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DEEPAK PROJECT

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41 views15 pages

DEEPAK PROJECT

Uploaded by

vathithya8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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E.S.

LORDS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL


VILLUPURAM

PHYSICS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022 – 2023


NAME :
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO :
TOPIC :

SUBMITTED BY :

1
CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that this Physics Investigatory Project on the


topic ‘ ‘has been
successfully completed by

of Class XII under the guidance of

in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of


Secondary Education leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-23.

Sign of External Examiner Sign of Internal Examiner

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have best owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to


complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mr. Gunasekaran, my co-ordinator Mr.R. Mark
and our subject teacher Mr. A.Arunagiri whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped us to patch this project
and make it full proof success, his suggestions and instruction
has served as the major contribution towards the completion of
this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and my classmates


who helped me with valuable suggestions for finalizing and
completion of project.

3
INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

1 Aim of the project

2 Introduction

3 Circuit diagram

4 Apparatus required

5 Principle and formulae

6 Procedure

7 Observation

8 Conclusion

9 Closure

4
AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation


between the ratio of
(i) output and input voltage
and
(ii) number of turns in
secondary coil and primary coil
of a self-designed transformer.

5
INTRODUCTION

Transformer. A transformer is a device for converting a


large alternating current at low voltage into a small alternating
current at high voltage and vice-versa.

If the voltage is stepped up and the current is decreased,


the transformer is called step up transformer and if the voltage
is lowered and the current is increased, the transformer is called
step down transformer.

Transformer is the simplest device that is used to transfer


electrical energy from one alternating-current circuit to
another circuit or multiple circuits, through the process of
electromagnetic induction. A transformer works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction to step up or step
down voltage. Transformer either increases AC voltage (Step-
up transformer) or decreases AC voltage (Step-down
transformer).

6
Transformer which is normally utilized in the
transmission and distribution of alternating current power is
fundamentally a voltage control device.

Transformer are used for a wide range of purposes,


including increasing the voltage from electric generators to
enable long-distance transmission of electricity and decreasing
the voltage of conventional power circuits to run low-voltage
devices like doorbells and toy electric trains.

Step-down Transformer: The primary voltage is converted


to a lower voltage across the secondary output using a step-
down transformer. The number of windings on the primary
side of a step-down transformer is more than on the
secondary side. As a result, the overall secondary-to-primary
winding ratio will always be less than one.

Step-down transformer are used in electrical systems that


distribute electricity over long distances and operate at
extremely high voltages to ensure minimum loss and

7
economical solutions. Step-down transformer are used to
change high-voltage into low-voltage supply lines.

Step-up Transformer: The secondary voltage of a step-up


transformer is raised from the low primary voltage. Because
the primary winding has fewer turns than the secondary
winding in this sort of transformer, the ratio of the primary
to secondary winding will be greater than one.

Step-up transformer are frequently used in electronics


stabilizers, inverters, and other devices that convert low
voltage to a significantly higher voltage. A step-up
transformer is also used in the distribution of electrical
power.

Iron Core Transformer: Multiple soft iron plates are used


as the core of an iron core transformer.
Ferrite Core Transformer: Due to its high magnetic
permeability, a ferrite core transformer uses one.

8
DIAGRAM

9
APPARATUS
1. Iron rod.

2. Copper wire of SWG 24 and SWG 18.

3. AC voltmeter.

10
PRINCIPLE

It is based upon the principle of mutual inductance i.e.,


whenever magnetic flux linked with a coil is changed, an
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring coil.

Construction:
A transformer consists of two coils of insulated wire
containing different number of turns wound separately on a
continuous soft iron core .The coil to which the electric energy
is fed is called the primary, whereas the coil from which the
energy is drawn is called the secondary.

The two coils of wire are close to each other but are not
electrically connected. The entire magnetic flux coming out of
one will practically remain in the iron core, and hence pass
through the other coil. The soft iron core provides a good path
for the magnetic lines of force and Therefore, helps in making
almost all of them pass through the secondary coil.

11
Consider the terminals of secondary coil to be open. Let N
and N be the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils
respectively. Let be the magnetic flux linked with the primary
and the secondary at any instant. The induced e.m.f. in primary
and secondary coils are given by

𝑑𝛷
𝐸𝑃 = -𝑁𝑝
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝛷
and 𝐸𝑠 = -𝑁𝑠
𝑑𝑡

𝐸𝑆 𝑁𝑆
Thus =- =k
𝐸𝑃 𝑁𝑃

The ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to that in


the primary is called transformation ratio.
If a step up transformer, 𝑁𝑆 > 𝑁𝑃 , i.e. the ratio is greater
than 1 so that 𝐸𝑆 >𝐸𝑃
In step down transformer, 𝑁𝑆 < 𝑁𝑃 i.e., transformation ratio
is less than 1, so that 𝐸𝑆 <𝐸𝑃

12
PROCEDURE
1. Take a thick iron rod of about 15 cm long and 5 cm

diameter.

2. Wrap a thick paper on it and wind a large number of

turns of thin enameled copper wire (SWG24) on the thick paper

(say 400). This is the primary coil of the transformer.

3. Now cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper.

4. Wind relatively smaller number of turns (say 100) of

thick enameled copper wire on the paper having covered iron

rod in it. This is the secondary coil of the transformer.

5. Connect the terminal A and B to AC main and measure

the input voltage 𝑉𝑝of the transformer.

6. Similarly, measure the output voltage 𝑉𝑠 across the

secondary terminals C4 and D with an AC voluneter of at least

50V range.

13
OBSERVATION
Number of turns in primary coil, 𝑁𝑝 = ………
Number of turns in secondary coil, 𝑁𝑠 = ………
Input voltage, 𝑉𝑝 = ……….. volt
Output voltage, 𝑉𝑠 = ……….. volt.

CACULATION
𝑁𝑝
(i) =
𝑁𝑠
𝑉𝑝
(ii) =
𝑉𝑠

CONCULSION
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝
We find that the ratio and are nearly equal within the
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠

experimental limit.
PRECAUTIONS
l. For winding, enamelled copper wire should be used.
2. In step down transformer, the primary coil is thin and
secondary coil is thick.
3. Switch on the power for ac mains for a short interval of time.

14
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