We are grateful for being assigned this project, which

has helped us to learn something new. We would like to

express our thanks to our school, Sairam Vidyalaya, for
having us.
Special thanks to Senior Principal sir, Mr.
Mayilvahanan, for providing us with necessary
equipment. Then we thank our social teacher, Mrs. P.
Vanishree, for guiding us through the year. And finally,
we thank our parents, who have sacrificed a lot to bring us
to where we are we would not have been able to complete
this project without their support.
So, the credit for completely this project
successfully, is not just ours, belongs to all those who
have helped us directly or indirectly. Once again, we
acknowledge them all and express our gratitude

Mayuri Singh
Sadhana.S
Jhanavika.G
Kavya.S
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY
➢ THE INTERWAR
ECONOMY
➢ THE RISE OF
GLOBALISATION
➢ THE LIFELINES OF
THE ECONOMY
➢ CONCLUSION
 ❖ INTRODUCTION

A Global World refers to a system in which

economies, cultures and societies across the globe
are interconnected and interdependent.
This interconnectedness is facilitated through Trade,
Communication, technology and migration leading
to increased interaction and exchange among
people from different regions.
It explores the creation of a world shaped by trade,
migration, labour mobility, and capital movement
throughout history. It also examines the profound
shifts in the global landscape during the modern
era.
It shows how the world is connected through
exploration, trade, colonization, and
industrialization.
 ❖ THE PRE – MODERN WORLD
• Globalization is referred to an economic system that has
emerged since the last 50 years.
• From ancient times, Travelers, Traders, Priests, and Pilgrims
travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity, and spiritual
fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
• They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and
even germs and diseases.
• As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus
Valley Civilizations with present-day West Asia. For more than a
millennium, Cowries (seashells) from the Maldives found their
way to China and East Africa.
• The long-distance spread of disease-carrying germs may be
traced as far back as the 17th century.
 (1815-1914)
-S. Sadhana

During the 19th century, a complex interaction of economic,

political, social, cultural, and technological factors transformed
societies and change external relations. Economists identified three
main flows or movements that played a crucial role in this
transformation
1. The trade of goods, such as cloth or wheat, saw a significant
increase during this period.
2. The migration of people in search of employment is also
known as the flow of labour. This movement of people had a
profound impact on societies and economies, leading to
demographic changes and cultural exchange.
3. The movement of capital, involved the investment of funds
over long distances, either for short-term or long-term
purposes. This movement of capital facilitated economic
growth and development in many parts of the world, leading
to the emergence of new centres of economic power.
 A World Economy
Takes Shape:
❖ Silk Route
• The Silk Routes are vibrant
Pre-modern Trade and Cultural
Links between distant parts of
the world.
• The name ‘Silk Routes’ points
to the importance of West-
bound Chinese Silk cargoes
along this route.
• Historians have identified several silk routes, over land
and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and
linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
• They are known to have existed since before the
Christian Era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
 ❖ Food Travels:
Spaghetti and Potato

