; a turban and slippers; but no stockings. The
women have no girdle round the middle; they wear vails; of which
those that I saw were of coarse net-work, resembling the texture of
a serjeant's sash, and shaped like the little bag nets used for
catching trout in small rivers. The mouth of them is put under the
chin and over the forehead, and is fastened behind: there are two
holes opposite to the eyes, and the tapering end hangs down the
breast. They appear to think, that modesty lies in concealing from
public view the lower part of the face, whilst they are very negligent
in other respects, which are more essential to that virtue. To
Europeans the appearance of their faces, and particularly the part
that is usually concealed, is no way interesting.—Their complexion is
dark; their eyes, in general, are inflamed; and their cheeks and chins
are marked with the figures of half moons, stars, &c. in the way that
our sailors mark themselves.
In some of the towns, girls, 14 years old, were seen going to the
river for water, in a state of complete nudity; and males of all ages
were seen mixed together in groupes, in the same state, without any
sense of shame. They anoint their bodies with olive oil, which
prevents the sun from blistering the skin. There are no stools or
chairs for sitting upon in Egypt; their common way of sitting is upon
the hams of their legs, in which posture they will remain for hours,
apparently as much at their ease as a European upon a chair; they
eat their meals in a reclining posture, but make no use of knives,
forks or spoons; when they sup they literally "dip their hand in the
dish,"[17] and feed themselves with their fingers in place of spoons.
The above customs were practised in the time of Christ, and still
exists through the east.
There are numbers of mosques, or Mahomedan churches, in the
towns. They have, in general, a particular kind of spires, called
minarets, some of which are very lofty: they are in shape at the top
like an onion, but have no weathercocks, nor clocks, nor bells; of
which latter, the Mahomedan religion prohibits the use. The minarets
have all one or more balustrades round them, into which a man
ascends at the end of every watch, and walks round, calling the
people to prayers with as loud a voice as he possibly can. In Egypt it
is commonly a blind man who performs this office.
The uninterrupted sunshine at Cairo, afforded the French the means
of partly supplying the want of clocks and bells, by ascertaining
exactly when it was twelve o'clock. They mounted one of the guns in
the citadel upon a peculiar construction, and put some fine brass
work at the breech, in which was a burning glass just over the touch
hole; by which the rays of the sun, the instant he reached the
meridian, kindled the powder and fired the gun. This is a proof that
clouds and rain are seldom seen at Cairo; otherwise the firing of the
gun could not have been depended on. When the French left the
citadel, the Turks got possession of it; and some of them broke and
stole the brass work of this gun, supposing the polished metal to be
gold.
The heat of the country was very oppressive; and the army that
went to Cairo suffered much from it during their march. The
perspiration came through their clothes, and wetted their buff belts
opposite the back, just as if they had been soaked in water.
About this time a very melancholy accident happened to some men
of the 13th regiment of foot. Their regimental store house was in a
building a few yards from the hospital; some of them were employed
sorting cartridges in a room on the first floor, when one of them
came in smoking tobacco, and thoughtlessly held his head over an
open chest into which they were packing the cartridges; a spark fell
from the pipe, and the powder exploded and gave a violent shock to
the hospital and adjacent buildings; several men, and a serjeant's
wife, were killed in the house, and I think nine or ten more were
much bruised and dreadfully burned, and were brought into the
hospital; their condition was more pitiful than that of those who
were severely wounded, because so much of the skin of the face
and body had been burned, that they had not sound skin left to lie
upon; five or six of them lingered about a week in great agony, and
died. I think that twelve or sixteen were killed or severely injured by
this accident. Some who were sitting in the bottom of an open
window, with their legs over the wall, were blown down into the
street, but were not much hurt.
Towards the end of September, my wound was nearly whole, but my
leg was very much contracted. I was ordered to prepare to join my
regiment at Alexandria to go home with it. But before taking a final
leave of the hospitals, I would make a few further remarks upon the
manner in which I saw my fellow creatures depart this life. And it
must be confessed, that to all appearance many of them died hardy;
they might groan through extremity of bodily pain, but did not
exhibit any anguish of mind at the fear of death or judgment; but I
could not discern any rational ground for this apparent want of
anxiety about futurity. To make a merit of meeting death bravely,
