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SUBJECT: - MATHEMATICS

SUBJECT CODE: 041

CLASS – XII

(SESSION 2024-25)

---- By S.O.Tyagi

A work By S O. TYAGI1
 TOPIC
S.NO.
1 CHAPTER 1. RELATION AND
FUNCTION

2 CHAPTER 2. INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

3 CHAPTER 3. MATRICES

4 CHAPTER 4. DETERMINANTS

5 CHAPTER 5. CONTINUITY AND

DIFFERENTIABILITY

6 CHAPTER 6. APPLICATION OF
DERIVATIVE

7 CHAPTER 7. INTEGRATION

8 CHAPTER 8. APPLICATION OF
INTEGRALS

9 CHAPTER 9. DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

10 CHAPTER 10. VECTOR

11 CHAPTER 11. THREE DIMENSIONAL

GEOMETRY

12 CHAPTER 12. LINEAR

PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

13 CHAPTER 13. PROBABILITY

A work By S O. TYAGI2
 CHAPTER 1- RELATION AND FUNCTION
Relation
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non empty set B is a subset of the Cartesian Product A × B.
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the
domain of the relation R. The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called
the range of the relation R. The whole set B is called the co domain of the relation R.
Note that range is always a subset of co domain.
Types of Relations
A relation R in a set A is subset of A × A. Thus empty set φ and A × A are two extreme relations.
(i) A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is related to any element of A,
i.e., R = φ ⊂ A × A.
(ii) A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A is related
to every element of A, i.e., R = A × A.
(iii) A relation R in A is said to be reflexive if (a,a) ∈ R for all a∈A
(iv) R is symmetric if ( a ,b) ∈ R⇒ (b,a) R , ∀ a, b ∈ A
(v) R is said to be transitive if (a, b) ∈R and ( b, c ) ⇒ (a, c ) ∈ R∀ a, b, c ∈ A
. Any relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called an equivalence relation.
Types of Functions
(i) A function f : X → Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if the images of distinct elements of X
under f are distinct, i.e.x1 , x2∈ X, f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2.
(ii) A function f : X → Y is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element of Y is the image of some
element of X under f, i.e., for every y ∈ Y there exists an element x ∈ X
such that f (x) = y.
(iii) A function f : X → Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.

ASSIGNMENT 1 (RELATION AND FUNCTION

Q.1.Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is even}, is
an equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and
all the elements of {2, 4} are related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to
any element of {2, 4}.
Q.2. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x Z : 0 ≤x ≤12}, given by
R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements
related to 1.
Q.3. A function f : [-4 , 4] → [ 0 ,4] is given by f(x) = √16 − 𝑥 . Show that f is an onto function
but not a one – one function. Further find all possible value of a for which f(a)= √7. (CBSE 2023)
𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
Q.4. Show that f :N N, given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = is bijective function.
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Q.5. Let A and B be sets. Show that f : A × B B × A such that f (a, b) = (b, a) is bijective
function.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 3

 , if n is odd
Q.6. Let f :N N be defined by 𝑓(𝑛) = for all n N
, if n is even
State whether the function f is bijective.
Q.7. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f : A B defined byf (x) =
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
Q.8. Consider f : R+  [ 4, ) given by f (x) = x2+ 4. Show that f is bijective, where R+ is the set
of all non-negative real numbers.
Q.9. Consider f :R+  [– 5, ) given by f (x) = 9 x2 + 6x – 5. Show that f is bijective.
Q.10.If R1 and R2 are equivalence relations in a set A, show that R 1R2 is also an equivalence
relation.
Q.11. Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by (x, y) R (u, v)
if and only if xv= yu. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Q.12. Let f : W W be defined as f (n) = n – 1, if n is odd and f (n) = n + 1, if n is even. Show that
f is bijective . Here, W is the set of all whole numbers.
Q.13. Given a non empty set X, consider P(X) which is the set of all subsets of X. Define the
relation R in P(X) as follows: For subsets A, B in P(X), ARB if and only if A B. Is R an
equivalence relation on P(X)? Justify your answer.
Q.14. let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on Nx N defined by
(a, b) R ( c, d) ► ad (b+c) = bc ( a+d) check whether R is an equivalence relation on NxN.
Q.15. let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N x N defined by
(a, b) R ( c, d) ► a + d = b + c. Show that R is an equivalence Relation .
Q.16. Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by
(x, y) R (u, v) if and only if xv = yu. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Q.17. let R = { (a, b) : a – b + √2 is an irrational number }. Check whether R is reflexive , symmetric
and transitive. Justify your answer in each case. ( CBSE 2024 )
Q.18.Show that the function f : R  {x  R : – 1 < x < 1} defined by f (x ) = is one one and
| |
onto function.
Q.19. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric.
Q.20. Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b 3} is reflexive, symmetric or
transitive.
Q.21.Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 4