• Traders and travellers introduced

new crops to the lands they travelled.
• Even ‘Ready’ foodstuff in distant
parts of the world might share
common origins.
• It is believed that noodles travelled
west from China to become spaghetti or Arabs took
pasta to 5th century Sicily.
Many of the common foods such as Potatoes, Soya,
Groundnuts, Maize, Tomatoes, Chilies, Sweet
Potatoes, and so on were not known to our
ancestors until about five centuries ago.
• These foods were only introduced in Europe and
Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally
discovered the vast continent that would later
become known as the Americas
 Indian Trade and the
Global System
• During the 19th century, Britain’s self-sufficiency in food led to
lower living standards and social conflict. This was due to the
population growth from the late eighteenth century, which led
to the imposition of corn laws, restricting the import of corn.
• British agriculture was unable to compete with imports,
resulting in vast areas of land being left uncultivated.
Consequently, thousands of men and women migrated to cities
or overseas.
• Food prices in Britain began to fall in the mid-nineteenth
century, and industrial growth led to higher incomes and
increased food imports. To meet the rising demand lands in
Eastern Europe, Russia, America, and Australia were cleared for
expanding food production.
• This required capital and labour, which were provided by
London’s finance and the labour force from Europe that
emigrated to America and Australia during this period.
 Role of Technology
• By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape,
characterized by complex changes in labour movement
patterns, capital flows, ecologies, and technology.
• In West Punjab, the British government built a network of
irrigation canals that transformed semi-desert areas into fertile
agricultural lands for growing wheat and cotton for export.
• The cultivation of cotton also expanded worldwide to feed
British textile mills.
• The nineteenth century saw several important technological
advancements such as railways, steamships, and the telegraph,
which transformed the world.
• The development of refrigerated ships allowed for the
transport perishable goods over long distances.
• Thus, technological advancements in transportation were
instrumental in improving the availability and affordability of
food.
 ❖ Colonialisation
• Colonization stimulated new investments and
improvements in transport, leading to faster railways,
lighter wagons, and larger ships that helped move food
more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final
markets.
• Late 19th Century saw flourishing trade and expanding
markets
• Expansion of Trade and closer relationship with world
economy has a darker side.
• Many parts of the world experienced loss of freedom
and livelihoods.
• European conquests in late 19th Century led to painful
economic, social, and ecological changes.
• European powers met in
Berlin in 1885 and divide
Africa – Britain, France,
Belgium, and Germany
became new colonial
powers
• US also became a
colonial power by taking
over colonies from Spain.
• However, a greater war,
such that never
experienced before, was
under way…..
 THE
INTERWAR
ECONOMY
- MAYURI SINGH
X-A
 WORLD WAR I
Though the World War I (1914 – 1918) was mainly fought
in Europe, its impact was felt around the world. It plunged
the first half of the twentieth century into a crisis that took
over three decades to overcome. During this period, the
world experienced widespread economic and political
instability, and another catastrophic war.
The war was fought
between the Allies- Britain,
France, Russia, later joined by
the US- and the Central Powers-
Germany, Austria – Hungary,
and the Ottoman Turkey. It was
the first modern industrial war,
which saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircrafts,
Chemical weapons, etc. on a massive scale. Industries were
restructured to produce war – related goods, and societies
reorganized. This led to the breaking of economic links and
trade between many countries.
Due to this, large economic powers, such as Britain,
which dominated the world economy in pre-war period, had
to borrow large sums of money from US banks as well as its
public. Thus, the war transformed the US from an
international debtor to an
international creditor.
Transportation during this period:
Submarines played a significant military role for the
first time during the First World War. Both the British and
German navies made use of their submarines against
enemy warships from the outset. In January 1917,
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, in
which vessels were torpedoed without warning. Also,
Allied warships, many fishing vessels and neutral
merchant vessels were sunk. By April, the Allies were
suffering appalling losses from U-Boats. An average of
167 merchant ships were being sunk every month, and
Britain was near starvation.

By August 1914, powerful flight by aircraft was about

a decade old. In the intervening years, the armies and
navies of various nations had explored the potential for
reconnaissance and offensive operations. These were
extensively used during the war to bomb the rival
countries.
A TALE OF TWO LACONIAS:

Laconia was launched in 1921 and had a relatively uneventful

service until it was requisitioned in 1939 and converted into an Armed
Merchant Cruiser by the Admiralty. It was used as a troop carrier and
on one such voyage was used to carry Italian prisoners of war back to
Britain.
It was during this voyage in September 1942 that Laconia was
spotted by German U-boat U-156 and torpedoed. When Werner
Hartenstein realized that the ship was carrying women and children
passengers as well as prisoners of war, he surfaced and bizarrely
attempted a rescue. He was aided by several other U-boats all
displaying Red Cross Flags.
However, the rescuers were
attacked by American bombers
based on Ascension Island and the
U-boats were ordered to dive and
abandon the survivors. The incident
led Karl Donitz to issue the Laconia
Order, forbidding submarines from
picking up survivors.

