SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF INDUCTION MOTOR

1) Line voltage control

2) Line frequency control
 Variable frequency constant voltage
 Voltage/Frequency control (V/F)
Voltage Source Inverter fed induction motor drive Six Step operation

Current Source Inverter fed induction motor drive Pulse Width

Modulation
3) Rotor resistance control (PWM) operation
Used only in slip ring induction motor
4) Slip power recovery scheme
2.1) LINE FREQUENCY CONTROL- (variable frequency constant voltage)
Ns  N = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐟  N
(synchronous (rotor speed) 𝐏
speed) VERY IMPORTANT POINT
𝐕
𝐈𝐟, Ø(𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐓) ∝ T (CON𝐒𝐓) ∝ (CONSTANT)
Why Torque decreasing? TORQUE f
E = 4.44 f Ø N Volts f1 To
Overcome

E∝fØ
f2

𝐄 f3
Ø∝ f4
f High f5 Load
Saturation!! f6 Torque
𝐕
𝐓∝ Ø∝ Ns1 Ns2 Ns3 Ns4 Ns5 Ns6
f
N1 N2 N3
(Voltage drop in R1 & X1 N4 N5
SPEED
N6

are small then, E ≈ V) SLIP ∝ (Ns- N) = LOW; %η = HIGH & VERY WIDER SPEED VARIATION
 2.2) V/F CONTROL
𝐕
Ø(𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐓) ∝ T (CON𝐒𝐓) ∝ (CONSTANT) EQUATION (1)
f
𝐕
1) HOW TO MAINTAIN V/F AS CONSTANT?  CONSTANT
f
2) HOW FREQUENCY CHANGES? Based on the desired rotor speed N*, we need to change the
frequency by which the synchronous speed Ns and hence the
actual rotor speed N
3) HOW TO CHANGE THE VOLTAGE WITH RESPECT TO FREQUENCY?
Why voltage boosting @ low frequencies ? We need
Voltage V= Constant to sacrifice
Rated
this to
voltage
avoid
Insulation
T = DECREASES Breakdown
Small
voltage in stator
boosting windings!
Base frequency Frequency
TORQUE – SPEED CONSTANT TORQUE REGION
CHARACTERISTICS T T = CONSTANT
- V/F CONTROL

LOAD NO
VERY WIDE SPEED TORQUE STIFFNESS;
VARIATION & THE SLIP ∝
SLIP ∝ (Ns- N) = LOW; SO, (Ns-N) =
EFFICIENCY = HIGH Ns1 Ns2 Ns3 Ns4 Ns5 Ns6 Ns7 Ns8 HIGH; SO,
EFFICIENCY
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
Voltage = LESS
Rated
Voltage V= constant (has to be)

Small Base frequency

voltage boosting frequency
Variable Voltage & Frequency Variable Frequency (Const voltage)
IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN LOOP V/F CONTROL
(PWM OPERATION)
Variable “V” & “f”
3Ø Rectifier Inverter
SUPPLY
IM
A.C TO D.C D.C TO A.C

Triangular
CONTROL CIRCUIT (PWM)
signal Modulating
Sin 1 Sin 2 Sin 3
(0 deg) (120 deg) (240 deg)
Signal
Carrier
Signal
“Amp” “f”
Va* Vb* Vc*
Inverse Clarke
2Ø to 3Ø
Transform (I.C.T)
Look-up table Vα* Vβ* 𝐕𝐚 = 𝐕𝛂
1 3
v 𝐕𝐛 = − 𝐕𝛂 + 𝐕𝛃
I know only the 2 2
desired rotor speed 1
𝐕𝐜 = − 𝐕𝛂 −
3
𝐕𝛃
(N*) f V* 2 2
of the motor (V sin ωt) Vα = V cos ωt
Vβ = V sin ωt Math Function

N*
P/120
f*
2*Π
ω* ∫ ωt*
 3Ø Rectifier Inverter
IM
SUPPLY A.C TO D.C D.C TO A.C

IMPLEMENTATION OF Triangular
CLOSED LOOP signal
CONTROL CIRCUIT (PWM)
Sin 1 Sin 2 Sin 3
V/F CONTROL (PWM) (0 deg) (120 deg) (240 deg)
B. D. F Break Down Frequency Va* Vb* Vc* Tacho
(freq @ maximum torque developed)
2Ø to 3Ø (I.C.T)
I. C. T  Inverse Clarke Transform
Look-up table Vα* Vβ*
v
Slip Slip
f V*
frequency* frequency*
Error! = f- fN below B.D.F Vα = V cos ωt
(N*-N)
N* + Σ PI
+ Σ 2*Π
ω* ∫ ωt*
Vβ = V sin ωt
f*
-
(f-f N)
N Controller Regulator
+ fN
P/120
 }
INVERTER CIRCUIT
PWM OPERATION
(V & f CONTROL)