 ASSIGNMENT 2 (RELATION AND FUNCTION)
Q.1. Let T be the set of all triangle in the Euclidean plane, and let a relation R on T be defined as aRb if
a is congruent to b ∀a,b∈ T. Then R is
a. Reflexive but not transitive b. Transitive but not symmetric
c. Equivalence relation d. None of these
Q.2. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined an aRb is a
is brother of b. Then R is
a. symmetric but not transitive b. transitive but not symmetric
c. neither symmetric nor transitive d. both symmetric and transitive
Q.3. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A= {1,2,3} are
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5
Q.4. If a relation R on the set {1,2,3} be defined by R={(1,2)}, then R is
a. reflexive b. transitive c. symmetric d. None of these
Q.5. Let us define a relation R in R as a aRb if a ≥ b . Then R is
a. an equivalence relation b. reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
c. symmetric, transitive but not reflexive d. neither transitive nor reflexive but
Symmetric
Q.6. Let A = {1,2,3} and consider the relation R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,3),(1,3)}. Then R is
a. reflexive but not symmetric b. reflexive but not transitive
c. symmetric and transitive d. neither symmetric, nor transitive
Q.7. Let R be the relation in the set {1,2,3,4} given by R= {(1,2),(2,2),(1,1),(4,4),(1,3),(3,3),(3,2)}
Choose the correct answer :
a. R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
b. R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
c. R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
d. R is an equivalence relation
Q.8. Let A = {1,2,3}. Then number of relations containing (1,2) and (1,3) which are reflexive and
symmetric but not transitive is
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
Q.9. If the set A contains 5 elements and the set B contains 6 elements, then the number of one-one and
onto mapping from A to B is
a. 720 b. 120 c. 0 d. None of these
Q.10. Let A = {1, 2, 3 ,…..n} and B = {a, b}. Then the number of surjections from A into B is
a. 1- 2n b. 2n -2 c. 2n - 1 d. None of these
Q.11. Let f : R ► R be defined by f(x)=1/x ∀ x ∈ R . Then f is
a. one-one b. onto c. bijective d. f is not defined

a work by S.o. tyagi page 5

Q.12. Which of the following function from Z into Z are bijections?
a. f(x) = x3 b. f(x) = x+2 c. f(x) = 2x+1 d. f(x) = x2+1
Q.13. Let f: R ►R be defined as f(x)=x4. Choose the correct answer.
a. f is one-one onto b. f is many-one onto
c. f is one-one but not onto d. f is neither one-one nor onto
Q.14. Let f: R ► R be defined as f(x) = 3x. Choose correct answer.
a. f is one-one onto b. f is many-one onto
c. f is one-one but not onto d. f is neither one-one nor onto
Q.15. If R = {(x, y) : x is father of y}, then R is
a. reflexive but not symmetric b. symmetric and transitive
c. neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive d. symmetric but not reflexive
Q.16. If R = {(x,y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y }, then R is
a. not symmetric b. Reflexive c. symmetric but not transitive d. an equivalence relation
Q.17. If R= {(x,y) : x is wife of y } , then R is
a. reflexive b. symmetric c. transitive d. an equivalence relation
Q.18. Let R be a relation in the set Z of all integer defined by R= {(x,y): x-y is an integer}. Then R is
a. reflexive b. symmetric c. transitive d. an equivalence relation
Q.19. A function f : X ►Y is said to be onto , if for every y ∈ Y there exists an element x in X such
that
a. f(x) = y b. f(y) = x c. f(x) +y = 0 d. f(y) + x = 0
Q.20. f : X → Y is onto , if and only if
a. range of f = Y b. range of f ≠ Y
c. range of f < Y d. range of f ≥ Y
Q.21. The function f: R → R defined by f(x) = x2 + x is,
a. one-one b. onto c. many-one d. None of these
Q.22. Let A = {1,2,3} and B ={a, b, c} , then the number of bijective function from A and B are
a. 2 b. 8 c. 6 d. 4
Q.23. For the set A = {1,2,3}, define a relation R in the set A as follows
R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3)}
Then, the ordered pair to be added to R to make it the smallest equivalence relation is
a. (1,3) b. (3,1) c. (2,1) d. (1,2)
Q.24. Let A = {1,2,3} and R = {(1,2), (2,3)} be a relation in A. Then, the minimum number of ordered
pair may be added, so that R become an equivalence relation, is
a. 7 b. 5 c. 1 d. 4
Q.25. Let A = {1,2,3}. Then, the number of relation containing (1,2) and (1,3), which are reflexive and
symmetric but not transitive, is
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
a work by S.o. tyagi page 6
Q.26. The number of all one-one function from set A = {1,2,3} to itself is
a. 2 b. 6 c. 3 d. 1
Q.27. The number of equivalence relations in the set {1,2,3} containing (1,2) and (2,1) is
a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4
Q.28. The function f: [0, π] → R, f(x) = cos x is
a. one-one function b. onto function c. a many one function d. None of these
ASSIGNMENT 3 (RELATION AND FUNCTION)
.Q.1. Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3} and define a relation R on A as follows:
R = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 3), (1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 3)}.Is R reflexive? symmetric? transitive?
Ans – Not Transitive
Q.2. For the set A = {1, 2, 3}, define a relation R in the set A as follows:
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} Write the ordered pairs to be added to R to make it the smallest
equivalence relation. Ans (3.1)
Q.3. Let R be the equivalence relation in the set Z of integers given by
R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}. Write the equivalence class [0].Ans- [0] = {0, ± 2, ± 4, ± 6,...}
Q.4. In the set of natural numbers N, define a relation R as follows:
∀ n, m ∈ N, nRm if on division by 5 each of the integers n and m leaves the remainder less than 5,
i.e. one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Show that R is equivalence relation. Also, obtain the
pairwise disjoint subsets determined by R.
Ans- A0 = {5, 10, 15, 20 ...},A1 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21 ...},
A2 = {2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ...}, A3 = {3, 8, 13, 18, 23, ...}, A4 = {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, ...
It is evident that the above five sets are pair wise disjoint
Q.5. Show that the function f : R → R defined by f (x) = ∀x∈R , is neither one-one nor onto.
Q.6. Set A has 3 elements and the set B has 4 elements. Then the number of injective mappings that
can be defined from A to B is
(a) 144 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 64 Ans (c)
2
Q.7. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = x + 1. Then, pre-images of 17 and – 3, respectively, are
(a) φ, {4, – 4} (b) {3, – 3}, φ (c) {4, –4}, φ (d) {4, – 4, {2, – 2} Ans (c)
Q.8. For real numbers x and y, define xRyif and only if x – y + √2 is an irrational number. Then the
relation R is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric (c) transitive (d) none of these Ans (a)
Q.9. Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3} and R be the smallest equivalence relation
on A, then R = ________ Ans R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.
Q.10. Consider the set A containing n elements. Then, the total number of injective functions from A
onto itself is ________. Ans n!
Q.11. Show that the number of equivalence relation in the set {1, 2, 3} containing (1, 2) and (2, 1) is
two.
Q.12. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Then show that the number of relations containing (1, 2) and (2, 3) which are
reflexive and transitive but not symmetric is four.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 7