Similarly, in February 1917, another Laconia was torpedoed, this

time by U-50. The first torpedo did not sink the Laconia, but it was
torpedoed a second time and this time the explosion ripped through
the engine room and doomed the ship. Twelve people were killed
including two female American passengers – mother and daughter
Mary and Elizabeth Hoy. Their deaths added to the growing voice in
America to support the war. So, the loss of both ships had
consequences far beyond their sinking.

The first Laconia was rediscovered in 2009 approximately 300km

of the coast of Ireland; the search for it was the subject of a Discovery
Channel programme. Rather poignantly, one of the artefacts recovered
from the ship was a shoe belonging to one of the female passengers.
 POST – WAR RECOVERY
Burdened with huge external debts, Britain found it difficult
to recapture its earlier position as the world’s leasing economy.
The war led to a large increase in demand, production, and
employment. In 1921, one in every five British workers was out of
work. This way, anxiety and uncertainty about work became an
enduring part of the post – war scenario. Many agricultural
economics were also in crisis.
However, in the US, recovery was quicker. One important
feature of the US economy of the 1920s was mass production. A
well-known pioneer of such production was Henry Ford. He
realized that an ‘assembly line’ method would allow a faster and
cheaper way of producing vehicles. The assembly line forced
workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continually at a
pace dictated by the conveyor belt. The T- Model Ford was the
world’s first mass – produced car.
Fordist industrial practices soon spread in the US and were
widely copied in Europe, in the 1920s, as well. Mass production
lowered costs and prices of engineered goods. Car production in
the US rose from 2 million in 1919 to more than 5 million in 1929.
Similarly, there was a hike in the purchase of refrigerators,
washing machines, radios, etc.
Thus, a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising
consumption demand, more investment, and yet more
employment and incomes. In 1923, the US resumed exporting
capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas
leader. US imports and capital exports also boosted European
recovery and world trade and income growth over the next six
years. However, by 1929, the world plunged into a depression
such as it had never even imagined before.
 THE GREAT DEPRESSION
The great depression began around 1929 and lasted till the
mid- 1930s. During this period, most parts of the world
experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment,
incomes, and trade. Agricultural regions and communities were
the worst affected. This was because the fall in Agricultural
prices was greater and more prolonged than that in the prices of
industrial goods.

The depression was caused by a combination of several factors:

i. AGRICULTURAL OVERPRODUCTION: As prices got reduced
and incomes declined, farmers tried to expand production
and bring large volume of produce to the market to maintain
their overall income. However, this only worsened the
situation by further pushing down the prices. Farm produce
rotted for lack of consumers. And so, many farmers in
different parts of the world protested.
ii. US Loans: In the mid- 1920s, US overseas lenders panicked
at the first sign of trouble and withdrew their loans. Due to
this, the loans which amounted over $ 1 billion, in the first
half of 1928, fell by one quarter in a year. Countries that
depended crucially on US loans now faced an acute crisis.
 iii. Wall Street Crash: Over speculation, which included
investors using borrowed money to buy stocks, growing
bank loans and high interest rates were some of the
major causes of the stock market Crash of 1929, which
fueled the great depression.
iv. Smooth – Hawley Tariff: The US attempted to protect its
economy in the depression by doubling import duties
through the Smooth – Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which
only exacerbated the depression.

THE FARMERS’ STRIKE, IOWA, US:

During the Great Depression of the 1930s,
many people across the country lost their jobs.
In Iowa, many people were farmers or worked in
farm related jobs. When the national economy
became weak, farm prices fell, and many farmers could not even sell
their products for as much as it cost to produce them. Some farmers
thought the way to raise farm prices was by organizing protest strikes in
the early 1930s.

Strikers wanted all farmers to unite and join the strike. They
believed the protest would attract attention. Government leaders would
then realize it cost more for farmers to produce the milk than they were
paid for selling it. Strikers also believed if the supply of milk in towns was
reduced, the demand would increase, and people would pay higher
prices for it.

Many farmers disagreed with milk strikes. They thought dumping

milk was wasteful. They were proud of the farm products they raised and
did not want them destroyed. Many depended on the money they got for
selling milk and cream, even if it was not much. They did not think the
strikes would help raise prices.