when it can not be avoided, is but a poor reason for a rational,
immortal, and accountable creature, to act upon. If man is a sinner,
and must render an account to his Maker when he dies, surely to
manifest no concern about the issue of death, is not to act the part
worthy of a rational creature. To shut out all concern about eternity,
in order to act the hero at the last, is liker the conduct of a blind
madman than a true hero; for true courage in the hour of death can
only be founded on the knowledge of our being happier hereafter;
and this persuasion is only to be attained, by the reception of the
good news of salvation by Jesus Christ, revealed in the Scriptures.
Infidelity has said much against the superstition of the Bible; but
while it does this, it gives an accountable creature nothing in the
room of it upon which to found a reasonable hope for eternity.
Infidels have often said that the fears of hell which make men afraid
to die, are the produce of superstition. Were there none of those
whom I saw die, who had freed themselves of the fears produced by
the Bible account of a future state? It is likely that some of them
had; for their previous habits and behaviour were as opposite to the
Scriptures, as if they had never heard of such a book; and it was as
little talked of, as if it had never existed. If infidelity be true, the
death of its disciples ought to be more dignified and composed than
that of any others: their future prospects ought to be the most
certain, intelligent, and cheering to the immortal soul, when it is
about to take its flight into the world of spirits and return to God
who gave it. A dying infidel, if his system be truth, should be one
that should rejoice in death, that he had freed himself from the fears
produced by the Bible; he ought to be able to direct those around
his dying bed to the truth that supports his mind, and show, at the
same time, that he has a proper discernment of his own condition as
an accountable creature, and suitable conceptions of the moral
character of his Maker and Judge. But of all that I ever saw die, I
never heard any rejoicing in the assertions of infidelity: I saw many
die apparently hardy; but their deaths resembled more that of the
beasts that perish, than of accountable immortal creatures. I have
since seen Christians die, but the manner of their death was very
different: their conceptions of the majesty and holy purity of God
were exalted; their sense of the evil of their own sins, and the moral
responsibility of their conduct, was deep; but with all this full in their
view, they had good hope through trusting in Christ; and I never yet
saw or heard of a dying Christian who regretted that he had trusted
too much to Christ, or thought too highly of him; but the contrary. I
have often heard them regret deeply that they had thought too lowly
of him, and of what he had done to save sinners, and had trusted
too little to him, and depended too little on the promises of the
Bible; and I have heard them pray earnestly for forgiveness for this,
as being the most heinous of all their sins.—Reader, if ever your
mind has been stumbled by the arguments of infidelity, try it by this
test,—what provision does it make for eternity, to a sinful and
accountable creature; and you will find that in this most important of
all other concerns it makes no provision whatever: it is revelation
alone that either does or can make any provision for a certain
ground of hope for futurity. God alone can tell how he will forgive
sin: he has done this in the Scriptures, and there alone. O be sure
you examine what is revealed in them upon this subject, and build
your hope for eternity only upon what God has revealed to a sinner
to trust in, that you may not die in despair, nor be deluded by a false
hope, and finally be disappointed: and for this purpose, I earnestly
entreat your serious consideration of what is said towards the
conclusion of this narrative.
Before leaving the hospital, I feel bound in gratitude to acknowledge
the care and attention that was paid to the sick and wounded: all
things considered, every thing was done for them that could be
done, and much expense was incurred for medicines, attendance,
and accommodation, and every exertion made to procure suitable
provisions. When I think upon it to this day, I feel grateful for the
care that was taken of the helpless, and those who were rendered
unfit to serve their country any longer: by this means many were
preserved to their families and their friends, who otherwise would
never have returned.
On the 29th September, I embarked in a Germ on the Nile, which
dropped down the river, and lay near the entrance, to be ready to
pass the bar early in the morning, that being the most favourable
time; for the wind rises at sun rise, and blows from the sea up the
river during the day, with a steady, and sometimes strong breeze,
and dies away in the evening. Vessels going up the Nile carry a press
of sail, and go at a great rate during the day, and stop at night:
vessels going down the river lower their sails and yards, lay their
broadside to the stream, and drift along with it. On the morning of
