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[Phi] U3 cheat sheet

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10 views

[Phi] U3 cheat sheet

Uploaded by

hannahtruong8605
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The qualities of a person

- Is alive
- Is aware
- Feels positive and negative sensations
- Has a sense of self with emotions
- Control its own behavior
- Recognizes other person and treats them appropriately
- Is capable of analytical, conceptual thought
- Is able to learn, can retain and recall information
- Can solve complicated problems with analytical thought
- Has the capacity for communication that suggests thought

Nature: the way in which so/sth is, without being altered or changed by external
influences.
Conscience: an internal gauge that determines if an act/feeling/etc is good or bad
(often considered a function of the mind)
Soul: an alternate idea that acts as the gauge in determining good/evil/etc & is a
nonmaterial life force residing w/in the mind/body
Mind: lie the soul, it is nonmaterial yet resides within the brain & is capable of
thinking, imagining, reflecting, remembering, and reasoning.

THEORIES ON HUMAN NATURE

Monism - the philosophical idea which supposes everything is made of only one
substance/ we don’t have anything more but a body
Dualism - there are two fundamental substances, mind and body, that exist.

MONISM
Materialism - The theory which holds matter as the basic substance, minds, souls
and immaterial spirits do not exist.
Idealism - Minds and ideas in mind are the only thing that exist and things appear
because they are projected by our minds

DUALISM
Interactionism - What our bodies feel created the feeling for our minds as well
as our mental events created the events for our bodies and these two substances
exist separately.
Epiphenomenalism - this theory supposes that the events in our minds are the
products of what our bodies suffer and there is no reservation, mental events cannot
cause bodily events.
Parallelism - Minds and bodies exist but they do not have any interaction, which
means our minds cannot create the movements for our bodies and also our bodies
cannot give us the mental experiences.
ARGUMENTS FOR MONISM AND DUALISMΩ

Arguments for Monism -


The man is an animal Humans have evolved 1. How come there’s still
from single-cell organisms apes?
2. No trace of spirituality?

The artificial intelligent people and robots are 1. Robots lack originality
essentially the same 2. No emotions
3. No sensations
4. Robots need
commands to function
5. Spirituality

The brain chemistry Our emotions are caused emotion + logic


argument by chemical reactions in 1. Why do I feel bad when
our body (e.g. a big I get jealous if my body is
amount of endorphins in responsible for it?
my body -> falling in love) 2. Why does a person
have to be insane to
escape a conviction?

The superfluity a soul is not necessary to


prove I exist
The idea that sth
nonmaterial like a mind
exists is not necessary to
explain human behavior.

The mystery objection If I can’t explain human


existence via dualism, it
doesn’t exist
It’s mysterious. Thus it’s
false

The problem of other minds I can see how people look


I can’t see their souls.
How can I be sure they
have one?
Arguments for Dualism -
The introspection argument When I look inward (e.g. when i meditate)
I see my inner self ( an entity that cannot
be measured by science)

The discernibility argument A mind and a body do not have the same
properties. Therefore, they are two
discernible, distinct entities
e.g. I can change my mind but not my eye
color)

The cartesian argument Although I might doubt my body exists, I


cannot doubt the existence of my mind.
When I doubt my mind, I am still using my
mind!

Platonic argument Before I was born, my mind existed


On my birth: body+mind
Death -> only have a mind
-> My mind + body are not the same
thing.

The parapsychology argument Since people have had near-death


experiences where they saw themselves
hovering above their dead bodies, it can
be assumed that we are not just made of
flesh and bones

Heracletus -> everything changes, nothing ever stays the same.


Parmenides -> we can only talk about things that exist.
-> If we talk about something that may not exist, we will end up fighting
-> Sth cannot exist and not exist at the same time -> Nothingness is impossible
Time is one unchanging thing
Their ideas against each other
Plato’s forms: everything in existence can be place on a line from the highest to
lowest reality

Intelligible World - Forms and ideas


(in the mind) - Mathematical, Deductive
- Everything is permanent reasoning and logic
- Everything is perfect, ideal

- Objects, physical things


(senses) - Shadows, reflection, images,
- Everything is in constant change, appearances
and is temporary
- Things are merely poor copies of
the ideal forms

The Tao - fundamental principle of the universe; everything comes from it, all thing
made possible by it, but it is not itself a thing or form.
Taoism
- Human reason is incapable of grasping ultimate human nature of reality (lý trí
kh có khả năng nắm bắt bản chất tối hậu của thực tại)
- Language is imprecise and misleading
Everything is always changing, behind the change is patterns (growth and decay)

Baruch Spinoza
substance - a thing
There is only one substance. That substance must be infinite, timeless and perfect.

Hard determinism - a theory that denies the existence of free will and says that all
thoughts, actions, desires, and physical events are caused by previous events.

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