Sometimes the strikes got out of control and became violent. No one
had wanted violence, but it showed how angry and desperate many
American farmers were during the Depression.
 The US was also the country most severely affected by
the depression. Faced with falling incomes, many households
could not repay their loans and were forced to give up their
homes and cars. Ultimately, the US banking system itself
collapsed. Unable to recover investments, collect loans and
repay depositors, thousands of banks, over 4000 by 1933 had
closed and, companies, about 110,000 collapsed.

Its effect over Trade and Transport:

This period also saw a decline in
the use of railways for transportation.
While on the other hand. Cars became
the most used transport. Many shipping
lines laid off staff as a result of the
economic downtown. Ships that were put up for sale during the
Great Depression were often sold at significantly lower prices.
This was due to the decreased demand for ships and the
financial difficulties faced by shipping companies.
The contraction in world trade during the first phase of the
Great Depression stands out as the strongest adverse shock to
international trade in modem history. The real-world trade
contracted approximately 14% because of declining income, 8%
as a result of discretionary increases in tariff rates, 5% owing to
deflation-induced tariff increases, and a further 6% because of
the imposition of nontariff barriers.
By 1935, new economic recovery was under way in most
industrial countries. But however, the wider effects of the great
depression on society, politics, and global trade, proved to be
long-lasting.
 THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN INDIA:
As in the nineteenth century, India had become an exporter of
agricultural goods and importer of manufactures, the depression
immediately affected Indian trade. India’s import and export nearly
halved between 1928 and 1934. As international prices crashed,
wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent.
Though Agricultural prices fell rapidly, the colonial government
refused to reduce revenue demands. Peasants producing for the
world market were the worst hit by this. Across India, peasant’s
indebtedness increased. Though precious metals, notably gold,
promoted Britain’s recovery, it did little for the Indian peasant.

Though different countries had started recovering from the

impacts of the great depression, they were unaware of its final but
enormous blow, which took the world in turmoil and caused
widespread deaths. This event also marked the deadliest conflict in
human history, which is none other than the World War II.
US’s involvement in the war in 1941 resulted in the drafting of
young men into military service, and the creation of millions of jobs
in defense and war industries, thus completely recovering from the
great depression. This prompted many more countries to join the
war, resulting in the extended period of the war for 6 years.
THE RISE OF
GLOBALISATION
-
 World War II

The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the
end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis
powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan, and Italy) and the Allies
(Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US). It was a war
waged for six years on many fronts, in many planes, over land,
on sea in the air.

Once again death and destruction were enormous. At least 60

million people, or about 3 percent of the world’s 1939
population, are believed to have been killed, directly or
indirectly, as result of the war. Millions more were injured. The
war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and
social disruption.
Two crucial influences
shaped post-war
reconstruction. The first
was the US’s emergence as
the dominant economic,
political, and military
power in the Western
world. The second was the

dominance of the Soviet Union. It has made huge

sacrifices to defeat Nazi Germany and transformed
itself from a backward agricultural country into a
world power during the very year when the
capitalist world was trapped in the Great Depression.
 Post War Settlement
The United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference, which took place in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in
New Hampshire, USA, established its basic principles.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established by the

Breton woods Conference to address the external surpluses and
deficits of its member counties. To finance post-war
reconstruction, the International Bank of Reconstruction and
Development was established. The IMF and World Bank
commenced financial operations in 1947.
The post-war international economic system is the Bretton Woods
system. Western industrial powers dominate decision-making in
these institutions. The US effectively has the power to veto
important IMF and World Bank decisions.