the 30th, the wind and surf were so high, that it was unsafe to
attempt passing the bar; so that we returned to Rosetta and lay it
the quay three days, waiting for moderate weather. The Nile was still
considerably above its banks: the extensive fields of rice, and corn,
particularly on the east side, excited my admiration. The seed had
been sown previously to the inundation, and had taken root and
grown up with the rise of the water; which made it to have a
compact and level surface, resembling that of a bowling-green, for
many miles. This crop would be ripe, by the time the inundation
would fall within the banks of the river; and another crop of wheat
or barley, and one of clover or vegetables, would be produced before
the return of the inundation next year.—Water is raised by buffaloes
and oxen from the river, into the canals;[18] the beds of which are
above the level of the country. It is let out into the fields during the
growth of the other two crops; and when the last one is reaped, this
labour is suspended. Then the heat of the sun soon dries the
ground, and rends it into numerous and deep fissures; some of them
are from ten to twenty feet deep. The army experienced
considerable difficulty from this cause, on its march back from Cairo;
particularly at night, when both men and horses were in danger of
having their legs broke by falling into them.
While I lay at the quay, I was astonished at the great number of
boats discharging cargoes of grain, which was piled in huge heaps in
the open air, not far from the brink of the river;[19] a sight which
reminded one of the words of Jacob, "I have heard that there is corn
in Egypt." But, with all this plenty, it is a miserable place. The
common people enjoy little of its abundance; their condition is the
most wretched I ever saw or heard of among civilized nations. The
houses of the peasantry are mere hovels, little if any thing better
than the Kraals of the wild Hottentots.[20] The inhabitants of the land
of Egypt, which was the house of bondage to the children of Israel,
now suffer bondage in their own land, little, if at all, interior to that
which their ancestors made the Israelites suffer. The government
has for a long time been in the hands of Turks or Mamelukes, who
are always foreigners, and who rule with rigour; and the inhabitants
never take any interest in the affairs of the government, but are
entirely passive to every change that takes place. The country
abounds with Arabs. The Copts, its original inhabitants, are the
fewest in number; they profess Christianity, and are the more liable,
on that account, to be oppressed by their Mahomedan masters. The
prediction is now fully verified, that Egypt, once the first of nations,
should become the basest of kingdoms: Ezek. xxix. 15, 16. It is sunk
so low in ignorance and wretchedness, that, if it were not for the
many elegant and stupendous remains of antiquity existing in the
country, the voice of history, strong as it is, could scarcely be
credited, that it was once the first of nations, and the seat of the
arts and sciences. It is a land of pestilence and disease. "In Cairo,
last year, forty thousand were supposed to be infected with the
plague: and many of the French garrison died in that city, although
the disease was treated in their hospitals with the greatest ability. In
Upper Egypt sixty thousand perished during the same season,"[21]
besides those who died of it in other parts of the country. Among the
British, the plague was confined to the "hospital and troops
stationary at Aboukir, where it broke out on the 12th April, and
terminated on the 26th August. Three hundred and eighty, in the
course of that time, were affected with it; one hundred and seventy-
three died, and two hundred and seven recovered. The deaths
chiefly fell on the orderlies, nurses, and other servants of the
hospitals."[22] "The plague raged again at Rosetta towards the fall of
the year and numbers of the Sepoys died of it."[23] When a person is
infected with the pestilence, after the manner of Egypt, (Amos iv.
10,) the disease is indicated by two boils which are commonly in the
groin. In addition to the plague, "Leprosy of the worst species, and
Elephantiasis, which swells the legs larger than a common bolster,"
and a number of other diseases are very general. "The number of
blind is prodigious, nearly every fifth inhabitant has lost one eye,
and many both. All the children have sore eyes, and Europeans do
not escape better. The French at first had more than two thirds of
their army affected with this malady; and the English, during their
short stay, had one hundred and sixty totally blind, and two hundred
that lost one eye irrecoverably."[24] How many more were affected
with this dreadful malady among the troops that remained in the
country until the following year, when it was wholly evacuated, I can
not tell; but have reason to believe the number was considerable.
Children must suffer much during their infancy from the flies,
because they are unable to drive them from their eyes. I saw a
woman going to the Nile for water, which she carried in a pitcher
upon her head: a naked child sat across her shoulders; its little