 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1.Sherlin and Danju are playing Ludo at home during Covid-19. While rolling the dice, Sherlin’s
sister Raji observed and noted the possible outcomes of the throw every time belongs to set
{1,2,3,4,5,6}. Let A be the set of players while B be the set of all possible outcomes. A = {S, D}, B =
{1,2,3,4,5,6}

(i) Let 𝑅∶ 𝐵→𝐵 be defined by R = {(𝑥,y): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 by x } then justify whether R is reflexive ,
symmetric or transitive.
(ii) Raji wants to know the number of functions from A to B. How many numbers of functions are
possible?
Q.2. An organization conducted bike race under 2 different categories-boys and girls. Totally there
were 250 participants. Among all of them finally three from Category 1 and two from Category 2
were selected for the final race. Ravi forms two sets B and G with these participants for his
college project.
Let B = {b1,b2,b3} G={g1,g2} where B represents the set of boys selected and G the set of girls who
were selected for the final race.
Ravi decides to explore these sets for various types of relations and functions
1. Ravi wishes to form all the relations possible from B to G. How many such relations are possible?
2. Let R: B→B be defined by R = {(𝑥,𝑦): 𝑥 and y are students of same sex}, Then this relation R
is_______
3. Ravi wants to know among those relations, how many functions can be formed from B to G?
4. Ravi wants to find the number of injective functions from B to G. How many numbers of injective
functions are possible?

a work by S.o. tyagi page 8

 CHAPTER 2- INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Inverse function
Inverse of a function ‘f ’ exists, if the function is one-one and onto, i.e, bijective.Since trigonometric
functions are many-one over their domains, we restrict their domains and co-domains in order to make
them one-one and onto and then find their inverse.
The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse trigonometric functions are given below:
Functions Domain Range( principal value
branches)
-1
Sin x [-1,1] [-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
-1
Cos x [-1,1] [0, 𝜋]
-1
tan x R (-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2)
-1
Cot x R (0, 𝜋)
-1
Sec x R – (-1,1) [0, 𝜋]- 𝜋/2
-1
Cosec x R- (-1,1) [-𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]- {0}
–1 –1 –1
The symbol sin x should not be confused with (sinx) . Infact sin x is an angle, the value of whose
sine is x, similarly for other trigonometric functions.
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
1.. (a) sin–1 1/x = cosec–1x (b) cos-11/x = sec -1 x (c) tan–1 1/x = cot–1x
2. (a) sin–1 (–x) = –sin–1x (b) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1x (c) cosec–1 (–x) = –cosec–1x
3. (a) cos–1 (–x) = π−cos–1x (b) cot–1 (–x) = π – cot–1x
(c) sec–1 (–x) = π–sec–1x :
4. (a) sin–1x + cos–1x =π/2 (b) tan–1x + cot–1x =π/2
(c) sec–1x + cosec–1x =π/2

