ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2

Chapter 12
The verb & its complementation

1
 OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to understand and use:
1. Classification of the verbs according to its structures
2. Classification of the verbs according to its complementation
3. Intensive complementation
4. Mono-transitive complementation
5. Di-transitive complementation
6. Complex-transitive complementation
 1/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

 2/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

One-word verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
 3/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

Phrasal-prepositional verbs
 4/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in verbs

Prepositional
(the paper), give up, take off, etc.
Phrasal-prepositional verbs

Intransitive phrasal verbs (sit Transitive phrasal verbs (turn on the light/turn
down, take off,…) the light on, turn it on, hand in the paper,,…)
 5/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look verbs

Phrasal-prepositional
after (somebody), etc.
 6/1

1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to

Multi-word verbs

Phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs

Phrasal-prepositional verbs

• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc.

 1/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

 2/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• connect S & C
Current copular E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,
• have the pattern: remain, seem
SVC or SVA(obli)
E.g.: become, get, go,
Resulting copular
E.g.: I feel tired. grow, turn, make
He’s in the cab.
 3/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Intransitive

Transitive
 4/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV
Intransitive
• make complete sense
themselves
Transitive
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
 5/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

Complex-transitive
 6/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

• require one direct Object (Od)

Di-transitive
Transitive
• have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: Complex-transitive
I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
 7/2

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

Mono-transitive
Intransitive

Di-transitive
Transitive

Complex-transitive
• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOiOd
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
 8/1

2 Classifications of English verbs

classified Complementation
Verbs according to

• require Object and Object Complement

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs
(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: Mono-transitive
SVOCo or SVOA(obli) Intransitive
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
Di-transitive
He sent his son to the kindergarten. Transitive

Complex-transitive
 1/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)
 2/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

Noun phrase

Nominal clause
 3/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase E.g.: She is so crazy.

That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase

Nominal clause
 4/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

E.g.: She isn’t a good student.

Noun phrase
It appears the only solution.

Nominal clause
 5/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

C (complement) A (adverbial)

Adjective phrase

Noun phrase
finite clause

Nominal clause
non-finite clause
 6/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
C (complement) A (adverbial)
• “wh-interrogative clause”
Adjective phrase E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
• “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause

Nominal clause
non-finite clause
 7/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)

• “bare-infinitive clause”
C (complement) A (adverbial)
E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
Adjective phrase • “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
Noun phrase
• “-ing clause”
finite clause
E.g.: Seeing is believing.
Nominal phrase
non-finite clause
 8/3

3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

Adverbial

Prepositional phrase
She is in the garden.
The program is at night.
Home is where your family is.
Finite clause
 1/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation
(SVO)

Noun phrase Finite clause Non-finite clause

 2/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 3/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasalE.g.:
verbsTom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
 4/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs

E.g.: They passed over the question.

Without passive The question was passed over. Phrasal prepositional verbs
 5/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

E.g.: phrasal
She hasverbs
a nice house.
A house is had by her.

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 6/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs
 7/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

Direct object (O) Prepositional O

With passive

one-word verbs Prepositional verbs

phrasal verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

 8/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause Wh- clause

 9/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause Wh- clause

Extraposed subject
that-clauseE.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
Extraposed object I wondered who did make the bed for me.
that-clause Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
That- clause I know how busy you are.
as object
 16/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 17/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs
E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.

Putative “should”

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 18/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 19/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

That- clause

That- clause as object

Indicative verbs
Super-ordinate verbs

Putative “should”

E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
 20/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 21/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

E.g.: Iclause
Ing-participle don’t like the house to be leftclause
Ing-participle empty.
 22/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause
E.g.: I dislike To-infinitive
him driving my car. clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 23/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle
E.g.: Maryclause
longed to leaveIng-participle
home. clause
 24/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

E.g.:
To-infinitive Mary loves listening
clause to music.
To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

 25/4

4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause

With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause

To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned how toclause

To-infinitive sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause I couldIng-participle
not decide (on)
clausewhich bicycle to buy.
 1/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 2/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite
E.g.: Heclause
gave the girl a doll.

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 3/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP,E.g.:
Od =He persuaded
finite clause me to give up smoking.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 4/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

Od & Oi = NP

Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause

Oi = NP, Od = finite clause

E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 5/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions

Od & Oi = NP
à two passive forms of the sentence
• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
Oi account
= NP, Odof,
= non-finite
give wayclause
to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The
Oi = NP, Odgarage
= finiteisclause
made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.

Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

 6/5

5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)

• Od introduced by a preposition
Od & Oi = NP
• one passive form with Oi only
• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
Oi rob of,Od
= NP, refer to, etc. clause
= non-finite
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to me.
+ Prep
I was explained about it.
Di-transitive prepositional verbs
 1/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 2/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 3/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 4/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive
• Adverbials are obligatory.
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 5/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 6/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
 7/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
Bare-infinitive

Ing-clause

Ed-clause
 8/6

6 Complex-transitive complementation

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA - SVOdC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal Co

