E2Academy

STD 11 Science Thermodynamics Roll No.

Chemistry
Student Name Class
Question 1 2 3 4 Marks Obtained Total Marks Signature of Examiner

Marks Obtained 100

Que 1 (A) Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [10]
1. The heat released when the requisite amount of ions in the gaseous state combine to give
1 mol of crystal lattice is known as:
(A) Lattice energy (B) Hydration energy
(C) Formation energy (D) None of the above
2. ∘
The value of Δr G is equal to:
(A) −2.303RT log K (B) +2.303RT log K
∘ ∘
(C) Δr H − TΔr S (D) Both (a) and (c)

3. Two samples of DNA, A and B have melting points 340K and 350K respectively. This is
because:
(A) B has more GC content than A
(B) A has more GC content than B
(C) B has more AT cotent than A
(D) both have same AT content
4. What is the free energy change △G, when 1.0 mole of water at 100oC and 1 atm pressure
is converted steam at 100oC and 1 atm pressure:-
(A) +540 cal (B) -9800 cal (C) +9800 cal (D) 0 cal
5. Which heat is produced throughout the conducting wire?
(A) Petlier heat (B) Thomson effect heat
(C) Joule heat (D) none of these
6. A quantity that cannot be directly measured is:
(A) Heat of formation of H 2 ​O(l) (B) Heat of formation of CH 4 ​(g)
(C) Latent heat of fusion of ice (D) Heat of combustion of ethyl alcohol
7. At the boiling point of water the saturated vapour pressure will be (in mm of Hg):
(A) 750 (B) 760 (C) 850 (D) 860
8. You are given a lump of an unknown metal. You perform an experiment and figure out the
specific heat is close to 0.89 J/g oC. What could be the identity of the metal?
(A) Gold (B) Silver
(C) Aluminum (D) None of the above
9. The internal energy of a perfect gas depends on:
(A) Pressure (B) Temperature
(C) Volume (D) Specific heat
10. Which specific process has negative value of specific heat?

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 (A) Saturated vapours (B) Ice (C) Water (D) Vapours

Que 1 (B) a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). [2]
Choose the correct option.
11. Notes: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A) : A liquid crystallises into a solid and is accompanied by decrease in
entropy.
Reason (R) : In crystals, molecules organise in an ordered manner.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
12. Notes: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the Choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Combustion of all organic compounds is an exothermic reaction.
Reason (R) : The enthalpies of all elements in their standard state are zero.
i. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. A is false but R is true.

Que 2 (A) Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [20]

13. A sample of 1.0mol of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken through a cyclic process of
expansion and compression as shown in Fig. What will be the value of ΔH for the cycle as
a whole?

14. Define the following terms:

i. Enthalpy of neutralisation.
ii. Hess's law of constant heat summation.

15. Explain with the help of example, the difference between bond dissociation energy and
bond energy.
16. Why standard entropy of an elementary substance is not zero whereas standard enthalpy
of formation is taken as zero?
17. Consider the following reaction:
H 2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2HF(g)
∘ ∘ −1
ΔH = −542kJ, ΔS = 14JK
∘
Calculate the ΔG value for the reaction and state if the reaction is spontaneous at 298K.

[2]
18. The enthalpy of reaction for the reaction :
⊖ −1
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2 O(l) is Δr H = −572kJ mol

What will be standard enthalpy of formation of H 2 O (l)?

19. Give one point to differentiate the following thermodynamic terms:

a. Extensive properties and intensive properties.
b. Isothermal process and isobaric process.
20. The standard heat of formation of CH 4 (g), CO2 (g) and H 2 O(g) are -76.2, -394.8 and -241.6kJ
mol-1 respectively. Calculate the amount of heat evolved by burning 1m3 of methane
measured at NTP.
∘
21. Calculate the standard free energy change ΔG for the reaction:
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)
at 298K, S°(HgO) = 72.0J K-1 mol-1 , S°(Hg) = 77.4J K-1 mol-1 and
∘ −1
ΔH = 91kJ mol
∘ −1 −1
S(O
2)
= 205J K mol at 298K.

22. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10. What will be the value of ΔG ? R = 8.314JK–
⊖

1 mol–1 , T = 300K.

Que 3 (A) Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [30]

23. Two moles of an ideal gas initially at 27°C and one atmospheric pressure are compressed
isothermally and reversibly till the final pressure of the gas is 10atm. Calculate q, W and
ΔU for the process.

24. The combustion of one mole of benzene takes place at 298K and 1atm. After combustion,
CO2 (g) and H 2 O(l) are produced and 3267.0kJ of heat is liberated. Calculate the standard
∘
enthalpy of formation of benzene (Δf H ).
∘ −1 ∘ −1
Δf H CO 2 (g) = −393kJ mol and Δf H H2 O(l) = −285.83kJ mol .

25. Calculate the number of kJ of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 60.0g of
aluminium from 35°C to 55°C. Molar heat capacity of Al is 24J mol–1 K–1 .

26. What is meant by entropy? Predict the sign of entropy change in each of the following:
i. H 2 (at 298K, 1atm) → H 2 (at 298K, 10atm)
ii. H 2 O (at 298K, 1atm) → H­2 O (at 330K, 1atm)
iii. 2NH 4 NO3 (s) → 2N2 (g) + 4H 2 O(g) + O2 (8)
iv. Crystallization of copper sulphate from its saturated solution.
v. 2SO 2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO 3 (g).

27. 10g of argon is compressed isothermally and reversibly at a temperature of 27°C from 10L
to 5L. Calculate q, W, ΔU and ΔH for this process. R = 2.0cal K-1 mol-1 , log2 = 0.30,
atomic weight, of Ar = 40.
28. Comment on the thermodynamic stability of NO(g), given
1 1 ⊖ −1
N2 (g) + O2 (g) −→
− NO(g) ; Δr H = 90kJ mol
2 2

1 ⊖ −1
NO2 (g) + O2 (g) −→
− NO2 (g) ; Δr H = −74kJ mol
2

29. Calculate the entropy change in surroundings when 1.00 mol of H 2 O(l) is formed under
⊖ −1
standard conditions. Δf H = −286kJ mol .

∘
30. Use the following data to calculate the ΔG for the reaction in which PF5 (g) forms from
PF3 (g) and F2 (g) at 298K.

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 PF3 (g) + F2 (g) → PF5 (g)
∘ −1 −1 −1
ΔHf −919kJ mol 0 −1577kJ K mol

∘
S 273 203 301

31. Differentiate between the following (with examples)

i. Open and closed system.
ii. Adiabatic and isothermal process.
iii. State function and path function.

32. Although heat is a path function but heat absorbed by the system under certain specific
conditions is independent of path. What are those conditions? Explain.

Que 4 (A) Case study based questions [8]

33. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
A system in thermodynamics refers to that part of universe in which observations are
made and remaining universe constitutes the surroundings. The surroundings include
everything other than the system. System and the surroundings together constitute the
universe. The universe = The system + The surroundings However, the entire universe
other than the system is not affected by the changes taking place in the system. Therefore,
for all practical purposes, the surroundings are that portion of the remaining universe
which can interact with the system. Usually, the region of space in the neighbourhood of
the system constitutes its surroundings.
The wall that separates the system from the surroundings is called boundary.
Types of the System We, further classify the systems according to the movements of matter
and energy in or out of the system.
1. Open System In an open system, there is exchange of energy and matter between
system and surroundings. The presence of reactants in an open beaker is an
example of an open system. Here the boundary is an imaginary surface enclosing
the beaker and reactants.
2. Closed System In a closed system, there is no exchange of matter, but exchange
of energy is possible between system and the surroundings. The presence of
reactants in a closed vessel made of conducting material e.g., copper or steel is
an example of a closed system.
3. Isolated System In an isolated system, there is no exchange of energy or matter
between the system and the surroundings. The presence of reactants in a thermos
flask or any other closed insulated vessel is an example of an isolated system.
The State of the System The system must be described in order to make any useful
calculations by specifying quantitatively each of the properties such as its pressure (p),
volume (V), and temperature (T) as well as the composition of the system. We need to
describe the system by specifying it before and after the change. You would recall from
your Physics course that the state of a system in mechanics is completely specified at a
given instant of time, by the position and velocity of each mass point of the system. In
thermodynamics, a different and much simpler concept of the state of a system is
introduced. It does not need detailed knowledge of motion of each particle because, we
deal with average measurable properties of the system. We specify the state of the system
by state functions or state variables. The state of a thermodynamic system is described by
its measurable or macroscopic (bulk) properties. We can describe the state of a gas by
quoting its pressure (p), volume (V), temperature (T), amount (n) etc. Variables like p, V, T
are called state variables or state functions because their values depend only on the state
of the system and not on how it is reached. In order to completely define the state of a
system it is not necessary to define all the properties of the system; as only a certain