For the Western industrial countries and Japan, the Bretton Woods
system marked the beginning of an era of extraordinary
development in commerce and trade. Additionally, during these
decades, business and technology spread globally. Developing
nations were eager to overtake the advanced industrial nations.
They made significant financial investments and imported
industrial plants and equipment featuring contemporary
technology.
The Beginning of
Globalisation

From the 1960 the rising costs of its overseas

involvements weakened the US’s finances and
competitive strength. It was no longer the dominant
currency in the world, the US dollar lost its credibility.
This ultimately caused the fixed exchange rates system to
fail and the implementation of a floating exchange rates
system. Unemployment in the industrialized world also
took a toll.
Since its revolution in 1949,
China and the collapse of
Soviet-Style communism in
Eastern Europe brought many
countries back into the world
economy. Wages were generally
low in places like China.
They attracted the attention of international MNCs for
global market share. Industrial migration to low-wage
nations boosted international trade and capital flows.
The world’s economic geography has
changed over the past two
decades because of the fast
economic transformation of
nations like India, China, and
Brazil.
 Globalisation

Production
across the countries
Production was mostly organized within the
countries until the middle of the twentieth century.
Previously, only raw materials, foodstuffs and
finished products travelled across boundaries. For
instance: colonies such as India exported raw
materials and food products and imported finished
goods. Trade was the primary means of connecting
distant countries.
 Emergence of MNCs
A multinational corporation (MNC) is a large company
that owns or controls production in multiple countries.
The first MNC’s were established in the 1920s. Many
more come up in the 1950s and 1960s as US businesses
expanded worldwide and
Western Europe and Japan
and recovered to become
powerful in Industrial
economies. The worldwide
spread of MNCs was a
notable feature.

The production process is divided into small parts

and spread out across the globe.

MNCs set up production where:

• Cheap labour is available at low costs.

• Availability of other factors of production is
assured.
• Appropriate government policies.
Interlinking Production
across countries

MNCs interlink the production process across different

countries in various ways:

• Foreign Investment: The money that is spent on

bus assets such as land, building, machines, and other
equipment is called investment. So, the Investment
made by MNCs is called foreign investment.

• Partnerships with local companies: MNCs set up

production in collaboration with several of these
countries’ local enterprises. Such cooperative
production has two advantages for the local company.
MNCs provide money for additional investments, like
buying new machines for faster production.

MNCs could bring the newest production

technology with them.

As a result, production in these widely separated

areas is becoming more interconnected.
World Trade
Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an

international organization that aims to liberalize
international trade. It provides a single forum for
member countries to negotiate trade agreements
and settle trade disputes.

WTO was established at the initiative of developed

countries to establish rules for international trade
and ensure that these rules are followed. It
currently has members from about 160 nations.

Although the WTO is established to provi de free

commerce for all, rich counties have unfairly
preserved trade restrictions. WTO rules have forced
developing counties to eliminate such trade
barriers.
Liberalization of
foreign trade
 Case study of
Viraj Profiles Limited
Viraj Profiles Limited founded by Mr. Neeraj Raja Kochher
(Chairman & Managing Director) in the year 1991 in Tarapur
MIDC (Tal. & Dist. Palghar). It was started as a small
induction furnace to manufacture utensil grade steel for
domestic markets with employee strength of 150 people.
Over the years the company expanded its operations across
the globe, increased its product portfolio and today the
company boasts of employee strength of 9000. Under the
leadership of Mr.
Neeraj Kochher , Viraj has expanded its foot prints across 6
continents, more than 90 countries and is currently serving to more than
1300 satisfied customers.
Now it is the second largest manufacturer of stainless steel long products
in the world and is ranked number one in stainless steel flanges.
Fundamental in ensuring the continuous growth of the organisation, Mr.
Neeraj Raja Kochhar has transformed the company into, one of the
fastest growing business houses in India, is currently a major player in the
global stainless steel market with a capacity of 528,000 tonnes per
annum and with an annual turnover of over US $ 1.5 billion. Over the last
20 years the Co. has achieved over 90 product certifications and
approvals in the petrochemical, food and beverage, construction,
pharmaceutical, defence and marine industries.
 Case study on
Using IT in Globalisation

A news magazine published for London readers is

to be designed and printed in Delhi. The text of the
magazine is sent through Internet to the Delhi
office. The designers in the Delhi office get orders
on how to design the magazine from the office in
London using telecommunication facilities. The
designing is done on a computer. After printing, the
magazines are sent by air to London. Even the
payment of money for designing and printing from
a bank in London to a bank in Delhi is done
instantly through the Internet (e-banking)!
 Case study of Debate on Trade
Practices

