1.

This analysis method is mainly used in safety engineering and reliability engineering to understand how
A. This analysis method is mainly used in safety engineering and reliability engineering to unders
B. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman
C. Professional-grade free software is also widely available; SCRAM[31] is an open-source tool th
D. In aerospace, the more general term "system failure condition" is used for the "undesired state

2. DD and STA produce probability of success (i.e., avoiding a top event) rather than probability of a top ev
A. [13] Following the first published use of FTA in the 1962 Minuteman I Launch Control Safety S
B. DD and STA produce probability of success (i.e., avoiding a top event) rather than probability o
C. Minor variations may be used in FTA software.
D. A single fault tree is used to analyze one and only one undesired event, which may be subseq

3. When a specific event is found to have more than one effect event, i.e.
A. [26]■■Within the nuclear power industry, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission began usin
B. When a specific event is found to have more than one effect event, i.e.
C. This led to the publication of the FAA System Safety Handbook, which describes the use of FT
D. For instance, the undesired outcome of a metal stamping press operation being considered m

4. The tree is usually written out using conventional logic gate symbols.
A. The tree is usually written out using conventional logic gate symbols.
B. FTA received extensive coverage at a 1965 System Safety Symposium in Seattle sponsored b
C. The input terms to the fault tree must be carefully defined.
D. These system failure conditions and their classification are often previously determined in the

5. FTA methodology is described in several industry and government standards, including NRC NUREG–0
A. FTA methodology is described in several industry and government standards, including NRC N
B. This change adopted failure probability criteria for aircraft systems and equipment and led to w
C. FMEA is good at exhaustively cataloging initiating faults, and identifying their local effects.
D. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is

6. In set theoretic terms, this is equivalent to the intersection of the input event sets, and the probability of t
A. [15][16]■■Subsequently, within the U.S. military, application of FTA for use with fuses was exp
B. An OR gate is the superposition (addition of rates) of the two input failure frequencies or failure
C. In set theoretic terms, this is equivalent to the intersection of the input event sets, and the prob
D. Gate symbols describe the relationship between input and output events.
7. FTA is used in the aerospace,[1] nuclear power, chemical and process,[2][3][4] pharmaceutical,[5] petro
A. FMEA is good at exhaustively cataloging initiating faults, and identifying their local effects.
B. Any sufficiently complex system is subject to failure as a result of one or more subsystems fail
C. FTA is used in the aerospace,[1] nuclear power, chemical and process,[2][3][4] pharmaceutica
D. Considering the branch of the hazard occurring during normal operation, perhaps it is determin

8. A risk, or reliability, calculation of some sort was performed and the result was a mission success probab
A. Common causes introduce dependency relations between events.
B. A risk, or reliability, calculation of some sort was performed and the result was a mission succe
C. [18] The Reliability Analysis Center at Rome Laboratory and its successor organizations now w
D. Considering the branch of the hazard occurring during normal operation, perhaps it is determin

9. [25]■■Early in the Apollo program the question was asked about the probability of successfully sending
A. FTA analysis involves five steps:■■FTA is a deductive, top-down method aimed at analyzing t
B. [25]■■Early in the Apollo program the question was asked about the probability of successfull
C. FTA is used in the aerospace,[1] nuclear power, chemical and process,[2][3][4] pharmaceutica
D. For example, component failures may typically occur at some constant failure rate λ (a consta

10. it has impact on several subsystems, it is called a common cause or common mode.
A. Instead, NASA decided to rely on the use of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and ot
B. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman
C. it has impact on several subsystems, it is called a common cause or common mode.
D. In set theoretic terms, this is equivalent to the intersection of the input event sets, and the prob

11. Graphically speaking, it means this event will appear at several locations in the tree.
A. [9][10][11][12] The use of fault trees has since gained widespread support and is often used as
B. These system failure conditions and their classification are often previously determined in the f
C. FTA received extensive coverage at a 1965 System Safety Symposium in Seattle sponsored b
D. Graphically speaking, it means this event will appear at several locations in the tree.

