© The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Code : EE533

Subject Title : Railway Power Supply Systems

Session : Semester 1, 2022/23 Venue : SH1

Date : 9 December 2022 Time : 19:00 - 22:00

Time Allowed : 3 Hours Subject Examiner(s) : Prof. K.K. Lee,

Dr I. Kocar,
Ir Stephen Ho (MTR-A),
Mr Andy Lo (MTR-A),
Mr Terry Sit (MTR-A)

This question paper has a total of 6 pages (attachments included).

Instructions to Candidates:

Answer FIVE out of SIX questions. Each carries 20 marks.

Answer Questions 1 to 3 in the WHITE Answer Book and Questions 4 to 6 in the GREEN Answer
book.

Physical Constants: Nil

Other Attachments: Parameters related to Q3 are attached at the end of the paper.

Available from Invigilator: Additional blank answer sheets.

DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

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Semester 1, 2022/23 Subject Code: EE533

Question 1

(a) Standby generator and UPS are the most important equipment in the power supply system.
Discuss the difference between the standby generator and UPS in view of their operating
principle, backup time and changeover time. (6 marks)

(b) A 60kVA UPS provides backup load demand 40kVA of 0.95 power factor (p.f.) for emergency
lightings. Design battery capacity sizing for 2 battery strings to cater for the load demand with
following data. (3 marks)
(i) Battery backup time = 60min
(ii) UPS inverter efficiency = 0.94
(iii) Number of 12V battery per string required = 32
(iv) Aging factor = 0.8
(v) Battery Discharge in Watt/12V battery Information

Type 30min 45min 60min 120min

AAA/100Ah 970 740 610 380
AAA/120Ah 1170 990 830 460
AAA/180Ah 1870 1400 1110 700

(c) A 3-phase 600V stinger system is being used in APM depot to prevent live power rails at lower
level during maintenance. Name any three operating features of the stinger system for the depot.
(3 marks)

(d) (i) Using the power triangle in the following figure, derive an equation of Qc in terms of P,
ϕ1 and ϕ2. (5 marks)

where,
P is the active power;
Q1, ϕ1 are the reactive power and the phase
displacement angle before power factor correction;
Q2, ϕ2 are the reactive power and the phase
displacement angle after power factor correction;
Qc is the reactive power for power factor correction.

(ii) With the equation derived from (i) above, calculate the required reactive power to
improve the power factor (p.f.) to 0.9 with the following measurements. (3 marks)
(1) RMS value of APM train current = 615A;
(2) Total active power consumption of APM train = 300kW.

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 © The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Semester 1, 2022/23 Subject Code: EE533

Question 2

(a) Name main elements (any three) for power system protection. (3 marks)
(b) Explain the meaning of a current transformer class, 5P15, 15VA. (2 marks)
(c) Illustrate by simple diagram the definition of the knee point for a current transformer. (2 marks)
(d) State the consequence of the protection performance if a current transformer becomes saturated
based on the first principle. (3 marks)

(e) According to the single-line diagram of MTR urban line station power supply in Figure Q2(e)
below.
11kV busbar
52S1
PS = 100% P2 100/1A
Assumptions:
• CB and Busbar resistance are neglected. 2.0MVA, 11kV/415V
• 11kV Source Fault Level = 1000MVA 6.5% at 2.0MVA
• Base MVA : 2MVA Total cable impedance
• Base voltage : 415V. = 0.1mΩ
415V busbar

52F1

PS = 110%
R1
TMS = 0.25 3000/5A Total cable impedance = 0.3mΩ

Fault at 415V cable

F

Figure Q2(e)

(i) Calculate the 3-phase fault current at 415V cable using per-unit method. (3 marks)
(ii) Calculate the operating time of the protection relay ‘R1’ at 52F1 circuit under the fault
current calculated in (e)(i) above according to SI curve of Equation (1). (2 marks)

0.14
t = I 0.02
× TMS … Equation (1)
� � −1
In

where PS = Plug Setting

TMS = Time Multiplier Setting
I = fault current, A
In = CT rated current × PS
SI = Standard Inverse

(iii) Calculate the TMS of protection relay with SI curve at 52S1 circuit to achieve 0.4s proper
protection grading margin between 52F1 and 52S1 under the fault current in (e)(i).
(3 marks)
(iv) State the factors to be considered for grading margin of over-current protections between
52F1 and 52S1. (2 marks)

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Semester 1, 2022/23 Subject Code: EE533