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 number of properties can be varied independently. This number depends on the nature of
the system. Once these minimum number of macroscopic properties are fixed, others
automatically have definite values. The state of the surroundings can never be completely
specified; fortunately it is not necessary to do so.
By conventions of IUPAC in chemical thermodynamics. The q is positive, when heat is
transferred from the surroundings to the system and the internal energy of the system
increases and q is negative when heat is transferred from system to the surroundings
resulting in decrease of the internal energy of the system.
Let us consider the general case in which a change of state is brought about both by doing
work and by transfer of heat. We write change in internal energy for this case as:
△U = q + w

For a given change in state, q and w can vary depending on how the change is carried out.
However, q + w = △U will depend only on initial and final state. It will be independent of
the way the change is carried out. If there is no transfer of energy as heat or as work
(isolated system) i.e., if w = 0 and q = 0, then △U = 0. The equation i.e., △U = q + w is
mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics, which states that The energy
of an isolated system is constant. It is commonly stated as the law of conservation of
energy i.e., energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.
i. △U = ....

a. q+w
b. q+v
c. q+m
d. q+z
ii. Which of the following is not an example of state variable?
a. Pressure
b. Ionic radius
c. Volume
d. Amount
iii. △U = q + w is termed as …

a. Third law of thermodynamics

b. Second law of thermodynamics
c. First law of thermodynamics
d. None of above
iv. A … in thermodynamics refers to that part of universe in which observations are
made.
a. Universe
b. System
c. Surrounding
d. Boundary
v. Which of the following is a type if system ?
a. Open system
b. Closed system
c. Lsolated system
d. All the above

34. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
In a chemical reaction, reactants are converted into products and is represented by,
Reactants → Products The enthalpy change accompanying a reaction is called the reaction
enthalpy. The enthalpy change of a chemical reaction, is given by the symbol △rH.
△rH = (sum of enthalpies of products) – (sum of enthalpies of reactants)

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∑ at Hproducts − ∑ bt Hreactants
t t

Here symbol ∑ (sigma) is used for summation and ai and bi are the stoichiometric
coefficients of the products and reactants respectively in the balanced chemical equation.
For example, for the reaction
CH 4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO 2 (g) + 2H2 O(l)

△r H = ∑ at Hproducts − ∑ bt Hreactants
t t

= [Hm (CO 2 , g) + 2Hm (H2 O, l)] − [Hm (CH 4 , g) + 2Hm (O2 , g)]

where H m is the molar enthalpy. Enthalpy change is a very useful quantity. Knowledge of
this quantity is required when one needs to plan the heating or cooling required to
maintain an industrial chemical reaction at constant temperature. It is also required to
calculate temperature dependence of equilibrium constant.
Standard Enthalpy of Reactions Enthalpy of a reaction depends on the conditions under
which a reaction is carried out. It is, therefore, necessary that we must specify some
standard conditions. The standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change for a
reaction when all the participating substances are in their standard states. The standard
state of a substance at a specified temperature is its pure form at 1 bar. For example, the
standard state of liquid ethanol at 298K is pure liquid ethanol at 1 bar; standard state of
solid iron at 500K is pure iron at 1 bar. Usually data are taken at 298K. Standard conditions
ϕ
are denoted by adding the superscript 0 to the symbol △H, e.g., △H
Enthalpy Changes during Phase Transformations Phase transformations also involve
energy changes. Ice, for example, requires heat for melting. Normally this melting takes
place at constant pressure (atmospheric pressure) and during phase change, temperature
remains constant (at 273K).
ϕ −1
H2 O(s) → H2 O(l); △fus H = 6.00kJ mol

