The Human Reproductive

System: Structure and

Function
Introduction to Reproduction
❑ The reproductive system makes it possible
for humans to bear offspring and ensure
the continuity of the human race
❑ Humans reproduce
sexually and the
male and female
are involved in the
reproductive
process.
Functions of the Reproductive
System

❑ Produces gametes (sex cells)

❑ Enables fertilization
❑ Supports development of new
individual
❑ Produces reproductive
hormones
Male Reproductive
System
Male Reproductive System
● Main functions: produce sperm, secrete
hormones, transfer sperm

● Key organs: testes,

scrotum, penis, vas
deferens, urethra,
epidisymis
● Accessory glands:
seminal vesicle, prostate,
bulbourethral
 Male Reproductive
System
Bladder
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Vas deferens
Epididymis

Testis
Penis
 The Male Reproductive System
Testes
❑The testes (singular:
testis) are the site of
production of male
sex cells; also called
sperm and the Testis
primary male sex
hormones called
testosterone
 The Male Reproductive System
Epididymis

❑The epididymis is
just behind the testis. It
is where the sperm
cells produced in the
testes are transported epididymis
and stored in.
❑Here, the sperm mature
and become ready for
fertilization.
 The Male Reproductive System
Vas Deferens
• The vas deferens is
also called as the Vas
sperm duct. Through deferens
muscular
contractions, mature
sperms are
transported from the
epididymis to the
urethra
 The Male Reproductive System
Urethra
❑The urethra serves as
the passageway of the
fluid containing the
sperm called semen,
to outside of the body urethra

❑When the semen

comes out, a mechanism
in the urethra blocks
the urine
 The Male Reproductive System
Glands
▪ Provide liquid in
which sperm can
swim
a. Seminal vesicle
b. Prostrate gland
c. Bulbourethral gland
The Male Reproductive System
Glands
Seminal vesicle

▪ Secretes a fluid
that makes up
most of the
semen Seminal
vesicle
 The Male Reproductive System
Glands
Prostate Gland
▪ Secretes a
slightly
alkaline milky
Prostate
fluid that is gland
discharged as
part of the
semen
 The Male Reproductive System
Glands
Bulbourethral Gland
▪ Secretes a thick
and clear mucus
that lubricates and Bulbourethral
neutralizes the any gland
trace of acidic
urine in the urethra
 The Male Reproductive System
Penis

• The penis allows

delivery of the
sperm to the female
reproductive tract Penis
where the egg is.
 The Male Reproductive System
Scrotum
• The scrotum layer of
skin that holds the
testes. It gives them
slightly cooler
temperature. scrotum
▪ Having cooler
temperature is helpful for
healthy sperm
production of the testes.
The Testes and Scrotum
● Testes (male gonads) produce sperm
● Scrotum hangs outside body to maintain
lower temperature
● Undescended testes can lead to sterility
Sperm Production and Transport

❑ Sperm develop in
seminiferous
tubules
❑ Mature in
epididymis
❑ Travel through vas
deferens
 Sperm Production and Transport

❑ Mix with fluids

from accessory
glands
❑ Exit through
urethra during
ejaculation
The Penis: Structure and Function
❑ Organ for copulation, not reproduction
itself
❑ Composed of erectile tissue
❑ Becomes firm when filled with blood
(erection)
❑ Urethra runs through penis
❑Reproduction may only happen if the
male sperm unites with the female
egg.
Male Sex Hormones
● Main hormone: testosterone
● Produced by testes
● Responsible for male sexual
development
● Triggers changes during puberty
Male Secondary Sex
Characteristics
● Appear during puberty (ages 10-14)
● Growth of facial, body, and pubic hair
● Deepening of voice
● Increased muscle mass
● Enlarged genitals
Assessment #1
Match the items to complete the parts
of the male reproductive system.

Epididymis
1.
Vas deferens
4.
Penis

Testis
2.
5. Prostrate gland

6. Bulbourethral gland
3.
Seminal vesicle
Assessment #1
Choose TRUE if the statement is true,
otherwise choose the correct word
that would make the statement true.
7. When at storage in the urethra, the sperms
mature and become ready for fertilization.
True Testis

Vas deferens Epididymis

8. The sperm duct transports the mature sperm

from the epididymis to urethra.
True Epididymis

Vas deferens penis

Assessment #1
Choose the correct answer from the given choices.
9. Which of the following is function of prostate
gland?

