Grade 9_Rate of Reaction
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johan.sinotif10Grade 9_Rate of Reaction
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johan.sinotif10RATES OF
REACTION
A guide for GCSE students
THE IMPORTANCE OF REACTION RATE
Being able to speed up or slow down chemical
reactions is important in industry and in everyday life.
Reactions… which take place slowly may need to be speeded up
which are too fast may need to be controlled
may need to be carried out at a lower temperature
to save energy or be safer
Changes in temperature
concentration of solution
surface area of solids
plus the presence of catalysts
all affect the rate of reactions.
COLLISION THEORY
Explains why the rate of reaction changes
It states ‘particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place’
‘not all collisions lead to a reaction’
‘reactants must have at least a minimum amount of energy
known as the ACTIVATION ENERGY in order to react’
NOT ENOUGH ENERGY ENOUGH ENERGY
No chance of a reaction A reaction will
taking place now take place
COLLISION THEORY
Explains why the rate of reaction changes
According to collision theory, to increase the rate of reaction you
therefore need...
more frequent collisions increase particle speed
or have more particles present
more successful collisions give particles more energy
or
more particles have energy above
activation energy
INCREASING THE RATE OF REACTION
The following methods can be used
• INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF SOLIDS
• INCREASE TEMPERATURE
• ADD A CATALYST
• INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS
INCREASING SURFACE AREA
• Increasing surface area increases chances of a collision
- more particles are exposed
• Powdered solids react quicker than larger lumps
• Catalysts (e.g. in catalytic converters) are in a finely
divided form for this reason
CUT THE SHAPE 1
1 1
INTO SMALLER
PIECES 1
3
SURFACE AREA NEW SURFACE AREA
9+9+3+3+3+3 = 30 sq units 9 x (1+1+1+1+1+1) = 54 sq units
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE
• increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction
• particles get more energy - more overcome the energy barrier
• particle speeds also increase - collisions are more frequent
ENERGY CHANGES DURING A REACTION
ACTIVATION
During a reaction the enthalpy (a form of
ENERGY
energy) rises to a maximum, then falls
A minimum of energy is needed to
overcome the ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea)
Only reactants with energy equal to, or
greater than, this value will react.
If they don’t have enough energy they will
not get over the barrier.
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE
• increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction
• particles get more energy - more overcome the energy barrier
• particle speeds also increase - collisions are more frequent
ENERGY CHANGES DURING A REACTION
ACTIVATION
During a reaction the enthalpy (a form of
ENERGY
energy) rises to a maximum, then falls
A minimum of energy is needed to
overcome the ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea)
Only reactants with energy equal to, or
greater than, this value will react.
If they have enough energy they will get
over the barrier.
INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE
• increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction
• particles get more energy - more overcome the energy barrier
• particle speeds also increase - collisions are more frequent
ENERGY CHANGES DURING A REACTION
ACTIVATION
During a reaction the enthalpy (a form of
ENERGY
energy) rises to a maximum, then falls
A minimum of energy is needed to
overcome the ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea)
Only reactants with energy equal to, or
greater than, this value will react.
If more energy is given to the reactants
then they are more likely to react.
ADDING A CATALYST
• Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower
Activation Energy (Ea)
• Decreasing the Activation Energy means that more particles will
have sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier and react
NEW
PATHWAY
WITHOUT A CATALYST WITH A CATALYST
ADDING A CATALYST
• Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower
Activation Energy (Ea)
• Decreasing the Activation Energy means that more particles will
have sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier and react
• Catalysts remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
- they are not used up
• Using catalysts avoids the need for extra heat - safer and cheaper
• They are used in industry especially where an increase in
temperature results in a lower yield due to a shift in equilibrium
Examples include the Haber and Contact Processes
CATALYSTS – USEFUL POINTS
Catalysts are widely used in industry because they…
1 Allow reactions to take place SAVE ENERGY (lower Ea)
at lower temperatures REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT
2 Enable different reactions to be used BETTER ATOM ECONOMY
REDUCE WASTE
3 Are often enzymes GENERATE SPECIFIC PRODUCTS
OPERATE EFFECTIVELY AT ROOM TEMPS
4 Have great economic importance POLY(ETHENE)
in the industrial production of SULPHURIC ACID
AMMONIA
ETHANOL
5 Can reduce pollution CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Increasing concentration = more frequent collisions
= increased rate of reaction
Low concentration Higher concentration
fewer collisions more collisions
= FASTER
more particles in a given volume = more frequent collisions
more frequent collisions = greater chance of a reaction
MEASURING REACTION RATES
Reactions are fastest at the start and get slower as the concentration
of the reactants drops.
Consider the reaction A + B C
Reactants (A and B) Product (C)
Concentration decreases Concentration increases
• steeper curve = faster reaction
CONCENTRATION
C
• reactions start off quickly
because of the greater chance
of a collision
• reactions slow down as there A
B
are fewer reactants to collide
TIME
MEASURING REACTION RATES
The rate of a chemical reaction can be found by measuring the
amount of a reactant used or the amount of product formed over time.
eg rate of reaction = amount of reactant used
time
or = amount of product formed
time
INTERPRETING GRAPHS INVOLVING RATES
INTERPRETING GRAPHS INVOLVING RATES
Magnesium turnings are added to
dilute dilute hydrochloric acid and
the volume of hydrogen gas
produced is measured at set times
INTERPRETING GRAPHS INVOLVING RATES
A
At the start of the reaction the
concentrations are at a
maximum so the graph will
have the STEEPEST SLOPE
A
INTERPRETING GRAPHS INVOLVING RATES
B
As the reactants are used up
the collisions go down and the
rate drops steadily – CURVE
STEADILY GETS LESS STEEP
A
INTERPRETING GRAPHS INVOLVING RATES
C
At the end of the reaction, all
the reactants have been used –
no more gas is produced and
the CURVE IS LEVEL
A
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
Reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid
IN THE FOLLOWING GRAPHS YOU WILL BE TOLD THE CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCE
GRAPH X AND BE GIVEN A SET OF OTHER CONDITIONS.
YOU WILL HAVE TO MATCH THE CONDITIONS TO THE GRAPHS A, B and C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
CONCENTRATION EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 2M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
1g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
CONCENTRATION EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 2M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
1g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 35°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 55°C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 35°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 55°C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium ribbon + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium powder + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2.5g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
QUESTIONS ABOUT RATE GRAPHS
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS
X 2g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium ribbon + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2g of magnesium powder + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
2.5g of magnesium turnings + 50cm3 1M hydrochloric acid (excess) at 25°C
