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RC LC and Crytal oscillators

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51 views16 pages

RC LC and Crytal oscillators

Uploaded by

sairamruttala7073
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RC, LC and Crystal

Oscillators

Reference: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
INTRODUCTION

• Oscillator Characteristics
• RC Circuits
• LC Circuits
• Crystal Circuits
Oscillators convert dc to ac.

Oscillator ac out
dc in

Some possible output waveforms


Vin Vout
A
An amplifier with negative feedback.

B Feedback

Recall: A = open-loop gain and B = feedback fraction

A Vout

This amplifier has positive feedback.


It oscillates if A > B.

B Feedback
A Vout

Sinusoidal oscillators have positive


feedback at only one frequency. fR

out B in Feedback
in
+ 90o

phase
out 0o

lead-lag
- 90o
fR
frequency

This can be accomplished with RC or LC networks.


Oscillator Basics Quiz
Oscillators convert dc to __________. ac
In order for an oscillator to work,
the feedback must be __________. positive

An oscillator can’t start unless gain (A)


is _________ than feedback fraction (B). greater
Sine wave oscillators have the correct
feedback phase at one __________. frequency
The phase shift of an RC lead-lag
network at fR is __________. 0o
When common-emitter amplifiers are used as
oscillators, the feedback circuit must provide
o
a 180 phase shift to make the circuit oscillate.

A
o
180
o o o o
180 + 180 = 360 = 0

Bo
In-phase 180 Out-of-phase
A phase-shift oscillator based
on a common-emitter amplifier

RL
Feedback
3 VCC
1 2 RB
C C C

R R

o
3 RC networks provide a total phase shift of 180 .
The supply tap is a
signal ground. There
o
is a 180 phase shift
across the tank.
+VCC

180o

0o

tank circuit
feedback

The Hartley oscillator is LC controlled.


The output frequency
is equal to the resonant
frequency.
+VCC

L
C
+VCC

1
fR =
2p LC

L is the value for the entire coil.


Quartz is a piezoelectric material.

Quartz crystal Slab cut from Schematic


crystal symbol

Electrodes
and leads
The equivalent R is very
Crystal small and the Q is often
equivalent
several thousand.
circuit
High-Q tuned circuits are noted
for narrow bandwidth and this
translates to frequency stability.
CP
R The equivalent circuit also
predicts two resonant
CS
frequencies: series and parallel.
A given oscillator circuit is
designed to use one or the other.
Crystals
• The fundamental frequency (series
resonance) is controlled by the quartz
slab or quartz disk thickness.
• Higher multiples of the fundamental are
called overtones.
• The electrode capacitance creates a
parallel resonant frequency which is
slightly higher.
• Typical frequency accuracy is measured
in parts per million (ppm).
+VCC Crystal oscillator circuit

RFC
RB1
vout

C1
Xtal
C2
RB2
RE CE
Replaces the
tank circuit
Packaged oscillators contain a
quartz crystal and the oscillator
circuitry in a sealed metal can.
High-frequency Oscillator Quiz
A Hartley oscillator has a tapped
__________ in its tank circuit. coil
When the capacitive leg is tapped, the
circuit might be called __________. Colpitts

A quartz crystal is a solid-state


replacement for the __________ circuit. tank
Crystals are more stable than LC tanks
due to their very high __________. Q
Higher multiples of a crystal’s resonant
frequency are called __________. overtones

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