C. Produces sperm
A. Produces semen
cells and testosterone

B. Produces fluid that D. Transports mature

help nourish the sperm sperms to the urethra
Assessment #1
Choose the correct answer from the given choices.
10. Which of the following is function of urethra
A. Semen and urine does not come out at the same
time
B. When the semen comes out, a mechanism in the
penis blocks the urine.
C. When the semen comes out, a mechanism in the
urethra blocks the urine
D. Urine does not come out of the body through the
urethra.
Female Reproductive
System
Function of Female
Reproductive System
1. Produces female sex
cells
2. Receives sperm cells
from the male
3. Nurtures the
development of and
provides nourishment
for the new individual.
Female Reproductive System

● Main functions: produce eggs, receive

sperm, support fetus development
● Key organs: ovaries, fallopian tubes,
uterus, cercix, vagina
● External genitalia: vulva
Female Reproductive System

❑Ovaries
❑Fallopian
tube/oviduct
❑Uterus
❑Cervix
❑Vagina
❑Vulva
The Ovaries
● Female gonads, almond-sized
● Contain ovarian follicles with oocytes
(immature eggs)
● Produce and release mature eggs cells
(ovulation)
● Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)
The Oviduct
● Also called fallopian tubes or uterine
tubes
● Connect ovaries to uterus
● Lined with cilia to help egg movement
● Site of fertilization
The Uterus
● A pear-shaped muscular organ
● Inner lining (endometrium) supports
embryo implantation
● Prepares for pregnancy each month by
forming a thick, nutrient-rich lining of
blood and tissue
The Cervix
● A narrow lower part of uterus
● It allows the passageway of menstrual
fluid (menstruation) or, of a baby
(childbirth).
● Dilates to 10 cm to accommodate the head
of the fetus during childbirth.
The Vagina

● Muscular canal from

uterus to outside of
body
● Receives penis during
intercourse
● Pathway for menstrual
flow
● Birth canal during
childbirth
Vulva (unified name for all external
outer part of female reproductive system)

• It surrounds and
protects the
opening of the
vagina.
 Female Sex Hormones

● Main hormones:
estrogen and progesterone
● Produced primarily by ovaries
● Control menstrual cycle
● Important for pregnancy
Female Secondary Sex
Characteristics
● Appear during puberty
● Breast development
● Widening of hips
● Growth of pubic and underarm hair
● Beginning of menstruation
Assessment #2
Match the items to complete the function of the female
reproductive system.
A. It is where the
fully developed fetus
passes through
during birth

B. Surrounds and
protect the opening
of the vagina

C. Act as gatekeeper
of the uterus.
Assessment #2
Choose the correct answer from the given choices.

4. Which of the following is function of fallopian

tube/oviduct?

A. Act as passageway
C. Produces semen
for the egg

B. Protects the fetus D. Regulates the

from contamination reproductive process
Assessment #2
Choose the correct answer from the given choices.
5. Which of the following is function of sex
hormones – estrogen and progesterone?
A. They help in the growth of a person’s height and
weight
B. They regulate the changes involved in the preparation
of a woman for reproduction

C. They create a protective blanket for fetus

D. They help in the fertilization of ova or eggs in the

female body.
Fact or Myth
Tell whether the statement is a
FACT or a MYTH.

1. Hormones such as
Testosterone, helps the germ cells
divide and change several
times and gradually turn into
spermatids or young sperm cells
Let’s debunk some common sex
hormones myths and facts. Tell
whether the statement is a FACT
or a MYTH.

2. Testosterone is the male

hormone, so it’s only for
male.
Let’s debunk some common sex
hormones myths and facts. Tell
whether the statement is a FACT
or a MYTH.

3. Estrogen is the only

hormone I need to worry
about menopause.
Let’s debunk some common sex
hormones myths and facts. Tell
whether the statement is a FACT
or a MYTH.

4. Without estrogen,
females are at risk for weak
bones later in life
Let’s debunk some common sex
hormones myths and facts. Tell
whether the statement is a FACT
or a MYTH.

5. Progesterone is less
important than estrogen
which is the “Queen”
hormone.
The Endocrine System and
Reproduction
● Endocrine glands secrete
hormones into bloodstream
● Hormones regulate many body
processes, including reproduction
● Effects can take hours or weeks
These reproductive hormones
come from the pituitary gland,
the adrenal cortex, and the
gonads (testes or ovary)
• This process happen to both male and female
reproductive systems during reproductive cycles
and puberty.
4 Important Hormones
❑ Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)
❑Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
❑Estrogen
❑Progesterone/Testosterone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) - Female
• Initiates development of oocytes (immature
egg cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) – Male
• With testosterone, stimulates testes to
produce sperm
• Inhibited by testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Female
❑Triggers the start of ovulation
❑Stimulates formation of corpus luteum
❑Stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
with FSH
❑Stimulates ovarian cells to secretes estrogen
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Male
❑ Stimulates interstitial cells in the testes
to secrete testosterone
Sex Hormones
• Produced and secreted by gonads and
adrenal glands
• Promote development of secondary
sexual characteristics during puberty
• Female sex hormones are involved in the
menstrual cycle and pregnancy in females
3 Main Groups of Sex
Hormones
❑Estrogen
❑Progesterone
❑Androgen (Testosterone)
Estrogen
Female
• Produced by the
ovaries and the adrenal
gland
Male
• Secreted by the adrenal
glands and testes but at
lower levels than women
Estrogen
Functions:
1. Stimulates development of
secondary sex characteristics in
females (breasts, pubic hair, armpit hair,
etc. )
2. Regulates menstrual cycle by
repairing the uterine lining after
menstruation and prepares the
follicle for release of egg
Estrogen
Function:
3. Controls and maintains the strength
and thickness of vaginal wall, urethral
lining, vaginal lubrication and other bodily
functions
Progesterone
• Produced and secreted by the ovaries
before and after ovulation and during
pregnancy
Functions:
1. Prepares the uterus for egg
implantation by thickening the uterine
lining
2. Prevents further ovulation during
pregnancy
Progesterone
• Produced and secreted by the ovaries
before and after ovulation and during
pregnancy
Testosterone
Male
• Produced and secreted
by the testes and the
adrenal glands

