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Atomic Structure Part C - Isotopes

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Atomic Structure Part C - Isotopes

Uploaded by

rayannathetford123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Ms. D. Davis
Manning’s School
1
February 21, 2021
2
Learning Objectives
________________________________________
✓ Isotopes

✓ Radioactive isotopes

✓ Uses of Radioactive isotopes

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ISOTOPES
Isotopes
• Although atoms of the same elements must have the same number of protons,
they can differ in terms of electrons and neutrons.
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons
and electrons but different number of neutrons.
• Hence isotopes have the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers
• Because isotopes of the same element have the same number of electrons,
isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties
• Because isotopes of the same element have the different mass numbers,
isotopes of the same element have the different physical properties
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Same # of Same Chemical
electrons Properties

They belong to
Same # of
Isotopes Protons
the Same
element

Different # Different mass #


of = Different Physical
Neutrons Properties
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Isotopes – Chemical vs. Physical Properties
• Same Chemical Properties • Slightly Different Physical
• Chemical properties refer to how Properties
a substance changes it’s • Physical Properties include
composition under different melting point, boiling point,
conditions or by reacting with density and such like
other substances.
• E.g. reaction with water, reaction
with Oxygen, Combustion
Reaction
Examples of Isotopes
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Examples
of Common
Isotopes
Isotopes are quite common and most naturally
occurring elements have more than one stable
isotopes.
Chemical
Notation for
Isotopes
Isotopes can be written/name using either of
2 methods:
1. Using the element name & mass number
2. Using the element symbol
Radioactive Isotopes
• Although isotopes may occur naturally, they can also be synthesized as well
and are called Artificial or Synthetic Isotopes.
• Synthetic isotopes are made by bombarding the nuclei of atoms with
neutrons or high energy charged particles.
• Most synthetic/artificial isotopes and some naturally occurring ones have
unstable nuclei. Isotopes with unstable nuclei are referred to as
radioactive.
• Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei by
the emission or radiation.
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Radioactive Isotopes
• Radioactivity arise when an unstable isotope splits spontaneously to form
smaller atoms, as the nucleus splits it also releases radiation.
• Isotopes which undergo this process are called radioactive isotopes
• There are three types of particles/radiation:
➢α-particles – helium nucleus with a +2 charge
➢β-particles – electrons with a -1 charge
➢γ-rays – electromagnetic radiation
• When radioactive isotopes eject particles and radiation, they become
more stable and sometimes a different kind of atom is produced.
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Please click on the video below to play
Radioactive Isotopes
• When an atoms emits α and β-particles the number of protons in the nucleus
changes (therefore the chemical identity of the atom changes).

• When an atom emits γ-rays the energy of the nucleus is reduced.

• Examples of radioactive isotopes are 146C, 24


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Na*, 235
92
U, 226
88
Ra,
35
16
S*, 32
15
P*, & 137
55
Cs
• Where * denotes artificially produced isotopes. 14
Uses of Radioactive
Isotopes
• Exposure to some forms of radiation can be
dangerous to our health. For example, exposure
to alpha particles can damage our DNA and
exposure to large doses of radiation can increase
the risk of developing cancer.

• However, there are many ways that scientist have


developed that makes the use of radiation also
advantageous to us.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Carbon Dating

1. Carbon dating (a.k.a. radiocarbon dating)


• Uses Carbon-14 isotope
• Emits β-particles
• Half-life is 5600 years (Half-life is the time it take for the concentration of a substance to get
to half it’s concentration).
• Absorbed in plant during photosynthesis and can be used to calculate how long a plant dies.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Carbon Dating (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Carbon Dating (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Carbon Dating (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Carbon Dating Please click on the video below to play

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Tracers
2. As Tracers
• Radioactive atom of a particular element has the same chemistry as the non-radioactive atom
of that element.
• Geiger counter or photographic films can be used to track the atom in a chemical reaction to
determine its path.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Tracers (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Tracers Please click on the video below to play

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Radiotherapy
3. Radiotherapy

• Exposure of the human body to α or β-particles or γ-rays can damage the dividing cell.

• Cancer cells divide more frequently than those of the surrounding tissues, so they are more
affected by radioactivity.

• Cobalt-60 decay gives off γ-rays and can be focused on cancer inside the body.

• Because the rays focus on the tumor, the surrounding healthy tissue receives a small dose of
radiation, leaving them relatively unharmed.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Radiotherapy (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Radiotherapy Please click on the video below to play

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes -
Radiotherapy Please click on the video below to play

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Generation of Energy
4. Source of Energy

When radioactive uranium-235 is splits it form barium, krypton and heat. This heat is the used to
generate electricity. The neutrons can create a chain reaction to produce even more heat.

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Generation of Energy (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Generation of Energy (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Generation of Energy (Excerpt from Textbook)

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Uses of Radioactive Isotopes –
Generation of Energy

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