POETRY

GROUP 1
 What is Poetry?
Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and
rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter (a set of rules governing the
number and arrangement of syllables in each line). In poetry, words
are strung together to form sounds, images, and ideas that might be
too complex or abstract to describe directly.
 Elements of Poetry

01 Structure 04 Figurative Language

02 Sound 05 Elements of Fiction

03 Imagery 06 Poetic Forms

 Structure
1. Poetic Line - the words that form a single line of poetry.
2. Stanza-a section of a poem named for the number of lines it
contains.
3. Enjambment - when there is no written or natural pause at the end
of a poetic line, so that the word-flow carries over to the next line.
Example: the following lines from "Knoxville, Tennessee" by Nikki
Giovanni
 Structure
4. Placement - the way words and poetic lines are placed on the page of a
poem.

5. Verse - a line in traditional poetry that is written in meter.

6. Capitalization and Punctuation - In poetry, rules of capitalization and

punctuation are not always followed: instead, they are at the service of the
poet's artistic vision.
 Sounds
1. Rhythm - the basic beat in a line of a poem.
2. Meter - a pattern of stressed and unstressed (accented and unaccented) of
poetry. syllables (known as a foot) in a line of poetry.
3. End Rhyme - same or similar sounds at the end of words that finish
different lines.
4. Internal Rhyme - same or similar sounds at the end of words within a line.
5. Rhyme Scheme a pattern of rhyme in a poem.
6. Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds within words in a line.
 Sounds
7. Consonance - the repetition of consonant sounds within words in a line.
8. Alliteration - the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
9. Onomatopoeia - words that sound e their meaning.
10. Repetition sounds, words, or phrases that are repeated to add emphasis or
create rhythm. Parallelism is a form of repetition.
11. Refrain a line or stanza repeated over and over in a poem or song.
12. Word Play - to play with the sounds and meanings of real or invented
words.
 Imagery (see also Imagist Poetry)
1. Precise Language - the use of specific words to describe a person, place,
thing, or action.
Example: Notice how Paul B. Janeezko uses proper nouns in his poem
"Reverend Mona":

2. Sensory Details - the use of descriptive details that appeal to one or more
of the five senses.
Example: Notice the sensory details in the following lines from "The Sea" by
James Reeves:
 Figurative Language
1. Simile - a comparison of two unlike things, using the words like or as.
2. Metaphora comparison of two unlike things, not using the words like or
as.
3. Personification- to ascribe human traits to non-human or non-living
things.
4. Symbolism - a person, place, thing, or action that stands for something
else.
5. Hyperbole - the use of exaggeration to express strong emotion or
create a comical effect.
 Figurative Language
6. Verbal Irony or Sarcasm - when you mean the opposite of what you say.
Example: "My darling brother is the sweetest boy on Earth," she muttered sarcastically.

7. Situational Irony - when the outcome of a situation is the opposite of what is

expected. NPS
Example: After many years of trying, Mr. Smith won the lottery and immediately died of a
heart attack.

8. Puna humorous phrase that plays with the double meaning or the similar sounds of
words.
Examples: "Tomorrow you shall find me a grave man," said the duke on his deathbed.
The cookbook Lunch on the Run by Sam Witch is awesome.
 Figurative Language
9. Allusion-a reference to a familiar person, place, or event.
Example: The following two lines from the poem "My Muse" contain an
allusion to Pandora's Box: hunched over from carrying that old familiar
Box