Female
• Secreted by the adrenal
gland and ovaries but at
lower levels than
male(men)
Testosterone
Functions:
1. Stimulates development of secondary
sex characteristics in males (deep
voice, body hair, growth of penis and
testes size, increase in muscle mass, etc.)
2. Promotes sperm cell production
3. Maintains muscle strength and mass,
fat distribution, and fat metabolism
4. Promotes sexual drive
 SUMMARY

Female Male
 Hormones and Puberty
● Puberty triggered by hormonal changes
● Can cause mood swings and emotional changes
● Lead to physical development of sex
characteristics
Hormonal Imbalances

● Occur when hormone levels are

too high or low
● Can affect reproductive
function
● May cause various health issues
Common
Reproductive Health
Concerns (Male)
Low Sperm Count
• When a man
ejaculates semen
that contains less
sperm than normal,
he is considered to
have a low sperm
count.
Low Sperm Count

• This condition is
also referred to
as oligospermia
Low Sperm Count

• If an individual
has zero sperm, it
is known
as azoospermia.
Low Testosterone
• Testosterone is a hormone that has a great
deal of influence over a man's body.
• Testosterone affects a man's sex drive, as
well as his muscle and bone strength in
adulthood.
Common
Reproductive Health
Concerns (Female)
Endometriosis
• This kind of tissue
that normally lines
the uterus grows
somewhere else.
• It can grow on the
ovaries, behind the
uterus, on the
bowels, or on the
bladder.
Endometriosis

• This “misplaced”
tissue can cause the
following:
• Pain (usually in the
abdomen, lower back,
or pelvic areas. )
• infertility, and
• very heavy periods
Uterine Fibroids
• A noncancerous
tumors in women of
childbearing age.
• Fibroids are made of
muscle cells and other
tissues that grow in and
around the wall of the
uterus, or womb.
• The cause of fibroids is
unknown.
Symptoms of Fibroids include:
•Heavy or painful periods or bleeding
between periods.
•Feeling “full” in the lower abdomen.
•Urinating often.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS)
• Polycystic ovary
syndrome happens
when a woman’s
ovaries or adrenal
glands produce more
male hormones than
normal.
• One result is that cysts
(fluid-filled sacs)
develop on the ovaries.
Symptoms of PCOS include:

• Infertility
•Pelvic pain.
•Excess hair
growth on the
face, chest,
stomach, thumbs,
or toes.
•Baldness or
thinning hair.
Symptoms
of PCOS
include:
•Acne, oily
skin, or
dandruff.
•Patches of
thickened
dark brown
or black skin.
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs)
STDs are infections that you can get from having
sex with someone who has the infection. The
causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, and
viruses.
HIV/AIDS
• HIV affects specific cells
of the immune system
(called CD4 cells).
• HIV can destroy so many
of these cells that the
body can’t fight off
infection anymore.
• The human body cannot
get rid of HIV—that
means once a person has
HIV, he or she has it for
life.
HIV/AIDS
• HIV affects specific
cells of the immune
system (called CD4
cells).
• HIV can destroy so
many of these cells
that the body can’t
fight off infection
anymore.
HIV/AIDS
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV/AIDS
• HIV is the virus that
can lead to acquired
immune deficiency
syndrome, or AIDS.
AIDS is the late
stage of HIV
infection, when a
person’s immune
system is severely
damaged.
Conclusion: The Importance of
Reproductive Health

● Understanding your body is crucial

● Regular check-ups can prevent issues
● Hormonal balance is key to overall health
● Reproductive health affects quality of life
Performance Task #1
Hormonal Disorder Awareness
Create an information awareness campaign
about Reproductive Hormone Disorders
which discusses: Overview, Signs and
Symptom, Causes and Treatment.
Choose one topic below:
1. Low Testosterone
2. Hirsutism
3. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
4. Ovarian Insufficiency
Performance Task #1
Hormonal Disorder Awareness
Create an information awareness campaign
about Reproductive Hormone Disorders
which discusses: Overview, Signs and
Symptom, Causes and Treatment.
Choose one topic below:
5. Hormonal Imbalance
6. Infertility
7. Hypogonadism
Criteria below will be used in assessing your
awareness campaign
Criteria Score
Research 30%
The student made a researches and
indicates his/her references
Content 30%
Information is clear and correct
Presentation 20%
It was presented neatly or with a style,
arts and design
Timeliness 20%
Awareness campaign submitted on time
Be ready for a
Long Quiz