Multiple Integrals

Lecture 17
Triple Integrals in
Rectangular Coordinates
Ch. 15.4 Pages 1098 - 1109
Text Book:Thomas’s Calculus, 11th Ed.
By Maurice D. Weir, Joel Hass & Frank
R. Giordano, Pearson, 2008.
In this lecture we look at

• Triple Integrals in Rectangular

Cartesian Coordinates
• Evaluation of triple integrals as
iterated or repeated integrals –
Fubini’s theorem
Triple Integrals
Definition
Suppose that the function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is defined
on a closed and bounded region 𝐷 in space.
We partition 𝐷 into a number of small
rectangular parallelepipeds (= boxes) of
dimensions x, y, z. Let us take one point
(x, y, z) from each box and form the sum
𝑆 = ෍ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
 If lim ෍ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 → 0
exists, it is called the triple integral of
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 over the domain 𝐷 and is
denoted by

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷

We again evaluate such triple integrals as

iterated single integrals.
Volume of a region in space
Definition
By taking 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, we get the volume
𝑉 of the closed bounded region 𝐷 as the
triple integral

𝑉 = ම 𝑑𝑉 = ම 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷 𝐷
How to find limits of Integration in
Triple Integrals

To evaluate ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷
over a region 𝐷, we follow the following steps:
1. We first draw a rough sketch of the domain
𝐷 along with its vertical projection
(shadow) 𝑅 in the xy- plane.
 z

y
R

x
2. The z-limits of integration. Through a
typical point (x, y) in the “base” R (= vertical
projection of 𝐷 in the xy-plane), we draw a
vertical line 𝑀 parallel to the z-axis. As z
increases, 𝑀 enters 𝐷 at 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) and
leaves 𝐷 at 𝑧 = 𝑓2 𝑥, 𝑦 . These are the z-
limits of integration.
 z 𝑀
Leaves at
𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐷
Enters at 𝑧 =
𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
y

𝑅
x (x, y)
3. The x-limits of integration.
Choose x-limits to include all lines through 𝑅
parallel to the y-axis(say 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 ).
These are the x-limits of integration.
 z
𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐷
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)

a y
𝑅
x
b
x (x, y)
3. The x-limits of integration.
Choose x-limits to include all lines through 𝑅
parallel to the y-axis(say 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 ).
These are the x-limits of integration.
4. The y-limits of integration.
Through a typical point x between 𝑎 and 𝑏
we draw a line 𝐿 parallel to the y-axis.
𝐿 enters 𝑅 at 𝑦 = 𝑔1 (𝑥) and leaves at 𝑦 =
𝑔2 𝑥 . These are the y-limits of integration.
 z
𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐷
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Enters 𝑅 at
𝑦 = 𝑔1 (𝑥) a y
𝑅
x 𝐿
b (x, y) Leaves 𝑅 at
x 𝑦 = 𝑔2 (𝑥)
 Thus the triple integral is

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷

𝑏 𝑦=𝑔2 (𝑥) 𝑧=𝑓2 (𝑥,𝑦)

= න න න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑧=𝑓1 (𝑥,𝑦)
(We evaluate the iterated integrals from
right to left, one by one.)
Note: (1) The steps 3 and 4 above can be
“interchanged”:
3. The y-limits of integration. Choose y-limits
to include all lines through 𝑅 parallel to
the x-axis (say 𝑦 = 𝑐 and and 𝑦 = 𝑑).
These are the y-limits of integration.
4. The x-limits of integration. Through a
typical point (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝑅 we draw a line 𝐿
parallel to the x-axis. 𝐿 enters 𝑅 at 𝑥 =
ℎ1 (𝑦) and leaves at 𝑥 = ℎ2 𝑦 . These are
the x-limits of integration.
 z
𝑧 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝐷
𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)
Enters 𝑅 at c y d
𝑥 = ℎ1 (𝑦) y
𝑅
(x, y)
Leaves 𝑅 at
x 𝐿 𝑥 = ℎ2 (𝑦)
Thus the triple integral is also equal to

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷
𝑑 𝑥=ℎ2 (𝑦) 𝑧=𝑓2 (𝑥,𝑦)

= න න න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=𝑐 𝑥=ℎ1 (𝑦) 𝑧=𝑓1 (𝑥,𝑦)

