LAS_Week1&2
LAS_Week1&2
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Quarter 4 – Week 1&2
Illustrative Examples:
1. The average weight of all Grade 11 students in Senior High School is 169cm. Is
this claim true?
Solution: First, identify the parameter which is the mean height of all Grade 11 students.
Since it is a population mean, use the notation 𝝁. The claim in this example is that the average
weight is 169 cm which translates to 𝝁=𝟏𝟔𝟗 and is considered as null hypothesis. To formulate
the alternative hypothesis, write the complement/opposite of the null hypothesis which is the
average weight is not equal to 169 cm.
𝑯𝒐: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is 169 cm. / 𝑯𝑶:𝝁=𝟏𝟔𝟗 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is not 169 cm./ 𝑯𝒂:𝝁≠𝟏𝟔𝟗
Example: Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving that there is no significant change
in the average number of enrollees in the 10 sections for the last two years. It means that the
chance that the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜 ) would be rejected when it is true is 5%.
α = 0.05 is actually the area under the normal curve within the rejection region.
Example 1: The school registrar believes that the average number of enrollees this school
year is not the same as the previous school year.
let 𝜇𝑜 be the average number of
enrollees last year.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜
Example 2: A piggery owner believes that using organic feeds on his pigs will yield greater
income. His average income from the previous year was ₱120, 000. State the hypothesis and
identify the directional test.
In this example, the null hypothesis is 𝑯o∶𝝁=𝟏𝟐𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 . You may notice that the hypothesis
used the phrase ‘greater income’ that is associated with greater than. Therefore, 𝑯𝒂∶𝝁>𝟏𝟐𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎.
This hypothesis uses inequality symbol (>) so it is one-tailed test and it uses greater than which
specifically called for the right-tailed test.
𝑯o∶𝝁=𝟏𝟐𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂∶𝝁>𝟏𝟐𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 (right-tailed test)
The rejection region (or critical region) is the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
✓ The non-rejection region (or acceptance region) is the set of all values of the test
statistic that causes us to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
✓ The critical value is a point (boundary) on the test distribution that is compared to the
test statistic to determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.
Type I and Type II Errors
Activity 1
Directions: State the null and the alternative hypotheses of the following statements.
1. A medical trial is conducted to test whether a new medicine reduces uric acid by 50% or
not.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
2. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is different from 80%.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
3. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58 inches.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
4. We want to test if ETTMNIHS students take more than four years to graduate from high
school, on the average.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
5. We want to test if it takes less than 60 minutes to answer the quarterly test in Calculus.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
Activity 2
Directions: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses using notations. Identify whether it is
one-tailed or two-tailed. If the hypothesis is one tailed, identify its direction whether it is left or
right.
2. A normal smartphone battery manufacturer claims that the mean life of a certain type of
battery is more than 650 hours.
𝐻𝑜: ________________ 𝐻𝑎: __________________ _______-tailed test
3. According to an international shipping company, a package from the US can arrive in Manila
in an average of less than 8 business days.
𝐻𝑜: ________________ 𝐻𝑎: _________________ _______- tailed test
5. A research organization reports that the mean of adult grocery shoppers who never buy the
store brand in Metro Manila is 300.
𝐻𝑜: _________________ 𝐻𝑎: __________________ _______- tailed test
Activity 3
Directions: Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value and identify if the t-
values lie in the non-rejection region or rejection region.
1. critical t-value of 1.318; computed t-value of 1.1
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
2. critical t-value of −1.671; computed t-value of −2.45
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
3. critical t-value of ±1.311; computed t-value of −1.134
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
3. critical t-value of 2.12; computed t-value of 2.15
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
4. critical t-value of −2.306; computed t-value of −2.110
The computed t-value is at the __________ region.
Activity 4
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer for each question
in the given situations.
Situation 1:
A quality control expert wants to test the null hypothesis that an imported solar panel is
an effective source of energy.
Situation 2:
A resort owner does a daily water quality test in their swimming pool. If the level of
contaminants is too high, then he temporarily closes the pool to perform a water
treatment. We can state the hypotheses for his test as:
𝐻𝑜 : The water quality is acceptable.
𝐻𝑎 : The water quality is not acceptable.
Performance Task
Directions: Cite five (5) situations in your community where you can apply hypothesis
testing. Then, just choose one situation and:
Reflection/Self-Monitoring
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References:
Statistics and Probability – Alternative Delivery Mode (2021). Quarter 4 – Module 1: Testing
Hypothesis, pp. 1-34.
Statistics and Probability – Alternative Delivery Mode (2021). Quarter 4 – Module 3: Formulating
Appropriate Null and Alternative Hypotheses on a Population Mean, pp. 6-13.
Prepared by:
Alyssa Bianca B. Aguilar
Teacher II
ETTMNIHS – Kawit, Cavite