5.(a) 2tan–1x = sin -1 (b) 2tan–1x = cos -1

( c) 2tan–1x = tan – 1

SOME IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE-

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B

(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (v) tan (A + B) =

(vi) tan (A – B) =

(vii) 1 – cos A = 2 sin2 A/2 (viii) 1+ cos A = 2 cos2 A/2

(ix) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A =

a work by S.o. tyagi page 9

(x) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 – 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1 =

(xi) tan 2A = (xii) sin 3A = 3sin A – 4sin3 A

–
(xiii) cos 3A = 4cos3 A – 3cos A (xiv) tan 3A =
( ) ( )
(xv) cos A + cos B = 2 cos . cos
( ) ( )
(xvi) cos A – cos B = - 2sin . sin
( ) ( )
(xvii) sin A + sin B = 2 sin . cos
( ) ( )
(xviii) sin A – sin B = 2cos sin
.sin

(xix) 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(xx) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(xxi) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(xxii) 2sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
(xxiii) sin2A – sin2B = sin (A+ B ) sin (A
(A- B )

ASSIGNMENT OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Q. 1. Find the value of: tan-1 (1) + cos-1 (-1/2) + sin-1 (-1/2).
Q. 2.If y = cot-1√cos x - tan-1√cos x , then prove that sin y = tan2 x/2
Q. 3. If (tan -1x )2 + (cot-1x )2 = 5π2 / 8 then find x Ans x = -1
√
Q.4. Prove: that - sin -1 = sin-1

Q. 5. Prove : tan-1 =

Q. 6 Simplify: sin-1 ( ) , - π /4 < x < π /4

√

Q. 7. Solve: sin-1( 1 –x) – 2sin-1x =  /2 Ans. x = 0

Q. 8. Prove:sec2 (tan-12) + cosec2( cot-13) = 15.

Q. 9. Simplify : tan-1
Q. 10. Write the value of sin (2 sin-13/5) Ans. 24/25

Q. 11. Prove that sin [ cot -1 { cos ( tan-1x)}] =

a work by S.o. tyagi page 10

Q.12. Prove that cos-1x = 2 sin -1

Q.13. Evaluate sin ( cot -1 x) in terms of x.

√
Q.14.Show that tan ( sin-13/4) =

Q.15 .Solve cos(tan-1x) = sin ( cot-13/4) Ans . x = 3/4

Q.16. Prove that tan ( + ½ cos-1 a/b ) + tan ( - ½ cos-1 a/b ) = (2b/a)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Q.17. Express tan-1 ( ) , - π / 2 < x < π /2 in the simplest form.
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

Q.18.Prove that

Q.19. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡−1(3𝑥 + 5) > 𝜋/4, then find the range of the values of x.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Q.1.
The domain of sin–1 2x is
(a) [0, 1] (b) [– 1, 1] (c) [ -1/2 , 1/2 ] (d) [–2, 2]
Q.2.
If tan-1 (cot θ ) = 2θ , then θ is equal to
(a) π /3 (b) π /4 (c) π /6 (d) None of these
Q.3.
The value of cos -1 { cos ( )} is
(a) 3π /5 (b) -3π /5 (c) π /10 (d) - π /10
Q.4.

Q.5.

Q.6.
The value of cos-1 ( cos ) + sin -1 ( sin ) is
(a) π /2 (b) 5π /3 (c) 10π / 3 (d) 0

a work by S.o. tyagi page 11

Q.7.

Q.8.

Q.9.

Q.10.

Q.11.

Q.12.

Which of the following is true

(a) tan-11 = tan1 (b) tan-11 > ( tan1) (c) tan-11 < tan1 (d) None of these

Q.13 .If a ≤ 2 sin-1x + cos -1x ≤ b then

(a) a=0 , b = 𝜋 (b) a=𝜋 , b = 2𝜋 ( c) a = - 𝜋/2 , b = 𝜋 /2 (d) a=0 , b = 𝜋/2
Q.14.

(a) I (b) 0 (c) 2I (d) ½ I

a work by S.o. tyagi page 12

Q.15..If tan–1x = 𝜋 /10 for some x Є R, then the value of cot–1x is
(a) 𝜋 /5 (b) 2 𝜋 /5 (c) 3 𝜋 /5 (d) 4𝜋 /5
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.
Q.16.
Assertion: Maximum value of ( cos-1x2 ) 2 is 𝜋 2 .
Reason : Range of principal value branch of cos-1x is [ -π /2 , π/2]
Q.17.

Q.18.

Q.19.