Adverbials

To-infinitive

Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
Ing-clause

Ed-clause
ed-clause
 Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., in which of those eight ways the
verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be
PRACTICE 1.1 analysed:
1 I went into the dining room.
2 We went into the matter carefully.
3 We must call in the police.
The structure of the verb phrase can be
4 The police will call in a car.
analysed in a number of ways,
5 I rushed out of the house.
including the following:
6 I rushed out,
a verb+ particle 7 I drove out to my friends.
b v.+ prepositional phrase 8 They all trooped off.
c v. + particle + prep. phrase 9 They all set off down the road.
d v. +prepositional adverb 10 He flew across the Atlantic.
11 We flew across in no time.
e v. +prep. adv.+ prep. phrase
12 How long can one do without water?
f transitive phrasal v. + object 13 Has anyone rung up?
g prepositional v.+ object 14 Has anyone rung me up?
h phrasal-prepositional v. +obj. 15 Don't come down.
16 Don't give up.
17 Don’t give me away.
 PRACTICE 1.2 Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., in which of those eight ways the
verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be
analysed:
The structure of the verb phrase can be
18 You must face up to your responsibilities.
analysed in a number of ways,
19 You must come up to my office.
including the following:
20 We must make up for lost time.
a verb+ particle 21 Will you come up for a cup of tea?
b v.+ prepositional phrase 22 The train has passed over the bridge.
c v. + particle + prep. phrase 23 It has passed over safely.
d v. +prepositional adverb 24 The selection committee has passed you over.
25 My hat has fallen off.
e v. +prep. adv.+ prep. phrase
26 The plane has taken off.
f transitive phrasal v. + object 27 The actor took the President off beautifully.
g prepositional v.+ object 28 Go onto the platform.
h phrasal-prepositional v. +obj. 29 Go on to the next town.
30 You must cut down on cigarettes.
 Answer Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., in which of those eight ways the
verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be
PRACTICE 1.1 analysed:
1 I went into the dining room. 1b
2 We went into the matter carefully. 2g
3 We must call in the police. 3f
The structure of the verb phrase can be
4 The police will call in a car. 4 b or f
analysed in a number of ways,
5 I rushed out of the house. 5b
including the following:
6 I rushed out, 6d
a verb+ particle 7 I drove out to my friends. 7e
b v.+ prepositional phrase 8 They all trooped off. 8a
c v. + particle + prep. phrase 9 They all set off down the road. 9c
d v. +prepositional adverb 10 He flew across the Atlantic. 10 b
11 We flew across in no time. 11 e
e v. +prep. adv.+ prep. phrase
12 How long can one do without water?12 g
f transitive phrasal v. + object 13 Has anyone rung up? 13 a
g prepositional v.+ object 14 Has anyone rung me up? 14 f
h phrasal-prepositional v. +obj. 15 Don't come down. `5 d
16 Don't give up. 16 a
17 Don’t give me away. 17 f
 Answer

PRACTICE 1.2 Indicate, by a, b, c, etc., in which of those eight ways the

verb phrase in each of the sentences below can be
analysed:
The structure of the verb phrase can be 18 h
18 You must face up to your responsibilities.
analysed in a number of ways, 19 e
19 You must come up to my office.
including the following: 20 h
20 We must make up for lost time.
a verb+ particle 21 Will you come up for a cup of tea? 21 e
b v.+ prepositional phrase 22 The train has passed over the bridge. 22 b
c v. + particle + prep. phrase 23 It has passed over safely. 23 d
24 The selection committee has passed you over. 24 f
d v. +prepositional adverb
25 My hat has fallen off. 25 d
e v. +prep. adv.+ prep. phrase 26 a
26 The plane has taken off.
f transitive phrasal v. + object 27 The actor took the President off beautifully. 27 f
g prepositional v.+ object 28 Go onto the platform. 28 b
h phrasal-prepositional v. +obj. 29 Go on to the next town. 29 c
30 You must cut down on cigarettes. 30 h
PRACTICE 2
Answer

PRACTICE 2

Back it up Step up it
Back them up Step it up
Call it off You take after him
Come off it took to him …
Get over it take it over
Get it over Don’t turn it on
Swim across it The dog turned on
Put it across him
Turn down it
Run in it Turn it down
Run it in Now wind it up
PRACTICE 3
Answer

PRACTICE 3
1 mono
2 complex
3 complex
4 mono
5 complex
6 complex
7 complex
8 complex
9 complex
10 mono
11 complex
12 complex
Answer

PRACTICE 3
That a mistake have been made was admitted./It was admitted
that ….
The mistake was considered (to be) very serious.
You are considered (to be) one of our…
That you…. was fully recognized./It was recognized
You are found (to be) innocent… that …
Your companion is known to be a trouble-maker.
Your story has been proved (to be)…
However, you are thought (to be), at times,…
You are expected to show …
That …. is regretted./It is regretted that …
Two planes have been reported (to be) missing

You were meant to complete ….; and return…

PRACTICE 4
 Answer

PRACTICE 4

on
of on/about
for with
to of
for to
on
with from
to/with from
to of
in
b. The prep. phrase could be ellipted except in: to
3, 5,7,8,12,13,20,22 for
with
c. examples: to
1. Barlow was accused of … with
2. Asquith was admired for… for
 WRAP-UP
In this chapter, you have learnt to understand and use:
1. Classification of the verbs according to its structures
2. Classification of the verbs according to its complementation
3. Intensive complementation
4. Mono-transitive complementation
5. Di-transitive complementation
6. Complex-transitive complementation
HOMEWORK
Exercises 213-244 (Workbook)