CERTIFICATE

This project entitled to the Study about the

disease Cancer,its causes and its prevention and
cures is the Investagatory project work in
Biology,successfully completed by Master Sahir
Khan,student of Class-XII,Sahu
Academy,Kankinara,under the Guidance of
Mrs.Chhandita Ray.

________________ __________
Teacher In-Charge Principal

_____________________
External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I should need to express my remarkable

thanks Of gratefulness to my Biology Teacher
Mrs.Chhandita Ray who gave me the
splendid opportunity to do this wonderful
project. I would also like to thank my parents
who supported me and encouraged me to
complete this project in time. l am also
thankful to friends who helped me in
finalizing this project within a limited time
frame. I would also like to thank my
classmates whose instructions and
suggestions were helpful.
 CONTENT

1.Introduction
2.Description of Human Cancer cells
3.Difference between Healthy and
Cancerous Cells
4.Cancer cell division
5.Causes of Cancer
6.Cancer types-
Symptoms,Prevention
7.Cancer Treatment
8.Conclusuin
9.Bibliography
10.Thank You
 INTRODUCTION

This Project is on the topic Cancer.Cancer is a

group of diseases characterized by the
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal
cells in the body. It can develop in any part of
the body and may form tumors or affect blood
and immune systems. In this project we have
also discussed about common risk factors
include genetic mutations, lifestyle choices, and
environmental exposures. Early detection
through screening and advances in treatment,
such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and
immunotherapy, have improved survival rates.
However, cancer remains a leading cause of
death worldwide, with ongoing research
focused on understanding its complexities and
finding more effective therapies.
Description Of Human Cancer Cells

Human cancer cells are abnormal cells that

grow uncontrollably, often forming tumors.
Unlike normal cells, which follow a regulated
life cycle, cancer cells evade the body’s control
mechanisms, allowing them to proliferate
unchecked. They often exhibit mutations in
genes that control cell division due to some
radioactive causes, repair DNA, and regulate
apoptosis (programmed cell death). Cancer
cells can also invade surrounding tissues and
spread to other parts of the body through the
bloodstream or lymphatic system, a process
called metastasis. These cells may exhibit
altered shapes, larger nuclei, and increased cell
division, making them different from normal,
healthy cells.
Difference between Healthy and Cancer Cells

Parameters i. Healthy Cells  Cancer Cells

ii. Respond to signals to 

Ignore signals to stop
stop dividing when
Growth Control dividing, leading to
enough cells are
uncontrolled growth.
present.

iii. Undergo programmed  Resist apoptosis, allowing

Cell Death cell death (apoptosis) damaged cells to survive and
when damaged or old. multiply.

iv. Mature into specialized  Often fail to mature or

Specialization cells with specific differentiate, leading to
functions. abnormal function.

v.  Lose adhesion properties,

Stick together in allowing them to invade
Adhesion
organized tissues. surrounding tissues and
spread.

vi.  Accumulate genetic

Genetic
Maintain stable DNA. mutations that disrupt normal
Stability
cell function.

vii. Recognized and  Can evade the immune

Immune
eliminated by the system, allowing them to
Response
immune system. grow unchecked.

viii. Efficiently use energy for  May alter their metabolism to

Energy
normal cellular support rapid growth and
Metabolism
processes. proliferation.

Angiogenesis ix.  Can stimulate the growth of

Limited ability to induce new blood vessels to supply
blood vessel formation. nutrients and oxygen to
tumors.
 Cancer Cell Division
Cancer cell division is characterized by
uncontrolled proliferation due to genetic
mutations disrupting the normal cell cycle. The
process begins with mutation accumulation in
genes regulating cell growth, such as oncogenes
and tumor suppressor genes. This leads to the
loss of cell cycle checkpoints, allowing cancer
cells to bypass regulatory controls.
During division, these cells replicate their DNA
and proceed through mitosis despite damage or
abnormalities. They evade apoptosis
(programmed cell death), enabling survival
even when damaged.
Cancer cells also exploit the body's resources,
inducing angiogenesis to form new blood
vessels, providing nutrients for rapid growth.
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can invade
nearby tissues and spread via metastasis,
forming secondary tumors in distant organs.
This unregulated division fuels tumor growth
and disease progression.
 Causes of Cancer
Cancer is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle
factors that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Below are the primary causes
of cancer:

1. Genetic Factors

 Inherited mutations: Some individuals inherit mutations in genes like BRCA1 or

BRCA2, increasing cancer risk.
 Random mutations: Errors during DNA replication can accumulate over time,
leading to cancer.X-Ray,MRI like diagnosis can also cause cancer

2. Environmental Factors

 Carcinogens: Substances like tobacco smoke, asbestos, and certain chemicals can
damage DNA and trigger mutations.
 Radiation: UV rays from the sun and ionizing radiation (e.g., X-rays) can cause DNA
damage.