10. Idiom - a cultural expression that cannot be taken literally.

Examples: She is the apple of his eye. He drives me up the wall.
 Elements of Fiction
1. Setting - the time and place where a story or poem takes place.
2. Point of View / Narrative Voice the person narrating a story or poem (the story/poem
could be narrated in first person (1, we), second person (you), or third person limited or
omniscient (he/she, they).
3. Characterization - the development of the characters in a story or poem (what they look
like, what they say and do, what their personalities are like, what they think and feel, and how
they're referred to or treated by others).
4. Dialog or Dialogue - the conversation between the characters in a story or poem.
5. Dialect or Colloquial Language the particular style of speaking of the narrator and the
characters in a story or poem (according to their region, time period, and social expectations).
 Elements of Fiction
6. Conflict - the problem or situation a character or characters face in a story or
poem.
7. Plot the series of events in a story or poem.
8. Tone and Voice - the distinctive, idiosyncratic way a narrator has of telling a
story or poem (tone and voice depend on the intended audience, the purpose for
writing, and the way the writer or poem feels about his/her subject).
9. Style - the way a writer uses words to craft a story or poem.
10. Mood - the feelings and emotions the writer wants the reader to experience.
11. Theme and Message - the main topic of a story or poem, and the message
the author or poet wants to convey about that topic.
 Twenty Poetic Forms
1. Acrostica poem in which the first letter of each word forms a word usually a
name read downward.
2. Couplet - two lines of poetry that rhyme and usually form one complete
idea.
3. Haiku a Japanese three-line poetic form usually about nature with lines of
three, seven, and five syllables, respectively.
4. Quatrain a stanza made up of four lines, often containing a rhyme scheme.
5. Cinquain a five-line untitled poem, where the syllable pattern increases by
two for each line, except for the last line, which ends in two syllables
(2,4,6,8.2).
 Twenty Poetic Forms
6. Limerick a humorous rhyming poem written in five lines and having a particular
meter. It often begins with "There once was a..."
7. Sonnet a poem that is 14 lines long, generally written in iambic pentameter.
8. Free Verse a poem that does not follow a predictable form or rhyme scheme or
metric pattern.
9. List or Catalog Poem - a poem in the form of a list, that uses sensory details
and precise language to persuade the reader to take notice of what is being listed.
10. Villanelle a challenging poetic form that includes five tercets (aba rhyme)
followed by a quatrain (abaa rhyme) and a pattern of repetition of lines 1 and 3 of
the first stanza.
 Twenty Poetic Forms
11. Ode - a poem that celebrates or praises something.
12. Lyric Poetry - poetry that expresses a poet's personal
experience, feelings, and emotions.
13. Blank Verse - a poem written in ambie pentameter, but with no
rhyme.
14. Blues Poem - poems that - like blues songs - deal with personal
or world issues.
15. Nonsense Poem - a fin, usually rhyming poem that makes no
sense, focusing instead on the sounds and the rhythm of the poem.
 Twenty Poetic Forms
16. Concrete Poem - a poem that uses words to form the
shape of the subject of the poem.
17. Narrative Poem - a poem that tells a story.
18. Ballad - a poem that tells a story, usually written in
four-line stanzas.
19. Epic Poem - a long and heroic narrative poem.
20. Imagist Poetry - poems that contain precise visual
images.
 Examples and Explanations
Example 1

Of all creatures that breathe and move upon the earth, nothing is bred that is
weaker than man.
(Homer, The Odyssey)
The Greek poet Homer wrote some of the ancient world's most famous
literature. He wrote in a style called epic poetry, which deals with gods, heroes,
monsters, and other large-scale "epic" themes. Homer's long poems tell stories
of Greek heroes like Achilles and Odysseus, and have inspired countless
generations of poets, novelists, and philosophers alike.
 Examples and Explanations
Example 2

Poetry gives powerful insight into the cultures that create it. Because of
this, fantasy and science fiction authors often create poetry for their
invented cultures. J.R.R. Tolkien famously wrote different kinds of poetry
for elves, dwarves, hobbits, and humans, and the rhythms and subject
matter of their poetry was supposed to show how these races differed
from one another. In a more humorous vein, many Star Trek fans have
taken to writing love poetry in the invented Klingon language.
 Importance of Poetry
Poetry is probably the oldest form of literature, and probably
predates the origin of writing itself. The oldest written manuscripts
we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the stories of ancient
mythology. Examples include the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Vedas
(sacred texts of Hinduism). This style of writing may have
developed to help people memorize long chains of information in
the days before writing. Rhythm and rhyme can make the text more
memorable, and thus easier to preserve for cultures that do not
have a written language.
Examples of Poetry Literature
Example 1