12. Many different approaches can be used to model a FTA, but the most common and popular way can b
A. In set theoretic terms, this is equivalent to the intersection of the input event sets, and the prob
B. Not all software tools available on the market provide such capability.
C. In this simplest case, failure probability depends on the rate λ and the exposure time t:■■■■■
D. Many different approaches can be used to model a FTA, but the most common and popular w
13. Common causes introduce dependency relations between events.
A. [13] Following the first published use of FTA in the 1962 Minuteman I Launch Control Safety S
B. Common causes introduce dependency relations between events.
C. A risk, or reliability, calculation of some sort was performed and the result was a mission succe
D. Professional-grade free software is also widely available; SCRAM[31] is an open-source tool th

14. A single fault tree is used to analyze one and only one undesired event, which may be subsequently fe
A. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
B. An AND gate represents a combination of independent events.
C. A single fault tree is used to analyze one and only one undesired event, which may be subseq
D. FTA is a top-to-bottom approach.

15. FTA considers external events, FMEA does not.

A. A single fault tree is used to analyze one and only one undesired event, which may be subseq
B. FTA considers external events, FMEA does not.
C. and follows possible further system events through to a series of final consequences.
D. Any sufficiently complex system is subject to failure as a result of one or more subsystems fail

16. Not all software tools available on the market provide such capability.
A. A single fault tree is used to analyze one and only one undesired event, which may be subseq
B. For example, component failures may typically occur at some constant failure rate λ (a constan
C. As each new event is considered, a new node on the tree is added with a split of probabilities
D. Not all software tools available on the market provide such capability.

17. When fault trees are labeled with actual numbers for failure probabilities, computer programs can calcu
A. When fault trees are labeled with actual numbers for failure probabilities, computer programs c
B. If no event can be removed from a cut set without failing to cause the top event, then it is calle
C. Graphically speaking, it means this event will appear at several locations in the tree.
D. This condition is a logical OR.

18. Poisson-Exponential events are modelled as infinitely short so no two events can overlap.
A. Poisson-Exponential events are modelled as infinitely short so no two events can overlap.
B. The basic symbols used in FTA are grouped as events, gates, and transfer symbols.
C. Classic programs include the Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) CAFTA software, whi
D. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is
19. For example, component failures may typically occur at some constant failure rate λ (a constant hazard
A. Some industries use both fault trees and event trees (see Probabilistic Risk Assessment).
B. A dependence diagram is equivalent to a success tree analysis (STA), the logical inverse of an
C. For example, component failures may typically occur at some constant failure rate λ (a consta
D. Following process industry disasters such as the 1984 Bhopal disaster and 1988 Piper Alpha e

20. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman I Interc
A. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman
B. NASA prepared a complete document about FTA through practical incidents.
C. These conditions are classified by the severity of their effects.
D. An AND gate represents a combination of independent events.

21. Primary events are not further developed on the fault tree.
A. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
B. Primary events are not further developed on the fault tree.
C. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman
D. The output of an AND gate is calculated using the unavailability (Q1) of one event thinning the

22. [26]■■Within the nuclear power industry, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission began using PRA m
A. Intermediate events are found at the output of a gate.
B. The two resulting Poisson point processes are superimposed according to the following equati
C. [26]■■Within the nuclear power industry, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission began usin
D. FTA methodology is described in several industry and government standards, including NRC N

23. This change adopted failure probability criteria for aircraft systems and equipment and led to widesprea
A. Working backward from this top event it might be determined that there are two ways this coul
B. In 1998, the FAA published Order 8040.4,[24] establishing risk management policy including h
C. [18] The Reliability Analysis Center at Rome Laboratory and its successor organizations now w
D. This change adopted failure probability criteria for aircraft systems and equipment and led to w

24. It is not good at examining multiple failures or their effects at a system level.
A. The output of an AND gate is the combination of independent input events 1 and 2 to the AND
B. [17] In 1976 the U.S. Army Materiel Command incorporated FTA into an Engineering Design H
C. It is not good at examining multiple failures or their effects at a system level.
D. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
25. Today FTA is widely used in system safety and reliability engineering, and in all major fields of enginee
A. Today FTA is widely used in system safety and reliability engineering, and in all major fields of
B. This is another logical OR.
C. The basic symbols used in FTA are grouped as events, gates, and transfer symbols.
D. When fault trees are labeled with actual numbers for failure probabilities, computer programs c

