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Lesson 1-3Hypothesis Testing

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6 views

Lesson 1-3Hypothesis Testing

Uploaded by

abdulhakimcaris230
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

Statistical Inference

1
Hypothesis Testing
statistical hypothesis
- a guess or conjecture about the
numerical value of some
unknown population parameters
Null Hypothesis
• is usually denoted by the symbol Ho
• at the beginning, it is assumed true
(until evidence suggests otherwise)
• always contains “=”
• may or may not be rejected
Null Hypothesis, Ho
• Simple hypothesis
Example:
H 0 :   120
• Composite hypothesis
Example:
H 0 :   50
H 0 :   50
Alternative hypothesis, H1 or HA
• a proposition that is accepted if the null
hypothesis is rejected
• is the opposite of the null hypothesis
• the assertion of all situations not covered by
H0
• never contains the “=”, but can contain one of
“≤” or “” signs
• is generally the researcher’s theory
EXAMPLE
Ho: The average weight of all
students is 110 lbs.

H1: The average weight of all


students is less than 110 lbs.

H1: The average weight of all


students is greater than 110
lbs.

H1: The average weight of all


students is not 110 lbs.
Types of errors
Type I error – error of rejecting true hypothesis
Type II error – error of accepting false hypothesis
Errors in Making Decisions

• Type I Error
The probability of Type I Error is called level of
significance denoted by 

• Type II Error
The probability of Type II Error is β
Step 2.Specify the level of significance.

Level of Significance, 

Defines the rejection region of the


sampling distribution
• typical values are .01, .05, or .10
• i s s e l e c t e d b y t h e re s e a rc h e r a t t h e
beginning
• provides the critical value(s) of the test
Critical Region

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Step 4. Establish the critical region.

Two types of statistical tests

One-sided test – or one-tailed test or directional test; a


test where the critical region is in one direction only
Step 4. Establish the critical region.

Two types of statistical tests

Two-sided test – or two-tailed test or non-directional


test
Level of Significance and
the Rejection Region
Required Level of significance =  Represents
critical value
H0: μ = 3 /2 /2
Rejection region
H1: μ ≠ 3 is shaded
Two-tail test 0

H0: μ = 3 
H1: μ > 3
Upper-tail test 0

H0: μ = 3

H1: μ < 3
Lower-tail test 0
Step 6. Make a statistical decision.

Decision Rule
x  μ0
Reject H 0 if z   zα
s
n

Do not reject H0 Reject H0


Z 0 zα
x μ0 μ0  zα
s
n

Critical value
The Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Step 1. State Ho and H1
Step 2.Specify the level of significance.
Step 3. Select the test statistic.
Step 4. Establish the critical region /
regions.
Step 5. Computation
Step 6. Make a statistical decision.
Step 7. Draw the appropriate conclusion.
1 2 3
One Population Mean
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T h e ave ra ge we i g ht o f 1 0 0 ra n d o m l y
selected sacks of rice is 48.54 kilos with a
standard deviation of 20 kilos. Test the
hypothesis at a 0.01 level of significance that
the true mean weight is less than 50 kilos.
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25
The average length of time for students to have their
subjects controlled is 30 minutes. A new controlling
procedure using modern computing machines is being tried.
If a random sample of 12 students has an average
controlling time of 22 minutes with a standard deviation of
11.9 minutes under the new system, test the hypothesis
that the average length of time to control student’s subjects
is less than 30 minutes. Use a level of significance of 0.05
and assume the population of controlling times to be
normally distributed.
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Independent Samples
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4 5
The random sample of 45 electric fans of Brand X
showed a mean life span of 4.11 years with a standard
deviation of 0.55 years while a random sample of 50
electric fans of Brand Y showed a mean life span of 3.51
years with a standard deviation of 0.23 years.
Would it be safe to say that Brand X is significantly
better than Brand Y at a 0.05 level of significance?
Brand X Brand Y

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Machine 1 Machine 2

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Paired Observations
6 7
Example 6

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Example 7

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