hands were employed in holding by the head of its mother, to
prevent itself from falling; its eye-lashes were literally black with flies
that were sucking at its eyes, as they would do at sugar. They work
themselves into the inner coating of the eyelids of infants, which no
doubt causes some of them to lose their sight in their tender years.
In addition to flies, gnats and mosquitoes, all other kinds of vermin
are incredibly numerous and troublesome; so much so, that,
although there were nothing else but them, they would make Egypt
an uncomfortable country to live in. Although the French used all the
freedom of conquerors, they were perfectly sick of it. When we
landed, they supposed, that, after we had expelled them, we
intended to retain possession of it; and they sincerely pitied the lot
of their supposed successors. They fought, indeed, bravely; but it
was not out of love to the country, but in subordination to military
discipline, and for the honour of their arms; but when compelled to
surrender on condition of being sent home to France, they rejoiced
in the event as a happy deliverance. And indeed it was no wonder;
for, in addition to the disagreeable nature of the climate, many of
the military posts where they did duty, being in lonely sandy deserts,
were so ill accommodated, and in all respects so uncomfortable, that
to do service at them was fitter for being a punishment to men
banished for their crimes, than for those who deserved well of their
country.
Dr. Clarke sailed up the Nile on the 10th of August, 1801, when the
river was beginning to overflow the country. The following extract
corroborates all that I had heard related by my comrades, after they
had returned from Cairo, and is so interesting, that it will gratify
such readers as have not access to his work. After passing
Rachmanie, he says, "Villages in an almost uninterrupted succession,
denoted a much greater population than we had imagined this
country to contain. Upon each side of the river, as far as the eye
could reach, we saw fields of corn and rice, with such beautiful
groves, seeming to rise out of the watery plains, and to shade
innumerable settlements in the Delta, amidst never-ending
plantations of melons, and all kinds of garden vegetables, that, from
the abundance of its harvests, Egypt might be deemed the richest
country in the world. Such is the picture exhibited to the native
inhabitants, who are seasoned to withstand the disorders of the
country, and can bear with indifference the attacks of myriads of all
sorts of noxious animals; to whom mud and mosquitoes, or dust and
vermin, are alike indifferent; who, having never experienced one
comfortable feeling in the midst of their highest enjoyments, nor a
single antidote to sorrow in the depths of their wretchedness,
vegetate, like the bananas and sycamores around them. But
strangers, and especially the inhabitants of Northern countries,
where wholesome air and cleanliness are among the necessaries of
life, must consider Egypt as the most detestable region upon earth.
Upon the retiring of the Nile, the country is one vast swamp. The
atmosphere is impregnated with every putrid and offensive
exhalation, then stagnates, like the filthy pools over which it broods.
Then, too, the plague regularly begins; nor ceases, until the waters
return again.[25] Throughout the spring, intermitting fevers
universally prevail. About the beginning of May, certain winds cover
even the sands of the desert with the most disgusting vermin.[26]
The latest descendants of Pharaoh are not yet delivered from the
evils which fell upon the land, when it was smitten by the hands of
Moses and Aaron; the 'plague of frogs,' the 'plague of lice,' the
'plague of flies,' the 'murrain, boils, and blains,' prevail so, that the
whole country is 'corrupted,' and 'the dust of the earth becomes lice,
upon man and upon beast, throughout the land of Egypt.' This
application of the words of sacred Scripture affords a literal
statement of existing evils, such an one as the statistics of the
country do now warrant. In its justification, an appeal may be made
to the testimony of all those who have resided in the country during
the very opposite seasons of its prosperity and privation; during the
inundation, and when the flood has retired, or before it takes place,
in the beginning of the year. At the period of the overflow, persons
who drink the water become subject to a disorder called 'prickly
heat:' this often terminates in those dreadful wounds alluded to in
the sacred writings, by the words 'boils and blains.' During the
months of June, July, and August, many individuals are deprived of
sight, owing to a disorder of the eyes peculiar to this country.
Europeans, having no other name for it, have called it ophthalmia,
from the organs it affects. There was hardly an individual who did
not suffer, more or less, the consequences of this painful malady. At
this season, also, the dysentery begins to number its victims; and
although some be fortunate enough to escape the worst effects of
this disorder, it proves fatal in many instances."[27]
Dr. Clarke's account of what he experienced at Cairo, in the middle