Q.20.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 13

 CHAPTER 3-MATRICES
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (or functions) arranged in the form of row and
column . For example,
a b
A=
c d
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.The horizontal lines of
elements are said to constitute rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of elements are said to
constitute columns of the matrix.
Order of a Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n matrix (read
as an m by n matrix).
In the above example, we have A as a matrix of order 2 × 2 .
General representation of a matrix
In general, an m × n matrix has the following rectangular array :

The element, aij is an element lying in the ith row and jth column and is known as the (i, j)th element of
A.
The number of elements in an m × n matrix will be equal to m.n.
Types of Matrices
(i) Row matrix ►A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
(ii) Column Matrix ►A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
(iii) Square Matrix ►A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of
columns, is said to be a square matrix. Thus, an m × n matrix is said to be a square
matrix if m = n and is known as a squarematrix of order ‘n’.
(iv)Diagonal Matrix ► A square matrix B = [bij]n×n is said to be a diagonal matrix if its all
non-diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix B = [bij]n×n is said to be a diagonal
matrix if bij = 0, wheni ≠ j.
(v) Scalar Matrix►A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are
equal, that is,a square matrix B = [bij]n×n is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i ≠ j
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
(vi) Identity Matrix ►A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are
all zeroes is called an identity matrix denoted by by I .
In other words, the square matrix A = [aij]n×n is an identity matrix, if aij = 1, when i = j
and aij = 0, when i ≠ j.
(vii) Zero or null Matrix ►A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements
a work by S.o. tyagi page 14
are zeroes. We denote zero matrix by O.
(viii) Upper Triangular Matrix ►A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is said to be aupper
triangularmatrix if a ij= 0 for all i> j For Example
1 2 3
A= 0 5 9
0 0 7
(ix) Lower Triangular Matrix ►A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is said to be a lower
Triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i< j For Example
1 0 0
A= 2 5 0
3 4 7
(x) Equal Matrix ►Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
(a) they are of the same order, and
(b) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is, aij = bij for
all i and j.
Additon of Matrices-
Two matrices can be added if they are of the same order . To add two matrices we add corresponding
elements of both matrices .
Multiplication of Matrix by a Scalar-
If A = [aij] m×n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is obtained by
multiplying each element of A by a scalar k, i.e. kA = [kaij]m×n
Negative of a Matrix-
The negative of a matrix A is denoted by –A. We define –A = (–1)A.
Multiplication of Matrices-
The multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B.
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and B = [bjk] be an n × p matrix. Then the product of the matrices A
and B is the matrix C of order m × p. To get the (i, k)th element c ikof the matrix C, we take the ith row
of A and kth column of B,
multiply them element wise and take the sum of all these products i.e.,
cik = ai1 b1k + ai2 b2k + ai3 b3k + ... + ainbnk
The matrix C = [cik]m×p is the product of A and B.
Notes:►
1. If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined.
2. If A, B are, respectively m × n, k × l matrices, then both AB and BA are
defined if and only if n = k and l = m.
3. If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA.
4. If the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the matrices is a zero
matrix.
5. For three matrices A, B and C of the same order, if A = B, then AC = BC, but converse is not
true.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 15

Transpose of a Matrix
1. If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of
A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A′′ or (AT). In other words,
if A = [aij]m×n, then AT = [aji]n×m.
2. Properties of transpose of the matrices
For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
(i) (AT)T = A,
(ii) (kA)T = kAT(where k is any constant)
(iii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT
Symmetric Matrix and Skew Symmetric Matrix
(i) A square matrix A = [aij]] is said to be symmetric if AT = A, that is,aij= ajifor
for all possible values of
iand j.
(ii) A square matrix A = [aij]] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if AT = –A,
that is aji= –aijfor
for all possible values of iand j.
Note :Diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are always zero.
(iii) For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A T is a symmetric matrix and A – AT is a
skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew symmetric
matrix, that is A = (A+AT) /2+ (A - AT) /2
Similarly, if we wish to find A–1 using column operations, then, write A = AI and apply a sequence of
column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB AB.

ASSIGNMENT ON MATRICES

Q. 1. Construct a 3x4 matrix, whose elements are given by aij=

Q. 2. If A = and I = , then show that I+A= (I – A)

Q. 3. Express the matrix A= as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric

symmetric matrix
𝑐𝑜𝑠α −𝑠𝑖𝑛α 0
Q.4.If f(α) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛α 𝑐𝑜𝑠α 0 , Prove that f(α). f( f(-β) = f(α-β) CBSE (2023)
0 0 1
Q. 5. Show that the matrix B’AB is symmetric or skew
skew-symmetric
symmetric according as A is symmetric or
skew symmetric.
Q. 6. Prove that diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are always zero.

Q. 7. Let f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6. Find f(A) If A =

a work by S.o. tyagi page 16

Q. 8. If A = Show that A2 -5A
5A + 7I = 0, Hence find A-1

Q. 9. Express the matrix A = as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric

skew matrix.
Q.10. If A = diag ( 1 -1 2 ) and B = diag ( 2 3 -1 ) ,find 3A + 4B
Q.11. Prove that the product of matrices
cos2 cossin and Cos2 cos sin