(We evaluate the iterated integrals from

right to left, one by one.)
Note: (2) We can also project the region 𝐷
onto either the yz-plane or the zx-plane. If
we project onto the yz-plane, in step 2 above
we find the x-limits of integration and then
we can either find the z-limits and then the y-
limits or the y-limits and then the z-limits.
If we project onto the zx-plane, in step 2
above we find the y-limits of integration and
then we can either find the z-limits and then
the x-limits or the x-limits and then the z-
limits.
Problem 3 Exercises 15.4 Page 1106
Write six different iterated triple integrals for
the volume of the tetrahedron cut from the
first octant by the plane 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6.
Evaluate one of the integrals.
Solution The plane 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6
cuts off intercepts 1 from the x-axis, 2 from
the y-axis, and 3 from the z-axis.
 3 C

B
O
2
1
A 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
Thus the tetrahedron has as base the triangle
OAB in the xy- plane and is bounded below
by the xy- plane and above by the plane z =
3
3 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦. Hence the volume of the
2
tetrahedron is given by the triple integral
ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷 3
1 2−2𝑥 3−3𝑥− 𝑦
2
= න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
 1 2−2𝑥
3
= න න 3 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

1
2
3 (2 − 2𝑥)
= න 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥=0
1

= න 3 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 − 3 + 1 = 1.
𝑥=0
Note that the base of the tetrahedron, viz.
OAB can also be described as:
𝑦
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 −
2
Hence the volume of the tetrahedron can
also be expressed by the triple integral
𝑦 3
2 1− 3−3𝑥− 2 𝑦
2
න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
Evaluate this triple integral!
We can also see that the tetrahedron can be
thought of having the base as OBC in the yz-
plane and bounded below by the yz- plane (i.e.
𝑦 𝑧
𝑥 = 0) and above by the plane 𝑥 = 1 − −
2 3
and hence we can also express the volume of
the tetrahedron as the triple integral
3𝑦 𝑦 𝑧
2 3− 1− −
2 2 3

න න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑧=0
Here we have expressed the “base” OBC of
the tetrahedron as:
3
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3 − 𝑦.
2
2
Expressing it as 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 𝑧,
3
we can also express the volume as the triple
integral 2𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
3 2− 1− −
3 2 3

න න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
Finally taking the base of the tetrahedron as
the OAC in the xz- plane, we can “easily”
see that the volume can also be expressed by
any one of the following triple integrals.
2𝑧
1 3−3𝑥 2−2𝑥− 3

න න න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0
𝑧 2𝑧
3 1− 2−2𝑥−
3 3
or
න න න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
Problem 4 Exercises 15.4 Page 1106

Volume of solid Write six different iterated

triple integrals for the volume of the region
in the first octant enclosed by the cylinder
𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4 and the plane 𝑦 = 3.
Evaluate one of the integrals.
 z

𝑥2 + 𝑧2 = 4
C E

O 3
B y
2 𝑦=3
A D
x
Thus the solid has as base the rectangle
OADB in the xy- plane and is bounded below
by the xy- plane and above by the cylinder
x2+z2=4. Hence the volume of the solid is
given by the triple integral

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷
2 3 4−𝑥 2

= න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
 2 3

= න න 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0

= න 3 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

1
= 3 × 𝜋(2)2 = 3𝜋.
4
We can also see that the volume of the solid
also equals
3 2 4−𝑥 2

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0

= 3𝜋.
The volume of the solid is also given by the
triple integral

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷

2 3 4−𝑧 2

= න න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝜋.
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
The volume of the solid is also given by the
triple integral

ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝐷
2 4−𝑥 2 3

= න න න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0
 2 4−𝑥 2

= න න 3 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑧=0

= න 3 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

1
= 3 × × 𝜋(2)2 = 3𝜋
4
Example

Let 𝐷 be the region bounded by the

paraboloid of revolution 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and
the plane 𝑧 = 2𝑦. Write the triple integral
that gives the volume of 𝐷.
Solution
The projection of the domain 𝐷 onto the xy-
plane is got by solving the two equations 𝑧 =
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 2𝑦 and hence is the curve
 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑦 which is nothing but the circle
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1 (having centre (0, 1) and
radius 1). y
2

−1 0 1 x
We can write the volume as either of the
triple integrals
1 1+ 1−𝑥 2 2𝑦

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−1 𝑦=1− 1−𝑥 2 𝑧=𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2 1−(𝑦−1)2 2𝑦