I think that I shall never see

a poem lovely as a tree...
poems are made by fools like me,
only God can make a tree.
(Joyce Kilmer, Trees)
 Examples of Poetry Literature
Example 2

I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,

starving hysterical naked,
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking
for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection
to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night,
who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking...
(Alan Ginsberg, Howl)
 Examples of Poetry in Popular Culture
Example 1

Rapping originated as a kind of performance poetry. In the

1960s and 70s, spoken word artists like Gil Scott-Heron
began performing their poems over live or synthesized
drumbeats, a practice that sparked all of modern hip hop.
Even earlier, the beat poets of the 1950s sometimes
employed drums in their readings.
 Examples of Poetry in Popular Culture
Example 2
Some of the most famous historical poems have been turned
into movies or inspired episodes of television shows. Beowulf,
for example, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem that has spawned at
least al poems have 8 film adaptations, most recently a 2007
animated film starring Angelina Jolie and Anthony Hopkins.
Edgar Allen Poe's The Raven has also inspired many pop
culture spinoffs with its famous line, "Nevermore."
 Drama, Types (Comedy- Tragedy)

Drama is a mode of fictional representation

through dialogue and performance. It is one of
the literary genres, which is an imitation of
some action. Drama is also a type of a play
written for theater, television, radio, and film.
 Drama, Types (Comedy- Tragedy)
Farce - Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which
often overacts or engages slapstick humor.
Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and
appeals directly to the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the
characters are of a single dimension and simple, or may be
stereotyped.
Musical Drama- In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their
stories through acting and dialogue, but through dance as well as
music. Often the story may be comedic, though it (may also involve
serious subjects).
 Dramatic Structure
The structure is how the plot or story of a play is laid out,
including a beginning, a middle and an end.

A typical dramatic structure is linear with events occurring

chronologically. This might include:
• Exposition - introduces background events and characters.
• Rising Action - a series of events that create suspense in the
narrative.
 Dramatic Structure
Climax- the part of the story where the suspense reaches its highest
part.
Falling Action- the main conflict starts to resolve
Resolution- the conclusion of the story where questions are answered
and loose ends are tied up.

A graph showing how dramatic tension changes during a theatre

performance, from the exposition through rising action, dramatic climax
and falling action, ending in a resolution.
 Dramatic Structure
Structures can also be non-linear, with the action of the play moving
forwards and back in time.

Alternatively, plays may follow a cyclical structure, with the play ending at
the same time as it began.

Traditionally, plays use acts and scenes to help define particular moments
in time, and a new scene will show the audience that the action is taking
place in a different location.
 Examples of Drama in Literature
Example #1: Much Ado About Nothing (By William Shakespeare)

Much Ado About Nothing is the most frequently performed Shakespearian comedy in
modern times. The play is romantically funny, in that love between Hero and Claudio is
laughable, as they never even get a single chance to communicate on-stage until they
get married.

Their relationship lacks development and depth. They end up merely as caricatures,
exemplifying what people face in life when their relationships are internally weak. Love
between Benedick and Beatrice is amusing, as initially their communications are very
sparky, and they hate each other. However, they all of sudden make-up, and start loving
each other.
 Examples of Drama in Literature
Example #2: Oedipus Rex (By Sophocles)

Tragedy:
Sophocles mythical and immortal drama Rex is thought to be his best classical tragedy.
Aristotle has adjudged this play as one of the greatest examples of tragic drama in his
book, Poetics, by giving the following reasons:

*The play arouses emotions of pity and fear, and achieves the tragic Catharsis.
*It shows the downfall of an extraordinary man of high rank, Oedipus.
*The central character suffers due to his tragic error called Hamartia; as he murders his
real father, Laius, and then marries his real mother, Jocasta.
*Hubris is the cause of Oedipus' downfall.
 Examples of Drama in Literature
Example #3: The Importance of Being Earnest (By Oscar Wilde)

FARCE:
The Importance of Being Earnest, is a very popular example of
Victorian farce. In this play, a man uses two identities: one as a
serious person, Jack (his actual name), which he uses for Cesily,
his ward, and as a rogue named Ernest for his beloved woman,
Gwendolyn.
 Examples of Drama in Literature
Example #4: The Heiress (By Henry James)

MELODRAMA:
The Heiress is directed for stage performance by William Wyler,
this play shows an ungraceful and homely daughter of a
domineering and rich doctor. She falls in love with a young man,
Morris Townsend, and wishes to elope with him, but he leaves her
in the lurch. The author creates melodrama towards the end, when
Catherine teaches a lesson to Morris, and leaves him instead.
 Functions of Drama
Drama is one of the best literary forms through which dramatists can directly
speak to their readers, or the audience, and they can receive instant feedback
of audiences.
• A few dramatists use their characters as a vehicle to convey their thoughts
and values, such as poets do with personas, and novelists do with narrators.
• Since drama uses spoken words and dialogues, thus language of characters
plays a vital role, as it may give clues to their feelings, personalities,
backgrounds, and change in feelings.
• In dramas the characters live out a story without any comments of the
author, providing the audience a direct presentation of characters' life
experiences.
 Eighteen Challenges in Contemporary Literature
1. Literature is language-based and national; contemporary society is globalizing
and polyglot.
2. Vernacular means of everyday communication "" cellphones, social networks,
streaming video "" are moving into areas where printed text cannot follow.
3. Intellectual property systems failing.
4. Means of book promotion, distribution and retail destabilized.
5. Ink-on-paper manufacturing is an outmoded, toxic industry with steeply rising
costs.
6. Core demographic for printed media is aging faster than the general
population. Failure of print and newspapers is disenfranchising young apprentice
writers.
 Eighteen Challenges in Contemporary Literature
7. Media conglomerates have poor business model; economically rationalized "culture
industry" is actively hostile to vital aspects of humane culture.
8. Long tail Balkanizes audiences, disrupts means of canon-building and fragments literary
reputation.
9. Digital public-domain transforms traditional literary heritage into a huge, cost-free,
portable, searchable database, radically transforming the reader's relationship to
belle-lettres.
10. Contemporary literature not confronting issues of general urgency; dominant
best-sellers are in former niche genres such as fantasies, romances and teen books.
11. Barriers to publication entry have crashed, enabling huge torrent of sub literary and/or
nonliterary textual expression.
12. Algorithms and social media replacing work of editors and publishing houses; network
socially-generated texts replacing individually-authored texts.
 Eighteen Challenges in Contemporary Literature
13. "Convergence culture" obliterating former distinctions between media;
books becoming one 62 minor aspect of huge tweet/ blog/ comics/ games
/soundtrack/ television / cinema / ancillary-merchandise pro-fan franchises.
14. Unstable computer and cellphone interfaces becoming world’s primary
means of cultural access. Compositor systems remake media in their own
hybrid creole image.
15. Scholars steeped within the disciplines becoming cross-linked
jack-of-all-trades virtual intelligentsia.
16. Academic education system suffering severe bubble-inflation.
17. Polarizing civil cold war is harmful to intellectual honesty.
 Eighteen Challenges in Contemporary Literature
13. "Convergence culture" obliterating former distinctions between media; books
becoming one 62 minor aspect of huge tweet/ blog/ comics/ games /soundtrack/
television / cinema / ancillary-merchandise pro-fan franchises.
14. Unstable computer and cellphone interfaces becoming world’s primary
means of cultural access. Compositor systems remake media in their own hybrid
creole image.
15. Scholars steeped within the disciplines becoming cross-linked
jack-of-all-trades virtual intelligentsia.
16. Academic education system suffering severe bubble-inflation.
17. Polarizing civil cold war is harmful to intellectual honesty.
18. The Gothic fate of poor slain Poetry is the specter at this dwindling feast.
 Understanding the Nature, Function, and Value of
Literature
HOW DR. ELLIS DESCRIBES 'LITERATURE'