ϕ
Here △vapH is enthalpy of fusion in standard state. If water freezes, then process is
reversed and equal amount of heat is given off to the surroundings. The enthalpy change
that accompanies melting of one mole of a solid substance in standard state is called
standard enthalpy of fusion or molar enthalpy of fusion, △fusH0.Melting of a solid is
endothermic, so all enthalpies of fusion are positive. Water requires heat for evaporation.
At constant temperature of its boiling point Tb and at constant pressure:
ϕ −1
H2 O(l) → H2 O(g); △vap H = +40.79kJ mol

ϕ
△vapH is the standard enthalpy of vaporisation. Amount of heat required to vaporize
one mole of a liquid at constant temperature and under standard pressure (1bar) is called
ϕ
its standard enthalpy of vaporization or molar enthalpy of vaporization, △vapH .
Sublimation is direct conversion of a solid into its vapour. Solid CO2 or ‘dry ice’ sublimes at
ϕ –1
195K with △subH = 25.2kJ mol ; naphthalene sublimes slowly and for this
–1 ϕ
△subH0 = 73.0kJ mol Standard enthalpy of sublimation, △subH is the change in
.

enthalpy when one mole of a solid substance sublimes at a constant temperature and
under standard pressure (1bar). The magnitude of the enthalpy change depends on the
strength of the intermolecular interactions in the substance undergoing the phase
transfomations. For example, the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules hold
them tightly in liquid phase. For an organic liquid, such as acetone, the intermolecular
dipole-dipole interactions are significantly weaker. Thus, it requires less heat to vaporise 1
mol of acetone than it does to vaporize 1mol of water.
Standard Enthalpy of Formation The standard enthalpy change for the formation of one
mole of a compound from its elements in their most stable states of aggregation (also
known as reference states) is called Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation. Its symbol is

[6]
 ϕ
△fH where the subscript ‘ f ’ indicates that one mole of the compound in question has
been formed in its standard state from its elements in their most stable states of
aggregation. The reference state of an element is its most stable state of aggregation at
25°C and 1 bar pressure.
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation We know that enthalpy is a state function,
therefore the change in enthalpy is independent of the path between initial state
(reactants) and final state (products). In other words, enthalpy change for a reaction is the
same whether it occurs in one step or in a series of steps. This may be stated as follows in
the form of Hess’s Law. If a reaction takes place in several steps then its standard reaction
enthalpy is the sum of the standard enthalpies of the intermediate reactions into which the
overall reaction may be divided at the same temperature. Let us understand the
importance of this law with the help of an example. Consider the enthalpy change for the
reaction
1 ⊖
C(graphite,s) + O2 (g) → CO(g); △r H =?
2

Although CO(g) is the major product, some CO2 gas is always produced in this reaction.
Therefore, we cannot measure enthalpy change for the above reaction directly. However,
if we can find some other reactions involving related species, it is possible to calculate the
enthalpy change for the above reaction. Let us consider the following reactions:
ϕ –1
C(graphite,s) + O2 (g) → CO 2 (g); △rH =– 393.5kJ mol (i)

1 ϕ −1
CO(g) + O2 (g) → CO 2 (g)△r H = −283.0kJ mol (ii)
2

We can combine the above two reactions in such a way so as to obtain the desired
reaction. To get one mole of CO(g) on the right, we reverse equation (ii). In this, heat is
absorbed instead of being released, so we change sign of △rHϕ value
1 ϕ −1
CO 2 (g) → CO(g) + O2 (g); △rH = +283.0kJ mol . . . (iii)
2