3. Lifestyle Factors

 Smoking: Increases the risk of lung, throat, and other cancers.

 Diet: High consumption of processed or red meats and low intake of
fruits/vegetables can elevate cancer risk.
 Alcohol: Excessive consumption is linked to liver, breast, and digestive cancers.
 Obesity: Associated with hormonal imbalances and chronic inflammation,
contributing to cancers like breast and colon.

4. Biological Factors

 Infections: Certain viruses (e.g., HPV, Hepatitis B/C, and Epstein-Barr) and bacteria
(e.g., H. pylori) can lead to cancer.
 Hormonal imbalances: Can promote the development of hormone-dependent
cancers like breast or prostate cancer.

5. Chronic Inflammation

Long-term inflammation due to conditions like Crohn’s disease can

damage DNA and increase cancer risk.
Cancer Types-Symptoms And Preventions
Here’s a short list of common cancer types, their symptoms, and
possible prevention strategies:

1. Carcinomas

Examples: Lung, breast, prostate, colorectal cancer

 Symptoms:
o Lung cancer: Persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath,
coughing blood.
o Breast cancer: Lump in the breast, changes in breast size/shape,
nipple discharge.
o Prostate cancer: Difficulty urinating, blood in urine, pelvic pain.
o Colorectal cancer: Changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding,
abdominal discomfort.
 Prevention:
o Avoid tobacco.
o Maintain a healthy weight.
o Regular screenings (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies).
o Eat a fiber-rich diet and limit red/processed meats.

2. Sarcomas

Examples: Osteosarcoma, liposarcoma

 Symptoms:
o Swelling or lump in soft tissues.
o Bone pain, fractures.
 Prevention:
o Limit exposure to harmful radiation.
o Early diagnosis of genetic conditions predisposing to sarcomas.
3. Leukemias

Examples: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid

leukemia
 Symptoms:
o Frequent infections.
o Fatigue, pale skin, bruising easily.
o Fever, weight loss.
 Prevention:
o Avoid excessive radiation exposure.
o Limit contact with harmful chemicals (e.g., benzene).

4. Lymphomas

Examples: Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

 Symptoms:
o Swollen lymph nodes (neck, armpits, groin).
o Night sweats, unexplained fever, weight loss.
 Prevention:
o Avoid exposure to certain infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus,
HIV).
o Maintain a healthy immune system.

5. Melanomas

 Symptoms:
o Unusual moles or skin lesions (asymmetry, irregular borders,
changes in color/size).
o Itching, bleeding from a mole.
 Prevention:
o Avoid excessive sun exposure.
o Use sunscreen with high SPF.
o Regularly check your skin for changes.
6. CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) Cancers

 Symptoms:
o Persistent headaches, nausea, vomiting.
o Seizures, vision/hearing issues.
o Difficulty with balance or motor function.
 Prevention:
o Limit exposure to radiation and harmful chemicals.
o Protective measures against occupational hazards.

7. Germ Cell Tumors

Examples: Testicular cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors

 Symptoms:
o Testicular cancer: Lump/swelling in the testicle, lower abdominal
pain.
o Ovarian germ cell tumors: Abdominal bloating, pain, irregular
periods.
 Prevention:
o Regular self-examinations (e.g., for testicular cancer).
o Awareness of family history.

8. Neuroendocrine Tumors

 Symptoms:
o Hormonal imbalances, flushing, diarrhea.
o Abdominal pain, weight loss.
 Prevention:
o Early screening for genetic predispositions.
o Limit exposure to industrial toxins.
 CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer treatment encompasses a range of
approaches tailored to the type, stage, and
genetic profile of the disease. Surgery aims to
remove tumors and nearby affected tissues,
often providing a curative option when detected
early. Radiation therapy uses high-energy
beams to destroy cancer cells, often
complementing surgery or other treatments.
Chemotherapy employs drugs to kill rapidly
dividing cells, while immunotherapy boosts the
immune system to target cancer. Targeted
therapies block specific molecules involved in
cancer growth, offering precision-based
solutions. Hormone therapy is effective against
hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast and
prostate cancer. Emerging treatments like
CAR-T cell therapy and nanomedicine promise
innovative strategies, focusing on improving
outcomes. Palliative care supports patients’
quality of life during treatment.
 CONCLUSION

In this project we have discussed about the

topic cancer.We have learnt about it’s
types,how it is triggered or caused due to the
medical reasons,etc.We have also learnt about
it’s cure and how it Is prevented so that no
normal cells being converts to the cancerous
cells or no such cause of malignantr tumour
causes.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I have collected the information from the

following books:-

NCERT BIOLOGY Class-XII

TRUEMANS BIOLOGY VOL-II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-
conditions/cancer/cancer/cancer-types
THAN
K
YOU