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Solution DE Assignment 4

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4 views

Solution DE Assignment 4

Uploaded by

abhinavkathait86
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solution: Assignment-4

Course Digital Electronics (BOE 310)


SEMESTER AIML-III Semester
1.

Ans: Solution explained in YouTube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9D5taqA84Q


2. Explain the term, Hazard. Define different types of Hazards along with detection and
reduction of Hazards
Ans: Explained in notes- Chapter 4: Section 4.4 with example.

Also, hazard is explained in YouTube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lm-


6lom3pqw

Hazards in Digital Circuits


A hazard is an unwanted fluctuation in the output of a digital circuit, occurring due to
differences in signal propagation delays. Hazards can cause temporary glitches in the output even
if the circuit is logically correct.
These glitches can be problematic in asynchronous circuits or high-speed synchronous systems,
as they may lead to incorrect system behavior.

Types of Hazards
1. Static Hazard:
o Occurs when the output is expected to remain constant (static) after a change in
input, but temporarily changes due to delay mismatches.
o Types:
▪
Static-1 Hazard: The output momentarily drops to 0 when it should
remain 1.
▪ Static-0 Hazard: The output momentarily rises to 1 when it should
remain 0.
2. Dynamic Hazard:
o Occurs when the output toggles multiple times during a single input change.
o More likely in complex circuits with multiple propagation paths.

Detection of Hazards
1. Static Hazards:
o Use Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) to identify adjacent 1s (for Static-1) or adjacent
0s (for Static-0) that are not covered by the same product/sum term.
2. Dynamic Hazards:
o Look for circuits with multiple propagation paths where an input change affects
multiple gates simultaneously.

Reduction of Hazards
1. Static Hazards:
o Add redundant logic to cover gaps in K-Maps.
o Example: Use additional minterms or maxterms to eliminate static glitches.
2. Dynamic Hazards:
o Minimize propagation paths with consistent delays.
o Avoid paths with significantly varying delays.

Applications of Hazard-Free Design


• Asynchronous Circuits: Prevent glitches that can disrupt state transitions.
• Synchronous Systems: Avoid unnecessary power consumption or erroneous clocked
outputs.
• Safety-Critical Systems: Ensures reliability in medical devices or aerospace systems.

3. Illustrate the working and applications of Asynchronous sequential circuits.


Ans: Explained in notes- Chapter 4: Section 4.2- Analysis Procedure
Also, Asynchronous sequential circuit is explained in YouTube link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-Av3aFAJTI&t=11s

Asynchronous Sequential Circuits


Asynchronous sequential circuits are digital circuits where the state transitions depend directly
on the input signals without a global clock to synchronize them. These circuits change their state
as soon as the input changes, resulting in faster response times compared to synchronous circuits.
Working of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits
1. Input Changes:
o Asynchronous circuits detect changes in input signals instantaneously, triggering
state transitions. The circuit doesn’t wait for a clock pulse.
2. State Transition:
o The circuit transitions between states based on a feedback mechanism using
latches or flip-flops.
o The output is often a function of both current inputs and feedback signals.
3. Feedback Loops:
o Unlike synchronous circuits, the use of feedback paths introduces the possibility
of hazards or glitches during transitions.
4. Stable State:
o The circuit eventually settles into a stable state once inputs stabilize. Proper
design ensures the elimination of unstable oscillations.
5. Critical Considerations:
o Race conditions: Need careful design to ensure correct state transitions.
o Static/Dynamic Hazards: Can cause glitches; must be minimized using hazard-
free logic.

Applications of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits


1. Control Systems:
o Used in systems where immediate response to inputs is critical, such as elevators
or vending machines.
2. Event-Driven Systems:
o Systems like keyboards or telephone exchanges rely on asynchronous circuits to
detect keypresses or call signals without waiting for clock pulses.
3. Data Communication:
o Asynchronous circuits play a crucial role in handshaking protocols for serial data
transfer, ensuring reliable communication between devices with mismatched
speeds.
4. Low-Power Electronics:
o Lack of a clock reduces power consumption, making these circuits suitable for
battery-powered devices like sensors and IoT devices.
5. Embedded Systems:
o Frequently used in applications requiring minimal latency, such as robotics and
real-time processors.

Advantages
• Faster response due to clock independence.
• Efficient for systems requiring variable or irregular input timings.
Disadvantages
• Complex to design and prone to instability if not carefully implemented.
• More susceptible to hazards and race conditions compared to synchronous circuits.

4. Differentiate Critical and Non Critical race with example.


Ans: Explained in notes- Chapter 4: Section 4.3
Related link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TI0HeWKjHwA

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