1. Limits 11.

Derivative Formulas
When x values approach c on both sides, (C)’ = 0 x’ = 1
– 𝟏
the y values approach L→lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L (x )’ = n .x
n (n 1) ( x )’ = 𝟐 𝒙
𝑥→𝑐 √
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑓(𝑥)
lim = lim (ex )’ = ex (ax)’ = ax. lna
𝑥→∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑔(𝑥) 𝟏 𝟏
2. Asymptotes (lnx)’ = 𝒙 (logax)’ = 𝒙𝒍𝒏(𝒂)
- If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = a or lim 𝑓(𝑥) = a then (sinx)’ = cosx (cosx)’ = - sinx
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
the line y = a is a horizontal asymptote (tanx)’= sec2x (cotx)’ = - csc2x
- If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞ (or -∞) then the line (secx)’ = secx.tanx (cscx)’= - cscx.cotx
𝑥→𝑐 𝟏 −𝟏
x = c is a vertical asymptote (arcsinx)’ = (arccosx)’ =
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 √𝟏−𝒙
𝟐

3. f(x) is continuous at x = c if 𝟏 −𝟏
(arctanx)’ = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 (arccotx)’ = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
lim f ( x) = f(c)
x→c 12. Chain Rule
or: lim+ f ( x) = lim− f ( x) = f(c) [f(g(x))]’ = f ’(g(x)).g’(x)
x→c x→c
or [f(u)]’ = f ’(u). u’(x)
4. The Intermediate value theorem dy dy du
If f(x) is continuous on [a,b], and y is or = .
any value between f(a) and f(b), there dx du dx
must be a value x in (a,b): f(x) = y 13. Derivative of the inverse function
5. Average of change on [a,b]: If g(x) is an inverse function of f(x), then
1
f (b) − f (a) g’(x) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) (g(x) = ?  f(?) = x )
A.R.C =
b−a 14. Increasing & Decreasing
(Slope of the secant line on [a,b]) If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and
6. Derivative of f(x) at x = a differentiable on (a,b):
f ’(a) = lim
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎) f ’> 0 on (a,b) → f(x) increases on [a,b]
ℎ→0 ℎ f ’< 0 on (a,b) → f(x) decrease on [a,b]
(The rate of change of f(x) at x = a 15. Local Max/Min at a critical point c:
or: Slope of the tangent line at x = a) - If f ’changes sign from positive to
7. Second definition of derivative negative at c → f has a local Max at c
f ( x) − f ( a ) - If f ’changes sign from negative to
f ’(a) = lim
x→a x−a positive at c → f has a local Min at c
8. Rules of Differentiation 16. Extreme Value Theorem
(u  v)’ = u’  v’ If f is continuous on [a,b], then f must
(Cu)’ = Cu’ (C: constant) have both absolute Maximum and
(u.v)’ = u’v + v’u absolute Minimum on the interval [a,b]
u u ' v − v' u 17. Concavity/Inflection point
( )’ =
v v2 If f(x) is twice-differentiable on (a,b)
9. The Mean Value Theorem - If y’inc. or y’’ > 0→f c.c up on (a,b)
If f is continuous on [a,b] and - If y’dec. or y’’< 0→f c.c down on (a,b)
differentiable on (a,b), there must be at - f(x) has a Point of inflection at c if:
least one value c in (a,b) such that: f ’changes from inc. to dec. (dec. to inc.)
f (b) − f (a) Or: f ’’changes from + to – (or – to +)
f ’(c) = 18. Second Derivative Test (max/min)
b−a
10. Differentiation implies Continuity - If f ’(a) = 0 and f ’’(a) < 0 →local max
If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then f(x) - If f ’(a) = 0 and f ’’(a) > 0 → local min
is continuous at x = a.
19. Definite Integral 29. L’Hospital rule
𝑏−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 0 ∞
f(x) is continuous on [a,b], ∆𝑥 = 𝑛 If lim 𝑔(𝑥) has the form 0 or ∞, then
𝑥→𝑐
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑓(𝑐𝑘 )∆𝑥 lim
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
= lim 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑛→∞ 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐
20. The Average Value of a function 30. Some indefinite Integrals:
1 𝑏
Average value of f(x) =(𝑏−𝑎) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = kx + C
𝑥 𝑛+1
21. Fundamental Theorem (Part1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + C (n  -1)
𝑛+1
f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and 1
𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|x| + C
F(x) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 → F’(x) = f(x)
Corollary: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ex + C
𝑎𝑥
𝑢(𝑥)
F(x)=∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 →F’(x)= f(u).u’(x) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑎)
+ C
22. Fundamental Theorem (Part2) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cosx + C
If f is continuous on [a,b], and if F is any ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinx + C
anti-derivative of f , then: ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanx + C
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = F(b) - F(a) ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cotx + C
𝑏 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = secx + C
(Corollary: f(b) = f(a) +∫𝑎 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 )
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cscx + C
23. Substitution in Indefinite Integral 1
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = arctanx + C
 f ( g ( x)).g ' ( x)dx =  f (u)du 1
∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
arcsinx + C
(With u = g(x) → du = g’(x)dx )
24. Substitution with definite Integral 1 1 x
𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = arctan( ) + C
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑔(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 a a
1 x
25. Area between f(x) and the x-axis ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin( ) + C
𝑏 a
- If f(x)  0 on [a,b]: Area = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 31. objects move on a straight line:
𝑏
- If f(x)  0 on [a,b]: Area = - ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 v(t) = s’(t) and a(t) = v’(t) = s’’(t)
26. The area between 2 curves v(t) > 0: moving to the positive side
𝑏 v(t) < 0: moving to the negative side
A = ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 (if f(x)  g(x))
speed = |v(t)|
27. Volume of a solid (in general) 𝑏
𝑏 displacement: ∫𝑎 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (or s(b) - s(a) )
V = ∫𝑎 𝐴(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏
(A(x) is the area of the Cross section) position at b: s(b) = s(a) + ∫𝑎 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
28. Volume of solids of Rotation: total distance traveled: ∫𝑡1 |𝑣(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡
One graph is rotated about x-axis: The speed is increasing if v(t) and a(t)
𝑏
V =  ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 have the same signs
Two graphs are rotated about the x-axis: The speed is decreasing if v(t) and a(t)
𝑏 have opposite signs
V =  ∫𝑎 [(𝑜𝑢𝑡)2 − (𝑖𝑛)2 ]𝑑𝑥
The particle moves toward the origin
One graph is rotated about the line y = c: if s(t) and v(t) have opposite signs
𝑏
V =  ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐]2 𝑑𝑥 The particle moves away from origin
Two graphs are rotated about line y = c: if s(t) and v(t) have the same signs
𝑏
V =  ∫𝑎 [(𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑐)2 − (𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐)2 ]𝑑𝑥
(Calculus AB – Mr. Hoang – S.T.A)