cossin sin2 cossin sin2

is a null matrix , when  and  differ by an an odd multiple of /2.
0 1
Q.12. If A = then find the value of A2023
1 0
Q.13. Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew symmetric mtrix.
0 0
Q.14. If A = , find A16
4 0
Q.15. There are two families A and B . There are 4 men , 6 women and 2 children in family A and 2
men , 2 women and 4 children in family B . The recommended daily allowance for f calories is men
:2400 women:1900 ,child : 1800 and for proteins is man:55gm ,women :45 gm and child :33gm
Represent the above information by matrices . Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families.
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
Q.16. Find the matrix X so that X =
4 5 6 2 4 6
Q,17.There
There are three families. First family consists of 2 male members, 4 female members and 3
children. Second family consists of 3 male members, 3 female members and 2 children.Third
children.Thi family
consists of 2 male members, 2 female members and 5 children. Male member earns `500 per day and
spends `300 per day. Female member earns `400 per day and spends `250 per day, child member
spends `40 per day. Find the money each family saves per dday using matrices.
Q,18. If A is square matrix such that A2 = A, then find the value of (I + A)³ – 7 A .
Q.19.AA trust fund has `30,000 is to be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per annum which will be given to orphanage and second bond pays 7% interest per annum
which will be given to an N.G.O. cancer aid society. Using mat matrix
rix multiplication, determine how to
divide `30,000 among two types of Bonds if the trust fund obtains an annual total interest of `1800.
Q.20. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is symmetric if and only
if A and B commute,
ute, that is AB = BA.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 17

 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Q.1.

Q.2.
No of symmetric matrix of order 3x3 with each entry 1 or -1 is CBSE2023
(a) 512 (b) 64 (c) 8 (d) 4
Q.3

.
Q.4.

𝑎 𝑐 0
If 𝑏 𝑑 0 is a scalar matrix then the value of a + 2b +3c + 4d is
0 0 5
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 25
Q.5.
1 2 2
I
If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying A.A = 9 I3 .Then the values of a and b respectively are
𝑎 2 𝑏
(a) 1.2 (b) -2. -1 (c) -1 . 2 (d) -2 , 1
Q.6.

Q.7.

Q.8.
A square matrix A = [ aij]nxn is called a lower triangle matrix if aij = 0 for
(a) I = j (b) i < j (c) i > J (d) None of these
Q.9.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 18

Q.10.
A square matrix A = [ aij]nxn is called a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for
(a) I = j (b) i < j (c) i > J (d) i ≠ j
Q.11.

Q.12.

Q.13.
Each diagonal element of a skew symmetric matrix is
(a) Zero (b) Positive (c) Non real (d) negative
Q.14.
If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then
(a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is zero matrix
(c) A is a scalar matrix (d) A is square matrix
Q.15.
2 1
If A = then the value of I – A + A2 – A3 + ------------ is (CBSE 2024)
−4 −2
−1 −1 3 1 0 0 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 −4 −1 0 0 0 1
Q.16.

Q.17.
If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I then ( A – I )3 + ( A + I)3 – 7 A is equal to
(a) A (b) I -A (c) I + A (d) 3A
Q.18.

Q.19.
1 2
If f(x) = x2 + 4x -5 and A = then f (A) is equal to
4 −3
0 −4 2 1 1 1 8 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 2 0 1 0 8 0
Q.20.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 19

Q.21.

then n =
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Q.22.

Q.23.

Q.24.
Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order 2 × n, 3 × k, 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k,
respectively.The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined are:
(a) k = 3, p = n (b) k is arbitrary, p = 2
(c) p is arbitrary, k = 3 (d) k = 2, p = 3
Q.25.

Q.26.

Q.27.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 20

Q.28.
Consider the following statements
I. If AB and BA are both defined then AB = BA
II. If AB and BA are both defined then it is not necessary that AB = BA
(a) Only I is true (b) Only II is true (c) Both I and II are true (d) None of these
Q.29.

Q.30.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then (AB′ –BA′) is a
(a)Skew symmetric matrix (b) Null matrix(c) Symmetric matrix (d) None of these
Q.31.
If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric matrix if
(a) AB = BA (b) A = B (c) AB = B (d) AB = A
Q.32
.Transpose of a rectangular matrix is a
(A) rectangular matrix ( B) .diagonal matrix (C) square matrix (D) .scalar matrix
Q.33.
2 0 2 5/2
If = P + Q where P is symmetric and Q is a skew symmetric then Q is equal to (a)
5 4 5/2 4
0 −5/2 0 5/2 2 −5/2
(b) (c) (d) (CBSE2023)
5/2 0 −5/2 0 5/2 4

a work by S.o. tyagi page 21

 CHAPTER 4 - DETERMINANTS
To every square matrix A = [aij] of order nxn, we can associate a number (real or complex)
called determinant of the matrix A, written as det A, where aij is the (i, j)th element of A.
𝑎 𝑏
If A = then determinant of A, denoted by |A| (or det A), is given by |A|= ad – bc.
𝑐 𝑑
Remarks
(i) Only square matrices have determinants.
(ii) For a matrix A, |A|is read as determinant of A and not as modulus of A.
(iii) Let A = [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to a.
Consider the determinant of a square matrix A = [aij]3×3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
|A| = 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 = a11(a22 a33 – a23 a32) – a12 (a21 a33 – a23 a31) + a13(a21 a32 – a22 a31)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Remark
In general, if A = kB, where A and B are square matrices of order n, then |A| = k n|B|,
n = 1, 2, 3.
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
For any square matrix A, |A| satisfies the following properties.
(i) |A′| = |A|, where A′ = transpose of matrix A.
(ii) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of the determinant changes.
(iii) If any two rows or any two columns in a determinant are identical (or proportional), then the value
of the determinant is zero.
(iv) Multiplying a determinant by k means multiplying the elements of only one row
(or one column) by k.
(v) If elements of a row (or a column) in a determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.
Notes:
(i) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zeros, then the value of the determinant
is zero.
(iii) If all the elements of a determinant above or below the main diagonal consists of zeros, then the
value of the determinant is equal to the product of diagonal elements.
AREA OF A TRIANGLE
Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
𝑥 𝑦 1
1
𝑥 𝑦 1
2 𝑥 𝑦 1