Or න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=− 1−(𝑦−1)2 𝑧=𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Example Evaluate the triple integral
2 3𝑦 8−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0 𝑥 2 +3𝑦 2

2 3𝑦

= න න (8 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0
 2

= න ( 24𝑦 − 18𝑦 3 − 12𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦

0
2
3
= න ( 24𝑦 − 30𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
0

= 24 − 30 = −6
Example Evaluate the triple integral

2 4−𝑦 2 2𝑥+𝑦

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 − 4−𝑦 2 0

2 4−𝑦 2

=න න (2𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 − 4−𝑦 2
 2

= න 2𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0

2 3/2 2
(4 − 𝑦 )
= −
3/2 0

16
= .
3
Volumes using triple
integrals
Problem 24 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the region in the first
octant bounded by the coordinate planes
and the planes 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2.
Problem 24 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107

Find the volume of

the region in the first
C
octant bounded by
the coordinate
B
planes and the O
planes 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1 A
and 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2. D
Solution
We can imagine the solid to have the base
as OBC (in yz- plane) and the “top” is the
plane 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1. Hence its volume is
1 2−2𝑧 1−𝑧

න න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
1 2−2𝑧

= න න (1 − 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0 𝑦=0
 1

= න (1 − 𝑧)(2 − 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0

1
2
= 2 න (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑧
𝑧=0

3 1
(𝑧 − 1) 2
=2 = .
3 0
3
Remark

We cannot take the base as the rectangle

OADB as the z-limits are different for
different points on the xy-plane. For points
(x, y), with 𝑦 < 2𝑥, z varies from 0 to
𝑥
1 − . For points (x, y), with 𝑦 < 2𝑥,
2
𝑦
z varies from 0 to 1 − .
2
Problem 25 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the region in the first
octant bounded by the coordinate planes, the
2
plane 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 and the cylinder 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 .
Problem 25 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107

Find the volume of

the region in the first
C
octant bounded by
the coordinate B
planes, the plane O
D
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 and the
cylinder 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 .
A
Solution
The base of the solid is the half-parabola
OAB (in xy- plane) and the top is the plane
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2. Hence its volume is
2 4−𝑦 2 2−𝑦

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
2 4−𝑦 2

= න න (2 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
 2

= න 2 − 𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0
2

= න 8 − 4𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0

8 20
= 16 − 8 − 2 × + 4 = .
3 3
Problem 29 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the region common to the
cylinders 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.
Problem 29 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of
the region common
to the cylinders C D
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 1. O B
By symmetry, the
A
volume is 8 times
the volume in the I
Octant
The base of the solid is the quadrant of the
circle OAB (in xy- plane) and the top is the
cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1. Hence its volume is

1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

8 න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

1 1−𝑥 2

=8 න න 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
 1

= 8 න 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

1
=8 1−
3
16
= .
3
Problem 30 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the region in the first
octant bounded by the coordinate planes,
2
and the surface 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 − 𝑦.
The base of the solid is the half-parabola
OAB, 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 and the top is the
surface 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦.

C(0,0,4)

O B(0,4,0)

A(2,0,0)
Hence the volume of the solid is
2 4−𝑥 2 4−𝑥 2 −𝑦

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
2 4−𝑥 2

= න න (4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2
1 2 2 128
= න 4−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 15
𝑥=0
Problem 32 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the solid cut off from
2 2
the cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 by the planes
𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3.
Problem 32 Exercises 15.4 Page 1107
Find the volume of the solid cut off from
2 2
the cylinder 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 by the planes
𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3.
Solution
The plane 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3
intersects the cylinder
along an ellipse.
Also note that on the curve of intersection, z is
maximum (= 5) when x is the least, namely
− 2 (as the base of the solid is the circle in xy-
plane, centre origin and radius 2). z is
minimum (= 1) when x is the largest, namely
2. The volume of the solid is thus
2 4−𝑥 2 3−𝑥

න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2 𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2 𝑧=0
 2 4−𝑥 2

= න න (3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2 𝑦=− 4−𝑥 2
2

= න 2(3 − 𝑥) 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2

= 6 × 2𝜋 − 0 = 12𝜋.
 Problem 23 Exercises 15.4 Page 1106
Find the volume of the region between the
parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 and the xy-plane
that is bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
1, 𝑦 = −1, and 𝑦 = 1.
 Problem 23 Exercises 15.4 Page 1106
Find the volume of the region between the
2
parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 𝑦 and the xy-plane
that is bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
1, 𝑦 = −1, and 𝑦 = 1.