The agriculture sector provides the bulk of employment

and a significant portion of the GDP in India. Compare this
to a developed country such as the US with the share of
agriculture in GDP at 1% and its share in total
employment a tiny 0.5%! And yet this very small
percentage of people who are engaged in agriculture in
the US receive massive sums of money from the US
government for production and for exports to other
countries. Due to this massive money that they receive, US
farmers can sell the farm products at abnormally low
prices. The surplus farm products are sold in other country
markets at low prices, adversely affecting farmers in these
countries.
Developing countries are, therefore, asking the developed
country governments, “We have reduced trade barriers as
per WTO rules. But you have ignored the rules of WTO
and have continued to pay your farmers vast sums of
money. You have asked our governments to stop
supporting our farmers, but you are doing so yourselves.
 Case study
of Steps to Attract Foreign
The central and state governments in India are
taking special steps to attract foreign
companies to invest in India. Industrial zones,
called Special Economic Zones (SEZs), are being
set up. SEZs are to have world class
facilities: electricity, water, roads,
transport, storage, recreational and
educational facilities. Companies who set up
production units in the SEZs do not have to pay
taxes for an initial period of five years.
Government has also allowed flexibility in the
labour laws to attract foreign investment. You
have seen in Chapter 2 that the companies in
the organised sector must obey certain rules
that aim to protect the workers’ rights. In the
recent years, the government has allowed
companies to ignore many of these. Instead of
hiring workers on a regular basis, companies
hire workers ‘flexibly’ for short periods when
there is intense pressure of work. This is done
to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
However, still not satisfied, foreign companies
are demanding more flexibility in labour laws.
 LIFELINES OF
THE ECONOMY
- KAVYA. S
X-A
 TRANSPORTATION

The movement of goods and services from their supply

locations to demand locations. Necessitates the need for
transport. Some people are
engaged in facilitating these
movements. These are known
to be traders who make the
products come to the
consumers by transportation

Transportation plays a major role in

the lifelines of the national economy.
They also ensure that the finished
products are transported to the
consumers. Production of goods and
services determine the pace of a
country’s development. Therefore,
efficient means of transport are
prerequisites for fast development.
MARITIME ROUTES:
Maritime trade has always been crucial to global commerce, connecting
continents and allowing goods to move efficiently across seas and
oceans. From ancient times, civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans used waterways for trade, exchanging goods such as spices,
metals, and textiles. Over time, maritime routes expanded, by linking Asia,
Africa, and Europe, not only for trade but also for cultural exchange.
In ancient times, maritime trade was a key factor in connecting distant
civilizations. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Phoenicians were among the
earliest to use seas for trade, exchanging goods like spices, metals, and
textiles. The Mediterranean Sea was a central hub for these exchanges,
linking Europe, Africa, and Asia. The Phoenicians, in particular, were
known for their advanced shipbuilding and navigational skills, establishing
trade routes across the Mediterranean and even reaching parts of the
Atlantic.
The Maritime Silk Road, a sea route connecting China, Southeast Asia,
India, and the Arabian Peninsula, also flourished in ancient times. It
allowed goods like silk, spices, and precious stones to travel between East
and West, boosting both commerce and cultural exchanges. Overall,
ancient maritime trade helped shape early global connections, spreading
not only goods but also ideas, technologies, and cultures across vast
distances.
THE SILK ROUTE:
The Silk Route was a network of trade routes connecting the East
to the West, stretching from China through Central Asia and into
the Mediterranean. It began in the 2nd century BCE, during the
Han Dynasty, and played a crucial role in facilitating the
exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. The primary goods
traded along the land routes included silk, spices, precious
stones, and tea from the East, and wool, glassware, and horses
from the west.

