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9 views

wave propagation

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abdullah najjar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Guidelines for Seismic Design of Buried Pipelines

PROVISIONS COMMENTARY

7.2 – Continuous Pipeline

7.2.1 – C-7.2.1 –
The maximum longitudinal axial strain, that The ground strain coefficient depends on the
can be induced in the pipeline due to wave angle of incidence and type of seismic waves. For
propagation, can be approximated as: S-waves, when there is an angle in the horizontal
plane between pipe axis and the direction of
Vg Vg apparent wave propagation, there exists a
a
Capparent C component of ground motion parallel to the pipe
axis (Figure C 7.2.1). Hence, the apparent
propagation velocity in the direction of pipe axis
is:
Where
Cs
Vg = Design peak ground velocity C s _ apparent
(clause 7.1.1) sin cos
= Ground strain coefficient Horizontal
plane
= 2.0 (for S-waves)
= 1.0 (for R-waves)
C = Velocity of seismic wave propagation
Vertical
= Cs, for S waves, (2.0 km/s may be plane Cs_apparent
considered conservatively) Along pipe axis
Cs
= Cr_ph, for R-waves (0.5 km/s may be
considered conservatively)
Figure C 7.2.1: Schematic for apparent wave
propagation velocity of S-wave along the pipe axis.
The ground strain is maximum for and = 45°
(Yeh, 1974),
Cs
i.e., C s _ apparent 2C s .
1 1
2 2
So is taken as 2 for S-wave.
For R-wave, the phase velocity is considered
parallel to the pipe axis, and hence the apparent
propagation velocity along pipeline axis becomes
equal to its phase velocity.

7.2.2 – C-7.2.2 –
The maximum strain induced in the pipeline by The maximum frictional resistance (tu) of the soil
friction at the soil-pipe interface is calculated to pipe movement (Figure C 7.2.2) is based on the
as: limiting conditions, such as: a) the slippage is
occurring over the entire length of the pipe, and b)
tu the friction force acting on the pipe surface is
a
4 AE uniform (O’Rourke et al., 1999).
The apparent wave length of seismic wave ( ) is
defined as the product of apparent wave
Where propagation velocity (Vs) and natural fundamental

Page 57

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