−1 O
1

1
Solution
By symmetry, the desired volume
= 2 × volume in the 1st octant
1 1 𝑦2

=2 න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
1 1
2 2
= 2 න න 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
Example

Find the volume of the solid bounded above

2 2
by the surface 𝑧 = 4 − 4(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) and
below by the surface 𝑧 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 −1.
Solution

We easily see that both the solids intersect

along the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 in the xy-
plane.
 Hence the volume of the solid is
4−4(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )

ඵ න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤1 𝑧=(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2 −1

= ඵ 5 − 4 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤1

We convert this into polar form by putting

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
Hence the volume is
2𝜋 1
2
න න 5 − 4𝑟 − 𝑟 4
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

2𝜋
5 1 4 8𝜋
= න −1− 𝑑𝜃 = × 2𝜋 = .
2 6 3 3
𝜃=0
Example

Find the volume of the solid bounded above

2 2
by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 5 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 and
below by the paraboloid 𝑧 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 .
Solution
We easily see that both the solids intersect
along the circle
2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =1
in the plane 𝑧 = 4.
Hence the volume of the solid is
5− 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

ඵ න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤1 𝑧=4𝑥 2 +4𝑦 2

= ඵ 5 − 5 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤1

We convert this into polar form by putting

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
Hence the volume is
2𝜋 1

න න 5 − 5𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

2𝜋
5 5 5 5𝜋
= න − 𝑑𝜃 = × 2𝜋 = .
2 4 4 2
𝜃=0
Example

Find the volume of the smaller cap cut off

from a solid ball of radius 2 units by a plane
1 unit from the centre of the sphere.
Solution
The plane cuts
off a circle centre
(0, 0, 1) and radius 3 in the plane 𝑧 = 1.
Hence the volume of the solid is
4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

ඵ න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤3 𝑧=1

= ඵ 4 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤3

We convert this into polar form by putting

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
Hence the volume is
2𝜋 3

න න 4 − 𝑟 2 − 1 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝑟=0

3 3
2𝜋
4− 𝑟2 2 𝑟2
= න − − 𝑑𝜃
3 2 0
𝜃=0
1 3 8 5𝜋
= − − + × 2𝜋 = .
3 2 3 3
Changing the order of
Integration
Problem 41 Exercises 15.4 Page 1108

Evaluate the following triple integral by

changing the order of integration in an
appropriate way.
4 1 2
4 cos 𝑥 2
න න න 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑧
0 0 2𝑦
Solution
Clearly the innermost integral (with
respect to x) cannot be evaluated.
So we shall change the order of integration
appropriately.
For this we first draw a rough sketch of
the region of integration.
Thus the 4
region of
integration is
the triangular 1
prism which
can also be 2
described as 𝑥 = 2𝑦

𝑥
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ , 0≤𝑧≤4
2
Hence the given triple integral can also be
written as
2 𝑥/2 4
4 cos 𝑥 2
න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑧
0 0 0
2 𝑥/2 2
2
= න න 8 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = න 4𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
2 2 = 2 sin 4.
= 2 sin 𝑥 0
Note that we can also rewrite the given
double integral as
4 2 𝑥/2
4 cos 𝑥 2
න න න 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑧
0 0 0

(which on evaluation will give the same

answer).
Problem 42 Exercises 15.4 Page 1108

Evaluate the following triple integral by

changing the order of integration in an
appropriate way.
1 1 1
𝑧𝑦 2
න න න 12𝑥𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0 𝑥2
Solution
Clearly the innermost integral (with
respect to y) cannot be evaluated.
So we shall change the order of integration
appropriately.
For this we first draw a rough sketch of
the region of integration.
Thus the region of
integration is a prism-
like solid
1
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 1
𝑥2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
1

which can also be described as

0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦.
Hence the given triple integral can also be
written as
1 1 𝑦
𝑧𝑦 2
න න න 12𝑥𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
1 1 1
𝑧𝑦 2 𝑧
= න න 6𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = න 3(𝑒 − 1) 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
𝑧 1 = 3𝑒 − 6.
=3 𝑒 −𝑧 0

***