Adding equation (i) and (iii), we get the desired equation,

1
C(graphite,s) + O2 (g) → CO(g);
2

ϕ −1
for which △r H = (−393.5 + 283.0) = −110.5kJ mol

In general, if enthalpy of an overall reaction A → B along one route is △rH and

△rH1 , △rH2 , △rH3 representing enthalpies of reactions leading to same product, B

along another route, then we have

△rH = △rH1 + △rH2 + △rH3

It can be represented as:

i. The enthalpy change of a chemical reaction, is given by the symbol …
a. △rH

b. △rG

c. △rF

d. △rR '

[7]
 ii. The molar enthalpy is denoted by:
a. Hk
b. Hm
c. Hl
d. Hn
iii. …is enthalpy of fusion in standard state.
a.
ϕ
△fusH

b. △r H
ϕ

c. △vapH
ϕ

d.
ϕ
△wH

iv. Solid CO2 or ‘dry ice’ sublimes at..

a. 100K
b. 195K
c. 150K
d. 200K
v. … is the standard enthalpy of vaporisation.
a.
ϕ
△fusH

b. △r H
ϕ

c.
ϕ
△vapH

d.
ϕ
△wH

Que 5 (A) Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [30]

35. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CH 3 OH(l) from the following data:
3 ⊖ −1
CH 3 OH(I) + O2 (g) −→
− CO 2 (g) + 2H2 O(I); Δr H = −726kJ mol
2
⊖ −1
C(graphite) + O2(g) −→
− CO 2(g) ; Δc H = −393kJ mol

1 ⊖ −1
H2 (g) +
2
O2(g) −→
− H2 O(I); Δf H = −286kJ mol .

36. Calculate the enthalpy change for the process

CCI 4 (g) −→ C(g) + 4CI(g)

and calculate bond enthalpy of C – Cl in CCl4 (g).

⊖ −1
Δvap H (CCI 4 ) = 30.5kJ mol .

⊖ −1
Δf H (CCI 4 ) = −135.5kJ mol .

⊖ −1 ⊖
Δa H (C) = −715.0kJ mol , where Δa H is enthalpy of atomisation
⊖ −1
Δa H (CI 2 ) = 242kJ mol

37. Product the sign ΔS for the following changes:

i. Freezing of water.
ii. C(graphite) → C(diamond).
iii. H 2 (g) at 298 K and 1 bar → H 2 (g) at 298 K and 10 bar.
iv. H 2 (g) +I2 (g) → 2HI(g).
v. 2NaHCO3 (s) → Na 2 CO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H 2 O(g).

38. i. An athlete is given 100g of glucose of energy equivalent to 1560kJ. He utilises 50%
of this gained energy in the event. In order to avoid storage of energy in the body,
calculate the weight of water that would need to perspire. The enthalpy of
vaporisation of water is 44kJ mol-1 .

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 ii. Compound with carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylene, C2 H 4 , add
hydrogen in a reaction called hydrogenation, C2 H 4 (g) + H 2 (g) → C2 H 6 (g)
Calculate enthalpy change for the reaction, using the following combustion data,
∘ −1
C2 H4 (g) + 3O2 (g)−→ 2CO (g) + 2H O(l); Δ H
2 2 c = −1401kJ mol … (i)
7 ∘ −1
C2 H6 (g) + O2 (g)−−→ 2CO (g) + 3H O(l) Δ H
2 2 c = −1550kJ mol … (ii)
2

1 ∘ −1
H2 (g) + O2 (g)→ H2 O(l); Δc H = −286.0kJ mol … (iii)
2

39. Extensive properties depend on the quantity of matter but intensive properties do not.
Explain whether the following properties are extensive or intensive. Mass, internal energy,
pressure, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, density, mole fraction, specific heat,
temperature and molarity.
40. Graphically show the total work done in an expansion when the state of an ideal gas is
changed reversibly and isothermally from (pi, V i ) to (pf, V f ). With the help of a pV plot
compare the work done in the above case with that carried out against a constant external
pressure pf.

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