of August, is also interesting: "The mercury in Fahrenheit's
thermometer seemed at this time fixed. It remained at 90 degrees
for several days, without the smallest perceptible change. Almost
every European suffered from inflammation of the eyes. Many were
troubled with cutaneous disorders. The prickly heat was very
common. This was attributed to drinking the muddy water of the
Nile, the inhabitants having no other. Their mode of purifying it, in a
certain degree, is by rubbing the inside of the water vessel with
bruised almonds: this precipitates a portion of the mud, but it is
never quite clear. Many persons were afflicted with sores upon the
skin, which were called 'biles of the Nile;' and dysenterical
complaints were universal. A singular species of lizard made its
appearance in every chamber, having circular membranes at the
extremity of its feet, which gave it such tenacity, that it walked upon
window-panes of glass, or upon the surfaces of pendent mirrors.[28]
This revolting sight was common to every apartment, whether in the
houses of the rich or of the poor. At the same time, such a plague of
flies covered all things with their swarms, that it was impossible to
eat without hiring persons to stand by every table with feathers, or
flappers, to drive them away. Liquor could not be poured into a
glass; the mode of drinking was by keeping the mouth of every
bottle covered until the moment it was applied to the lips: and
instantly covering it with the palm of the hand, when removing it to
offer to any one else. The utmost attention to cleanliness, by a
frequent change of every article of wearing apparel, could not repel
the attacks of vermin which seemed to infest even the air of the
place. A gentleman made his appearance before a party he had
invited to dinner, with lice swarming upon his clothes. The only
explanation he could give as to the cause, was, that he had sat for a
short time in one of the boats upon the canal. Perhaps objection
may be made to a statement even of facts, which refers to no
pleasing theme; but the author does not conceive it possible to give
Englishmen a correct notion of the trials to which they will be
exposed in visiting this country, without calling some things by their
proper names."[29]
Before losing sight of the contest that was in Egypt, it may not be
amiss to glance at the unavoidable evils of war. With the inhabitants
we had no quarrel: our sole object was to expel the French. But this
could not be done, without the peaceful inhabitants receiving, in
many cases, serious injury. The roads from town to town did not suit
the march of the army to and from Cairo; the troops generally took
the direct road through the corn-fields, and their encampments were
sometimes in fields of corn, tobacco, poppies, sego, melons, indigo,
&c. the produce of which, however valuable, was destroyed. Fuel
was scarce; and the soldiers were necessitated to use whatever
would burn. Stalks of tobacco, bean straw, and such like substances,
were used to boil the kettles;[30] and in places where dry straw was
difficult to be had, it was necessary to place guards at the entrances
to the neighbouring villages or towns, to prevent the soldiers from
unroofing the houses for wood to make fuel: and with all the
attention of the officers, such was the necessity of the case, that
injury could not always be prevented.
The discipline of the army was strict, and the general behaviour of
the troops good; but many instances of petty depredations and
pilfering took place, that were not known, and could not be
prevented. Many instances occurred of inhabitants, particularly
Arabs, who sold bread, fruit, eggs, &c. having their articles taken
from them by "fellows of the baser sort," without any payment, and
sometimes with abuse into the bargain. The Arabs when so used
would throw dust upon their heads, and call upon God, and the
Prophet, and the Sultan. But as this usage was not general, and as
the army spent a considerable sum of good money among them,[31]
they were not deterred from following it with whatever they had to
sell, and I believe many of them made more money at that time,
than ever they had an opportunity of doing before or since. On the
afternoon of the 2d October, we again left Rosetta, and lay for the
night near the mouth of the river. The wind was moderate next
morning; we passed the bar safely: had a pleasant voyage across
the bay of Aboukir, and through Like Maadie; passed through the cut
in the banks of the canal of Alexandria into Lake Mareotis,[32] and
landed not far from the place where the battle of the 21st of March
was fought, of which I had thus another view, and which I never can
forget. I joined the regiment on the heights of Alexandria; we
embarked next day at Aboukir, on board of two frigates; sailed on
the morning of the 7th October; and lost sight of the celebrated land
of Egypt by 12 o'clock. None regretted this. We indeed regretted our
countrymen and comrades, who had found a grave there; but the
country itself had no charms to make us regret leaving it. All our
thoughts were now fixed upon home; and we rejoiced to think, that
every day was bringing us nearer it.