MINORS AND CO-FACTORS

(i) Minor of an element aijof the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting i th row
and jth column, and it is denoted by Mij.
(ii) Co-factor of an element aij is given by Aij= (–1)i+jMij.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 22

(iii) Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by the sum of products of elements of a row (or a
column) with corresponding co-factors. For example
|A| = a11A11 + a12A12 + a13 A13.
(iv) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with co-factors of elements of
any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example,
a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 = 0.
ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX
(i) The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the cofactor of each
elements.
(ii) A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I, where A is square matrix of order n.
(iii) A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| = 0 or
|A| ≠ 0, respectively.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = |A|n–1.
(v) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are
also, nonsingular matrices of the same order.
(vi) The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their respective
determinants, that is, |AB| = |A| |B|.
(vii) If AB = BA = I, where A and B are square matrices, then B is called inverse of
A and is written as B = A–1. Also B–1 = (A–1)–1 = A.
(viii) A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular matrix.
(ix) If A is an invertible matrix, then A–1 = (adj A)
| |
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
(i) Consider the equations: a1x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d2
a 3 x + b3 y + c 3 z = d3 ,
In matrix form, these equations can be written as A X = B, where
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 𝑑
A= 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 , X = 𝑦 and B = 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑧 𝑑
Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by X = A –1B, where |A| ≠ 0.
A system of equations is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not.
For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B
(a) If |A| ≠ 0, then there exists unique solution.
(b) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0, then there exists no solution.
(c) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then system have infinite solution.
SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS
(i) If A = [aij] mxn and B = [bij] nxp then AB is a m x p matrix.
(ii)If A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n ,then ΙkAΙ = k n ΙAΙ
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n , then A(adj A) = ΙAΙ I n = (adj A ) A
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order n , then Ιadj AΙ = ΙAΙ n-1

a work by S.o. tyagi page 23

(v) If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order , then ( AB) -1 = B-1A-1
(vi) (AB)’ = B’A’
(vii)) A system of equation AX=B of n linear equations has (a) a unique solution given
by X = A-1B , if ΙAΙ ≠ 0 (b) if ΙAΙ =0 and (adjA ) B =0, then system is consistent
and has infinitely many solutions.
(Viii) if ΙAΙ =0 and (adjA )B ≠0, then system is inconsistent and has no solutions.
(ix) Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix. Using A= ½ ( A + A’ ) + ½ ( A – A’)
(x) If A and B are two quare matrix of same order then |AB| = |A| |B|.
(xi) If A is a square matrix of order 3x3 then |A-1| =
| |
_____________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT ON DETERMINANTS

Q.1 Find the equation of the line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) using determinants and find
if D (K, 0) is a point such that area of a triangle ABD is 3 square units.

Q. 2 If A = Verify that A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = 0 and hence find A-1

Q. 3 If the points (a1, b1), (a2, b2) and (a1 + a2 b1 + b2) are collinear, Show
that a1b2 = a2b1.
Q.4.Show that the following system of equations is consistent
2x – y + 3z = 5, 3x + 2y – z = 7, 4x + 5y – 5z = 9 Also, find the solution.
1 2  3
Q.5.If A =  2 3 2  , find A 1 and use it to solve,
 3  3  4 
x + 2y – 3z = - 4 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 2 , 3 x - 3y - 4z = 11
Q. 6.The
The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second number to it, we
get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number. Represent it
algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method.

 4 4 4  1 1 1
Q.7. Determine the product Of the matrices   7 1 3  1 2 2  and use it to solve the
 
 5 3  1  2 1 3 
system of equations

x-y+z=4 , x-2y-2z=9 , 2x+y+3z=1.

Q.8. If , find and hence solve the system of equations:

a work by S.o. tyagi page 24
X+2y+z =4 , -x +y + z = 0 , x – 3y +z = 2
Q.9. Two schools A and B decided to award prizes to their students for three values honesty (x),
punctuality (y) and obedience (z). School A decided to award a total of `11000 for the three values to 5,
4 and 3 students respectively while school B decided to award `10700 for the three values to 4, 3 and 5
students respectively. If all the three prizes together amount to `2700, then: (i.) Represent the above
situation by a matrix equation and form linear equations using matrix multiplication. ( ii). Is it
possible to solve the system of equations so obtained using matrices? If yes then solve
−3 −2 −4 1 2 0
Q.10. If A = 2 1 2 , B = −2 −1 −2 thefind AB and use it to solve the system of
2 1 3 0 −1 1
equations x – 2y =3 , 2x – y - z =2 , -2y + z =3 (CBSE 2023)
1 2 −3 0 1 2
Q.11. Use the product of matrices 3 2 −2 −7 7 −7 to solve the system of equations x
2 −1 1 −7 5 −4
+ 2y – 3 z = 6 , 3x + 2y – 2z =3 , 2x – y + z = 2 (CBSE 2024)

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON DETERMINANTS

Q.1.