26. The output of an AND gate is the combination of independent input events 1 and 2 to the AND gate:■■
A. The output of an AND gate is the combination of independent input events 1 and 2 to the AND
B. DD and STA produce probability of success (i.e., avoiding a top event) rather than probability o
C. In aerospace, the more general term "system failure condition" is used for the "undesired state
D. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman

27. For instance, the undesired outcome of a metal stamping press operation being considered might be a
A. Watson, under a U.S. Air Force Ballistics Systems Division contract to evaluate the Minuteman
B. In 1998, the FAA published Order 8040.4,[24] establishing risk management policy including h
C. As each new event is considered, a new node on the tree is added with a split of probabilities
D. For instance, the undesired outcome of a metal stamping press operation being considered m

28. This is another logical OR.

A. Today FTA is widely used in system safety and reliability engineering, and in all major fields of
B. A design improvement can be made by requiring the operator to press two separate buttons to
C. This is another logical OR.
D. The probability of a gate's output event depends on the input event probabilities.

29. This led to the publication of the FAA System Safety Handbook, which describes the use of FTA in vari
A. This led to the publication of the FAA System Safety Handbook, which describes the use of FT
B. NASA prepared a complete document about FTA through practical incidents.
C. These conditions are classified by the severity of their effects.
D. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is

30. [26]■■Events in a fault tree are associated with statistical probabilities or Poisson-Exponentially distrib
A. [26]■■Events in a fault tree are associated with statistical probabilities or Poisson-Exponentia
B. [6] FTA is also used in software engineering for debugging purposes and is closely related to c
C. it has impact on several subsystems, it is called a common cause or common mode.
D. Though the nature of the undesired event may vary dramatically, a FTA follows the same proc
31. The undesired outcome is taken as the root ('top event') of a tree of logic.
A. FTA considers external events, FMEA does not.
B. The undesired outcome is taken as the root ('top event') of a tree of logic.
C. For instance, the undesired outcome of a metal stamping press operation being considered m
D. [20][21][22] MIL-HDBK-338B provides a more recent reference.

32. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is examin
A. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is
B. This analysis method is mainly used in safety engineering and reliability engineering to unders
C. A design improvement can be made by requiring the operator to press two separate buttons to
D. [20][21][22] MIL-HDBK-338B provides a more recent reference.

33. The basic symbols used in FTA are grouped as events, gates, and transfer symbols.
A. FTA considers external events, FMEA does not.
B. Gate symbols describe the relationship between input and output events.
C. The basic symbols used in FTA are grouped as events, gates, and transfer symbols.
D. The probability computations of a tree which contains some common causes are much more c

34. In 1998, the FAA published Order 8040.4,[24] establishing risk management policy including hazard an
A. Classic programs include the Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) CAFTA software, whi
B. In 1998, the FAA published Order 8040.4,[24] establishing risk management policy including h
C. The output of an AND gate is the combination of independent input events 1 and 2 to the AND
D. These system failure conditions and their classification are often previously determined in the

35. Fault tree analysis can be used to:[7][8]■■Fault tree analysis (FTA) was originally developed in 1962 a
A. For instance, the undesired outcome of a metal stamping press operation being considered mi
B. This contrasts with failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), which is an inductive, bottom-up
C. Fault tree analysis can be used to:[7][8]■■Fault tree analysis (FTA) was originally developed i
D. Poisson-Exponential events are modelled as infinitely short so no two events can overlap.

36. FMEA is good at exhaustively cataloging initiating faults, and identifying their local effects.
A. FMEA is good at exhaustively cataloging initiating faults, and identifying their local effects.
B. [29] OSHA PSM recognizes FTA as an acceptable method for process hazard analysis (PHA).
C. An event tree starts from an undesired initiator (loss of critical supply, component failure etc.)
D. NASA prepared a complete document about FTA through practical incidents.
37. This condition is a logical OR.
A. FMEA is good at exhaustively cataloging initiating faults, and identifying their local effects.
B. FTA received extensive coverage at a 1965 System Safety Symposium in Seattle sponsored b
C. Instead, NASA decided to rely on the use of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and ot
D. This condition is a logical OR.