16. During the time of the inundation, the water in the river is very
thick but as much pure water as served us for drinking, was
procured from some private wells in the town, which I suppose
had a communication with the river, which had the effect of
filtering the water.

17. Matthew xxvi. 23.

18. I saw the buffaloes at this employment, when I sailed up the

river, on the 24th June, when coming to Rosetta. The buffalo is
much larger than the ox; his bones are uncommonly large,
even in comparison to the size of his body, which is very lean;
his strength must be much greater than that of the ox. When
he walks, he carries his head like the camel, his nose being
nearly as high as his horns, and is on the whole a very dull
looking animal; but, notwithstanding, he is capable of being
trained to this work, as well, if not better, than the ox, for I
saw them keeping a slow but steady pace at their work,
without the immediate presence of a driver. The water is raised
 by a wheel, upon which buckets or earthen pitchers are
fastened.
Since the publication of the first edition, I have seen the 5th
vol. of Dr. Clarke's Travels in Egypt; and as his knowledge is
more extensive than mine, I take the liberty of inserting an
extract, upon the produce and manner of cultivating the Delta.
Speaking of the method of watering the ground, he says, "The
land thus watered, produces three crops in each year; the first
of clover, the second of corn, and the third of rice. The rice
grounds are inundated, from the time of sowing nearly to
harvest. The seed is commonly cast upon the water, a practice
twice alluded to in sacred Scripture. Balaam prophesied of
Israel, Numb. xxiv. 7, that 'his seed should be in many waters.'
In the directions given for charity, by the son of David, it is
written, Eccles. xi. 1. 'Cast thy bread (i. e. bread corn) upon
the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days.' When the
rice plants are about two feet high they are transplanted."—
Vol. v. pp. 47, 48.

19. The grain was measured by an Arab into baskets, which were
carried to the heap by others, upon their shoulders. The
measurer accompanied his work with a song indicative of the
quantity he put into each basket. The owner stood upon the
quay and received a bean or pea from the carriers as they
passed by him to the heap; and this was the method by which
he kept an account of the quantity landed.

20. I saw the exterior of some of these houses on the banks of the
Nile, but never had an opportunity of seeing their interior. Sir
R. Wilson says, in vol. i. pp. 156, 157, "All language is
insufficient to give a just idea of the misery of an Egyptian
village; but those who have been in Ireland, may best suppose
the degree, when an Irish hut is described as a palace, in
comparison to an Arab's stye; for it can be called by no other
name. Each habitation is built of mud, even the roof, and
 resembles in shape an oven: within is only one apartment,
generally of about ten feet square. The door does not admit of
a man's entering upright; but, as the bottom is dug out about
two feet, when in the room an erect posture is possible. A mat,
some large vessels to hold water, which is the constant
occupation of the women to fetch; a pitcher made of fine
porous clay, found best in Upper Egypt, near Cunei, and in
which the water is kept very cool; a rice pan and coffee pot,
are all the ornaments and utensils. Here, then, a whole family
eat and sleep without any consideration of decency or
cleanliness; being, in regard to the latter, worse even than the
beasts of the field, which naturally respect their own
tenements."