Dr. Rod Ellis known as the "Father of Second Language Acquisition" (ASL)

(1989:30) defines literature as:

1. The verbal expression of human imagination and

2. One of the primary means by which a culture transmits itself. fire

 Understanding the Nature, Function, and Value of
Literature
NATURE
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF LITERATURE?
Literature can be defined as an expression of human feelings, thoughts, and ideas whose medium is
language, oral and written.

'LITERATURE' BASED ON DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEWS

✓ Literature is art
✓ Literature is language
✓ Literature is aesthetic
✓ Literature is fictional
✓ Literature is expressive
✓ Literature is affective
✓ Literature is everything in print
 Literature as Art Form
1. IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE

-Is highly 'connotative' which means words that used in literary works have feeling and shades of
meaning that words tend to evoke.
-Imaginative literature or "literature of power" includes poems, short stories, novels, and plays. It
interprets human experience by presenting actual truths about particular events.

2. NON-IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE

-Means that the words refer to meaning in dictionary.

-Non-Fictional Literature or "literature of knowledge" includes biographies, and essays which
presents actual facts, events, experiences and ideas.
 Two (2) Categories of Literature According to
Kleden
Kleden (2004:7-8) states that literature can be differentiate based on the kind of
meanings that exist in a text.

A. LITERARY TEXT consists of textual meaning and referential meaning and;

B. NON-LITERARY TEXT only consists of referral meaning.

The TEXTUAL MEANING is the meaning that is produced by the relationship of text itself.

REFERENTIAL MEANING it is produced by the relationship between internal text and

external text (world beyond the text)
 LITERATURE DIFFER FROM ORDINARY SPOKEN OR WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
Literature uses special words, structures, and characteristics. Primarily the
language of literature differs from ordinary language in three ways:

1.) Language is concentrated and meaningful.

2.) Its purpose is not simply to explain, argue, or make a point but rather to give a
sense of pleasure in the discovery of new experience.

3.) It demands intense concentration from the readers. It indicates that the
language of literature has originality, quality, creativity, and pleasure.
 LITERARY FROM THE USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE
EXISTENCE

Π From the use of language and the existence of meaning in literary

works, it can be concluded that poetry, prose and drama are put in
literary works article, journalism, news, bibliography, memoir, and so on
can be categorized as non-literary works.

II. APPEAL
Something that makes the viewers or readers attracted and interested in
the literary piece.
 III. Social Function
Function of Literature
Entertainment Function
Known as, "pleasure reading". In this function, literature is used to entertain its
readers. It is consumed for the sake of one's enjoyment.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FUNCTION
Literature shows how society works around them. It helps the reader "see" the
social and political constructs around him and shows the state of the people and the
world.
IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Ideological function shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of otherpeople.
Literature also displays a person's ideology placed in the text consciously and
unconsciously.
 III. Social Function
MORAL FUNCTION - Literature may impart moral values to its readers.
LINGUISTIC FUNCTION- Literature preserves the language of every
civilization from where it originated.
CULTURAL FUNCTION- Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore and
the arts of our ethnic group's heritage.
EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION- Literature teaches us of many things about the
human experience. It is used to portray the facets of life that we see, and
those that we would never dream of seeing.
HISTORICAL FUNCTION- Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets
etc. keeps a record of events that happened in the place where they
originated.
Thank you!
Members:
Aguado, Sharmaine
Atienza, Lyra
Balasbas, Cyrel
Belen, Maria Christina
Biscocho, Kyle
Cabaces, Nichole
De Castro, Alexander