38. The two resulting Poisson point processes are superimposed according to the following equations.
A. The probabilities of a range of 'top events' arising from the initial event can then be seen.
B. The two resulting Poisson point processes are superimposed according to the following equati
C. A dependence diagram is equivalent to a success tree analysis (STA), the logical inverse of an
D. The event symbols are shown below:■■The primary event symbols are typically used as follo

39. Quite often, Poisson-Exponentially distributed rates[33] are used to quantify a fault tree instead of prob
A. The likelihood of failure, however, can often be reduced through improved system design.
B. This condition is a logical OR.
C. If no event can be removed from a cut set without failing to cause the top event, then it is calle
D. Quite often, Poisson-Exponentially distributed rates[33] are used to quantify a fault tree instead

40. Event probabilities depend on the relationship of the event hazard function to this interval.
A. Event probabilities depend on the relationship of the event hazard function to this interval.
B. This change adopted failure probability criteria for aircraft systems and equipment and led to w
C. A risk, or reliability, calculation of some sort was performed and the result was a mission succe
D. Following process industry disasters such as the 1984 Bhopal disaster and 1988 Piper Alpha e

41. Unlike conventional logic gate diagrams in which inputs and outputs hold the binary values of TRUE (1
A. and follows possible further system events through to a series of final consequences.
B. The output of an AND gate is the combination of independent input events 1 and 2 to the AND
C. This is another logical OR.
D. Unlike conventional logic gate diagrams in which inputs and outputs hold the binary values of T

42. An OR gate is the superposition (addition of rates) of the two input failure frequencies or failure rates w
A. Alternatives to FTA include dependence diagram (DD), also known as reliability block diagram
B. Fault tree analysis can be used to:[7][8]■■Fault tree analysis (FTA) was originally developed i
C. FTA methodology is described in several industry and government standards, including NRC N
D. An OR gate is the superposition (addition of rates) of the two input failure frequencies or failure
43. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
A. Some industries use both fault trees and event trees (see Probabilistic Risk Assessment).
B. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
C. After the Challenger accident, the importance of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and FTA
D. FTA is very good at showing how resistant a system is to single or multiple initiating faults.

44. Some industries use both fault trees and event trees (see Probabilistic Risk Assessment).
A. Event symbols are used for primary events and intermediate events.
B. The event symbols are shown below:■■The primary event symbols are typically used as follow
C. Some industries use both fault trees and event trees (see Probabilistic Risk Assessment).
D. Poisson-Exponential events are modelled as infinitely short so no two events can overlap.

45. [35] In civil aerospace the usual practice is to perform both FTA and FMEA, with a failure mode effects
A. [35] In civil aerospace the usual practice is to perform both FTA and FMEA, with a failure mode
B. FTA analysis involves five steps:■■FTA is a deductive, top-down method aimed at analyzing t
C. Minor variations may be used in FTA software.
D. The undesired outcome is taken as the root ('top event') of a tree of logic.

46. The input terms to the fault tree must be carefully defined.
A. Rates are often modeled as constant in time while probability is a function of time.
B. When a specific event is found to have more than one effect event, i.e.
C. Classic programs include the Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) CAFTA software, whi
D. The input terms to the fault tree must be carefully defined.

47. That is, the probability of any input event to an AND gate is unaffected by any other input event to the s
A. [35] In civil aerospace the usual practice is to perform both FTA and FMEA, with a failure mode
B. FTA considers external events, FMEA does not.
C. That is, the probability of any input event to an AND gate is unaffected by any other input even
D. Fault tree analysis can be used to:[7][8]■■Fault tree analysis (FTA) was originally developed i

48. [18] The Reliability Analysis Center at Rome Laboratory and its successor organizations now with the D
A. Minor variations may be used in FTA software.
B. [18] The Reliability Analysis Center at Rome Laboratory and its successor organizations now w
C. Considering the branch of the hazard occurring during normal operation, perhaps it is determin
D. These system failure conditions and their classification are often previously determined in the
49. Considering the branch of the hazard occurring during normal operation, perhaps it is determined that t
A. This is another logical OR.
B. [23]■■In 1970, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) published a change to 14 CFR
C. The undesired outcome is taken as the root ('top event') of a tree of logic.
D. Considering the branch of the hazard occurring during normal operation, perhaps it is determin

50. Minor variations may be used in FTA software.

A. It is not good at finding all possible initiating faults.
B. That is, the probability of any input event to an AND gate is unaffected by any other input even
C. Fault tree analysis can be used to:[7][8]■■Fault tree analysis (FTA) was originally developed i
D. Minor variations may be used in FTA software.