21. Sir R. Wilson's History, vol. ii. p. 116.

22. Ibid. pp. 115, 132.

23. Ibid. p. 119.

24. Ibid. p. 121.

25. "General Le Grange assured us, when on board the Braakel,

that the ravages in the French army, caused by the plague,
during the month of April, at one time, amounted to an
hundred men in a single day."

26. "Sir Sidney Smith informed the author (Dr. Clarke) that one
night, preferring a bed upon the sand of the desert to a night's
lodging in the village of Etko, as thinking he should be more
secure from vermin, he found himself, in the morning, entirely
covered by them. Lice and scorpions abound in all the sandy
desert near Alexandria." One of my comrades informed me,
that when some of the date trees were split at Aboukir, for
making the hospital, there were so many lice in the hearts of
them that they might have been gathered in handfuls. The
frogs also were so abundant at some of the places where the
 army halted between Rosetta and Cairo, that it was not
possible to get at the water in the river without treading upon
them; and at one place the camp ground was literally covered
with black beetles, to the no small annoyance of the soldiers in
the tents, and the bed frames and mats that we got new in the
hospital in Rosetta in the end of June, were so full of bugs by
the end of September, that they were fit only to be burnt.

27. Clarke's Travels, vol. v. pp. 56, 59.

28. "A similar membrane terminates each foot of a common fly:

beneath which a vacuum takes place, and the animal maintains
a footing upon ceilings, owing to the pressure of the external
air upon this membrane."

29. Clarke's Travels, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.

30. When their rations happened to be salt pork, they used to put
a piece of it under the kettle to burn with the straw.

31. With the exception of gold, which was in the hands of a few,
the coin circulating in Egypt was made of base metal, watered
over with silver; and was of little or no intrinsic value. There
were large pieces of this kind, some of them larger than a
crown, which were of different values: but a small coin, called
a para, about the breadth of a farthing, and no thicker than
the scale of a fish, was the most common; of which 120, and
in some places 160, were given for a Spanish dollar. The
money expended by the army was gold and Spanish dollars.

32. The inundation in this lake extended farther than the eye could
reach. The banks of the canal formed a road for
communicating with the interior of the country; a bridge of
boats united the banks, one of the boats being moveable, for
the purpose of allowing vessels to pass in and out of Lake
Mareotis. Before the army wholly left the country, the boats
forming the bridge were sunk in the cut, and served for a
foundation upon which the banks were rebuilt. When the
British took Alexandria, in March, 1807, a detachment was sent
to take Rosetta; but they were repulsed by those Turks who
had accompanied the army on its march to and from Cairo,
and who had acquired a considerable portion of British
discipline. The rays of the sun had by this time so far dried up
the salt water in Lake Mareotis as to render it passable; but
the British again cut the banks of the canal, and admitted the
sea into it, to protect Alexandria from being attacked by the
Turks.
 CHAPTER VII.