Travellers, merchants, and nomadic tribes traversed vast

deserts, mountains, and plains, often facing dangerous
conditions like extreme weather and bandit attacks. Key cities
like Samarkand, Bukhara, and Kashgar became vital hubs for
trade, where goods were exchanged, and cultural interactions
flourished. The spread of religions such as Buddhism and
Islam, along with innovations like papermaking and
gunpowder, were facilitated by these routes.
Though challenging, the land Silk Road was instrumental in
shaping ancient civilizations and fostering long-distance
cultural and economic connections.
RAILWAYS:

Colonisation and the expansion of railways were closely linked,

particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries. European
powers built extensive railway networks in their colonies to
facilitate the movement of goods, resources, and people.
Railways made it easier to extract raw materials like minerals,
timber, and agricultural products from the colonies to ports for
export. They also helped control and administer vast territories,
allowing colonial powers to move troops quickly to suppress
uprisings or maintain order.

In many cases, the construction of railways was designed to

benefit the colonists’ economies, often at the expense of local
populations, who were exploited for labour. While railways
played a role in modernising infrastructure in some regions, they
were also tools of economic control and domination during the
colonial period.
AIRWAYS IN INDIA:
Air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and
prestigious mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains
like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long
oceanic stretches with great ease. In today’s world, airways play
a pivotal role in global connectivity, enabling rapid
transportation of people, goods, and information across vast
distances.

Air travel has become essential for international business,

tourism, and cultural exchange, shrinking the world by making
long-distance travel faster and more accessible. Airlines
connect cities and continents, fostering economic growth,
global trade, and cross-cultural interactions. The rise of air
freight also supports the global supply chain, allowing
businesses to move products quickly across borders. Despite
challenges like environmental concerns and rising costs, the
Aviation Industry remains a crucial part of the modern world,
driving globalisation and economic integration.
Link with transport in World War II :
To carry the weapons during world war 2, roadways and naval
bases were used . ships carried troops from the US to Europe ,
Africa, Asia, Australia and Great Britain .
Vehicles included US army jeeps ,
armoured cars , tanks , half-tracks and
cargo and paratrooper planes some
amphibious vehicles or trucks carried
troops across waterways ,but also had
wheels beneath them for continuing onto land.

CASE STUDY
Chinese toys have become popular in India due to their
affordability, variety, and mass production. These toys are often
cheaper than locally made alternatives, making them accessible
to a large number of Indian families. While they provide
consumers with a wide range of choices, there are concerns
about their safety, quality, and the impact on local toy
manufacturers. Despite these
issues, Chinese toys continue
to dominate the Indian market,
driven by their low prices and
availability in various categories.
 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services
across international borders or territories because there is a need
or want of goods or services.
Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may
take place through sea, air or land routes. While local trade is
carried in cities, towns and villages, state level trade is carried
between two or more states. Advancement of international trade
of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore,
considered the economic barometer for a country.
The balance of trade of a country is
the difference between its export
and import. When the value of
export exceeds the value of
imports, it is called a favourable
balance of trade . And if the value
of imports exceeds the value of
exports, it is termed as
unfavourable balance of trade.

The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and

products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products,
base metals, electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied
products. India has emerged as a software giant at the
international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through
the export of information technology.
 This project discusses how the passage of time has
witnessed tremendous changes in the world, transforming
societies in ways unimaginable just a few centuries ago.
Comparing the way of life 300 years ago with the present
reveals a stark contrast that highlights the remarkable
progress humanity has made.
Today, we find ourselves amidst a
digital revolution, where technology
has penetrated almost every aspect of
our lives. Today, the world is a global
village, interconnected through the
internet and social media. Until few
centuries ago, transportation was
limited to land and water ways like the
maritime and the silk routes. Today, air travel has made the
world more accessible than ever before. With commercial
flights, high-speed trains, and interconnected road networks,
we can traverse continents in a matter of hours, facilitating
global trade, tourism, and cultural exchange.
Thus, it can be concluded that humans have evolved
immensely over a long period of time and continue to do so,
through new technologies every day.
❖ NCERT INDIA AND THE
CONTEMPORARY WORLD – II
TEXTBOOK IN HISTORY FOR CLASS X
❖ NCERT UNDERSTANDING
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS X
❖ NCERT CONTEMPORARY INDIA - II
TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR
CLASS X
❖ www.google.com