SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (REVIEWER)

Science
 came from the Latin word “scientia” means knowledge
 a body of knowledge
 as old as the world itself
 as a personal and social activity

THINKER OR GROUP
1. SOPHISTS
 Developed the art of public speaking and debate
 They thought that people should use knowledge to
improve themselves
 They believed that there was no absolute right or wrong

2. SOCRATES
 Greek philosopher and the main source of Western
thought
 He created the “SOCRATIC METHOD”, that laid the
groundwork for Western systems of logical and
philosophy
 He always emphasized the importance of the mind over
the relative unimportance of the human body.
 “The more I know, the more I do not know”
 “An unexamined life is not worth living”

3. PLATO
 Was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle
 Founded the academy in Athens
 He described his ideal vision of how government works
in his book “REPUBLIC”
  He claimed that knowledge gained through the senses
is no more than opinion and that, in order to have real
knowledge, we must gain it through philosophical
reasoning
 “Constant struggle for human in discovering the reality
of the world while balancing what you know to be true,
and what the physical world is showing to be true”

4. ARISTOTLE
 Realist
 Taught the idea of the “GOLDEN MEAN”
 He believed observation and comparison were
necessary to gain knowledge
 The GOLDEN MEAN: living a moral life is the ultimate
goal

5. EPICUREANS
 Epicurus taught his students that happiness are the
goal in life
 He taught that “the way to be happy was to seek out
continual physical pleasures. It also meant a life free
from worry and, to some extent responsibility “

6. STOICS
 Started by a Phoenician named Zeno
 Taught that happiness came from following reason, not
emotions
 Emotions come and go and are unreliable. Using reason
and being stable is superior as it leads to fewer bad
times

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
 [Christian Era]

 For most medieval scholars, who believed that God

created the universe according to geometric and
harmonic principles, science – particularly geometry
and astronomy – was linked directly to the divine.
 To seek the principles, therefore would be to seek God.

 ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA
 Firmly believed that the knowledge of good (God) is
itself enough to remove all taint of sin and ignorance
from souls

 ST. ANSELM
 Defended the existence of God thru reason
 He argued that God must really exist for the very idea
of such a being implies its existence

 ST. AUGUSTINE
 De Trinitate

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 The period of enlightenment
 Was a series of events that marked the emergence of
modern science during the early modern period

 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
  Mathematician and astronomer who formulated the
model of the universe that placed the sun rather than
the Earth at the center of the universe.
 Contribution: Polyglot and Polymath
 Dē revolutionibus orbium ceolestium (On the Revolution
of the Celestial Spheres)

 CHARLES DARWIN
 English naturalist, geologist and biologist.
 Best known for his contributions to the SCIENCE OF
EVOLUTION

2 MAIN POINTS IN DARWIN’S THEORY

1. Diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common
ancestors.
2. The mechanism by which this evolution takes place is
natural selection.

 SIGMUND FREUD
 Australian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis
 Development of an observational method
 Focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man

FILIPINO SCIENTIST

 ADELINA ADATO BARRION (September 9, 1951 – July 10,

2010)
 Filipino entomologist and geneticist
  Known as “Asia’s Spider Woman” because of her
extensive contribution in studying of Philippine Spiders.

 EDUARDO QUISUMBING
 Filipino botanist
 noted expert in the medicinal plants of the
Philippines
 “Saccolabium quisumbingii” is the plant that is
named in honor of Eduardo Quisumbing.
 Served as the Director of National Museum of the
Philippines, where he rebuilt the Herbarium.

 ANGEL C. ALCALA
 Filipino biologist who was named a National Scientist of
the Philippines in 2014.
 He had created a artificial coral reefs that help a lot to
the Philippines’ aquatic ecosystem.

 RAMON CABANOS BARBA

 a Filipino inventor and horticulturist
 Best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers
in mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate.

 DR. LILIAN F. PATENA

 Develops tissue culture for garlic

 FE VILLANUEVA DEL MUNDO

 Was a Filipino pediatrician
 Credited with the studies that lead to the invention of
an improved incubator and a jaundice
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

[The Ancient Maya]

MAYA CIVILIZATION
 Was one of the most advance of Ancient Americas.

MAYA CONTRIBUTION:

1. ARCHITECTURE – Maya built impressive structures such as

pyramid, temples and palaces.
2. AGRICULTURE – They developed techniques such as
terracing and irrigation to grow crops in a challenging
environment.
3. MICA – can be used in production of cosmetics, where it is
ground into a fine powder and added to makeup, skincare
products and hair products.
4. USE OF RUBBER – their ability to extract and use of rubber
in such a variety of ways demonstrates their ingenuity and
resourcefulness.
5. MAYAN HIEROGLYPHICS – were a writing system
developed by Mayan
 6. MATHEMATICS – Mayan used a base-20 numbering system,
which meant that they counted in units of 20 rather than 10.
- Maya created symbols to represent the numbers 1 to
19.
7. MAYAN CALENDAR – the calendar system was used to
track various cycle of time, including the solar year, lunar
month and the Venus cycle

INCA CIVILIZATION
 Was known for its impressive achievements in architecture,
engineering, agriculture and military strategy.

INCA CONTRIBUTION:
1. ROAD PAVED WITH STONE – The Inca road system is
known as “Qhapaq Ñan”, it was constructed using a
combination of natural materials such as earth and gravel,
and cut stone blocks.
2. STONE BUILDING – they was known for its impressive
stone building techniques, which produced some of the most
impressive architectural wonders in the world.
3. IRRIGATION SYSTEM – consisted of a network canals,
aqueducts and terraced fields that allowed water to be
channeled from the high mountains to the lower valleys.
4. INCA CALENDAR – consisted of 2 main parts: agricultural
and ritual calendar. It was divided into 12 months each with
30 days, plus an additional 5 days that were a time of
transition between old and new year.
5. FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE – was constructed using
woven ropes made from fibers of native plants, such as
q’oya grass, which were incredibly strong and durable.
6. INCA TEXTILE – known for their intricate designs, vibrant
colors, and high level of craftsmanship.
7. QUIPU – also known as khipu or talking knots, was a
method used to record information.