After a pleasant passage, having light winds and fine weather, we

arrived at Malta on the 23d October. Here our joy was wonderfully
heightened by the news of peace. The news had come from France,
but they were credit worthy. The only cause of regret was, that such
an important and strongly fortified place as Malta, where we now
lay, was to be given up. We did not leave Malta until the 26th
November, at which delay the soldiers were vexed; but the naval
officers were no way anxious to get home, because they knew that
the ship would be paid off, and they would then lose their situations.
Our own officers were apprehensive that the regiment might be
reduced, which would put them on half pay; but the men rejoiced in
the prospect.[33] We had a tedious passage down the Mediterranean,
and did not arrive at Gibraltar until the 20d December. We left it on
the 1st January, 1802, and arrived at the Cove of Cork on the 23d,
having had rough weather all the way, which on two occasions
increased to a tempest, and did the ship I was in considerable
damage. We had to ride quarantine until the 9th February. My leg
had stretched considerably during the passage, and I walked about
the deck with the help of a stick. The regiment landed, and marched
into Cork on the 12th, the wounded and baggage being conveyed by
water. And here I found that, although I could safely walk about with
a stick on the level deck of a ship, my leg was not sufficiently strong
to travel the necessary distances on land. My wound here broke out
again; and when the regiment left Cork for Kilkenny, although I rode
upon the baggage, yet the travelling from the places where the
baggage halted to my billet, which was sometimes more than a mile,
was injurious to me. We came to Kilkenny on the 21st, and lay in it
about six weeks. The regiment was inspected by the General and
Surgeon of the district, and a great number ordered to be
discharged, of which I was one.
My conduct in Kilkenny was not what it ought to have been; not that
I fell into open gross sin, but I did not improve my mercies as I
ought, and was guilty of what I disallowed in my own conscience,
and felt my weakness and inability to overcome the inward workings
of corruption. I here bought Young's Night Thoughts, that by reading
it, I might fortify my mind against temptation. I placed great
confidence in the power of the poet's language; but it had not the
effect I wished and expected. I was one evening at the Methodist
chapel; but I did not pay that attention to the Sabbath which I might
have done. The regiment left Kilkenny, and marched for Belfast; and
when we came to Dublin, the discharged men that were
recommended to the benefit of Chelsea Hospital, embarked for
Liverpool, from which we proceeded to London; where I was
examined and admitted an out-pensioner of Chelsea Hospital, on the
27th May, 1802. I left London on the 29th, and took a passage in
one of the Carron Company's brigs; landed at Queensferry on the
12th of June, and arrived in Glasgow next day, happy to find myself
restored to my friends.—My wound was still open; I might have gone
into York Hospital in London, and been cured, previously to being
discharged; and had I been wise, I should have done this: but I was
so anxious to be home, that I did not do it, for fear it might delay
me some time.
My military life being now terminated, I desire to bless God, with a
grateful heart, for his goodness and care over me while in the army,
in a particular not before referred to. For during the six years that I
was a soldier, I was never confuted for any fault. My conduct was, in
general, good, in a military point of view; but there were times that I
was guilty of faults, for which I might have been punished, and
which I have reason to thank God for escaping. And what is a little
singular, I was never concerned in any court martial case, nor so
much as a witness against any man; on the whole, I passed
comparatively easy and quietly through the army, and without
doubt, the remaining restraints of early and religious instruction was
one particular mean of preserving me from many evils and dangers;
and in this respect proved an invaluable blessing to me, while I was
a soldier. I mention this particular to show what good early religious
instruction may do, although it may not have the effect of converting
the soul.
I had now attained my wishes, by being safely settled at home. God
had given me the desire of my heart. If I did not now find ability to
keep the commandments of God, in the way that I proposed to
myself, and upon which I founded my hope of meriting and enjoying
his favour, I could not expect to find any situation more favourable. I
called to mind all the promises I had made, and reflected on all the
deliverances God had graciously given me, and the gratitude that
was due to him for them. Circumstances led me to attend Mr.
Ewing's ministry at the Tabernacle; but, although I attended divine
ordinances, and read religious books, I was not a whit the better. I
had also considerable opportunity of being alone; but where I
thought I would be strongest, there I found I was weakest; and,
when removed from outward temptation, inward corruption
increased, and baffled my utmost efforts. The more I strove to keep
my own heart and life from sin, the more sin triumphed over me. I
found, in my experience, that I was a slave to sin; for what I set
myself to overcome, overcame me. At the same time, the spirituality
of God's law increasingly opened on my mind; I daily saw more of
the extent of the work I had assigned to myself to perform, in order
to obtain the favour of God; and found that my practice, in place of
getting nearer, was getting farther from it. When I looked back on
the mercies I had received, and the promises and resolutions I had
made, I saw that I had all along been mocking God, having never
fulfilled any of them. This broke my peace of mind; I became more
subject to the terrors of the law than I had ever been; my
conscience accused me of the blackest ingratitude; I had no refuge
to fly to; my sins became too heavy for me; the justice of God
stared me in the face; and now I saw that I was a condemned
criminal. I gave over all hope of obtaining the favour of God by my