Question 3

a) Given that the length of a contact wire is 650m, the operation temperature at open section ranges
from 0–85 ℃, and balance wheel ratio is 3:1, what is the total variation of wire length due to the
thermal effect? And what is the total balance weight travel distance? (6 marks)

b) Explain why the overhead catenary system would consist of a number of conductors running in
parallel to the track instead of using a single overhead conductor with an equivalent cross-sectional
area for transmitting the traction power to electric trains. (2 marks)

c) Given that the overhead catenary system has a contact wire and two messenger wires, and the system
parameters are given in Attachment Q3, calculate the rated current of the system. (12 marks)

Question 4

a) Explain the operation of a 25kV traction power supply system using a schematic diagram consisting
of two feeder stations, one mid-point track sectioning cabin, two track sectioning cabins, and all the
associated neutral sections. How is redundancy achieved? (10 marks)

b) Why the presence of phase unbalance is unavoidable in 25kV ac traction power supply systems?
What are the adverse impacts of phase unbalance? (6 marks)

c) What is the main source of harmonics in railway traction power supply systems? How could such
harmonics be reduced? (4 marks)

Question 5

a) What is the process for achieving Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in railway projects?
(10 marks)

b) What are the key sources and victims of Electromagnetic Interferences (EMI) in railways?
(5 marks)

c) What is redundant regenerated energy arising from electrodynamic braking of trains? How is it dealt
with in ac traction power supply systems and dc traction power supply systems? (5 marks)

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Semester 1, 2022/23 Subject Code: EE533

Question 6

Consider the traction motor Mitsubishi MB-5086 used in the C-trains of Hong Kong MTR with the
following specifications.

- Rated Power: 150kW

- Rotational Speed at 80 km/hr: 4,440rpm
- Gear Ratio: 7.2
- No. of poles: 4
- Supply frequency at 80 km/hr: 148Hz
Assume that the speed of the train is 80 km/h, and the slip is 15%.

(a) Show that the rotational speed provided is the speed of stator rotating field. (4 marks)

(b) Find the rotor speed and wheel diameter. (6 marks)

(c) What is the frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor? (4 marks)

(d) Assume that we have variable voltage variable frequency control, and the motor is operating
in the constant power region. What should be the inverter command to reduce the speed?
(2 marks)

(e) What are the main advantages of vector control over slip frequency control? (4 marks)

- END OF QUESTIONS -

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Semester 1, 2022/23 Subject Code: EE533

Attachment Q3: Parameters for Overhead Catenary System

Environmental Condition
1. Ambient temperature: 20 ℃
2. Maximum allowable conductor temperature: 80°C
3. Solar radiation Intensity (A): 0.138 W/cm2
4. Effective wind speed (V): 50 cm/s

Contact Wire
1. Conductor diameter (d) : 1.32 cm
2. Conductor resistance at 20 ℃ : 1.5 x 10-6 Ohm/cm
3. Continuous current rating ≈ 547A

Messenger Wire
1. Conductor diameter (d) : 1.58 cm
2. Conductor resistance at 20 ℃: 1.9 x 10-6 Ohm/cm
3. Continuous current rating ≈ 506A

Given Formula

1. Conductor resistance at temperature T RT = RO ( 1 + C (T - T0)) (Ohm/cm)

2. Current in messenger wire Imw = It Re / Rmw A
3. Current in contact wire Icw = It Re / Rcw A

Note: The calculation of conductors’ resistances at the rated condition of the catenary system is
approximated by assuming the temperatures of the conductors are both at 80°C.

Given information

1. Temperature coefficient of resistance ( C ) : 3.81 x 10-3 per °C

2. Stefan’s constant ( s ) : 5.672 x 10-12 W/cm2 K4
3. Bare Conductor Emissivity ( E ) : 1
4. Coefficient of absorption (α ) : 1
5. RO = conductor resistance at temperature 20 °C in Ohm/cm
6. RT = conductor resistance at T in Ohm/cm
7. Re = equivalent conductor resistance of catenary system in Ohm/cm
8. Rcw= conductor resistance of contact wire in Ohm/cm
9. Rmw= conductor resistance of messenger wire in Ohm/cm
10. V = Effective wind speed in cm/s :
11. π : 3.14
12. T = conductor temperature in K
13. T0 = ambient temperature in K
14. K = °C + 273
15. I = electrical current in A
16. A = Solar radiation Intensity in W/cm2
17. It = total electrical current of catenary system in A

- END OF PAPER -

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