Q.2.

Q.3.
2 −1 5
If A = [ aij] = 1 3 2 and cij is cofactor of element aij then value of a21.c11 + a22.c12 + a23.c13 is
5 0 4
(a) - 5 7 (b) 0 (c) 9 (d) 57 (CBSE2024)
Q.4.
In how many ways the determinant of order 3 can be expanded
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6
Q.5.
If (a ,b) , (c, d) and ( e ,f ) are vertices of ∆ ABC and ∆ denonote the area of ∆ ABC then
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 is equal to
1 1 1
(a) 2 ∆2 (b) 4 ∆2 (c) 2 ∆ (d) 4 ∆ (CBSE 2023)

a work by S.o. tyagi page 25

Q.6..
If A is invertible matrix of order 3 × 3, then |A –1 | is equal to
(A) (B) (C) (D) │A│
│ │ │ │ │ │
Q.7.
If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then number of minors in determinant of A are
(A) 9 (B) 3 (C) 27 (D) 0
Q.8.
The sum of the products of elements of any row with the co-factors of corresponding elements is equal
to .
(A) 9 (B) I (C) 0 (D) │A│
Q.9.
If A is a square matrix of order n x n then │adjA│ =
2
(A) │A│ (B) │A│ (C) │A│ (D) n2
Q.10.
The value of determinant if elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other
row (or column).
(A) 135 (B) 15 (C) 27 (D) 0
Q.11.
A is a square matrix. Write the value of A(adj A)
(A) │A│ I (B) │A│ (C) I (D) A
Q.12.
Let A be a nonsingular square matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |A| = 7 then find |2A| .
(A) 49 (B) 7 (C) 56 (D) 14
Q.13.

Q.14.

Q.15.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 26

Q.16.

Q.17.
If A and B are invertible matrices then which of the following is npt correct
(a) adj A = | A | . A -1 (b) det (A) -1 = [ det (A) ] -1
(c) (AB)-1 = B- 1. A -1 (d) ( A + B ) -1 = B -1 + A -1
Q.18.
1 −2 5
There are two value of a which makes determinant 2 −1 = 86 then sum of these numbers is
0 4 2
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) -4 (d) 9
Q.19.
If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B| = 3, then |3AB| =
(A) 60 (B) 135 (C) 45 (D) 405
Q.20.

Q.21

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡 1
│ ( )│
.If f(t) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡 2𝑡 then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 → is equal to
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 3

Q.22.

Q.23.
If a non singular matrix satisfy 4 A2 +2A – I = O then A-1 =
(a) 4A - 2 I (b) 2A – 2I (c) 4A + 2I (d) 2A – 4 I

a work by S.o. tyagi page 27

Q.24..

(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 1/2 (d) 2

Q.25.
If A is a non-singular square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 3, then value of |2A’| is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 24
Q.26.
3 1 2
-1
If A = 0 1 2 then │ adj A│ =
0 2 1
(a) 1/ 9 (b) 1 /81 (c) – 9 (d) – 8
Q.27.
2 −1
If A = then │ A3│ is equal to
1 2
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 25 (d) 125
Q.28.

(a) A-1 = B (b) A -1 = 6 B

(c) B-1 = B (d) B -1 = 1/6 A
Q.29.
1 3
If A = and A2 – kA – 5 I = 0 then value of k is
3 4
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9 (CBSE 2024)
Q.30.
𝑎 𝑐 0
If 𝑏 𝑑 0 is a scalar matrix then the value of a + 2b + 3c + 4d is
0 0 5
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 25 (CBSE 2024)
Q.31.
1 21
Given that A -1 = then matrix A is (CBSE 2024)
7 −32
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1
(a) (b) = (c) = (d) =
7 −3 2 −3 2 7 3 2 49 3 2
Q.32.Assertion(A) : If A and B are two non-singular matrix of the same order then
(AB)-1 = A-1 . B -1
Reason (R): If A and B are two square matrix of same order such that A.B = I then
A-1 = B
a work by S.o. tyagi page 28
 CHAPTER 5 – CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
Q. 1. Differentiate w.r.t.x : (x cosx)x + (x sinx)1/x
Q.2. Differentiate sin-1( )w.r.t. x

Q. 3. If y = [x + ]n, then prove that

Q. 4. Prove :

Q.5. If , show that .

Q.6. If , , find at .

Q.7. If x = sin t y = sin mt , prove that :

Q.8. If , show that , hence show that the result holds good

when .

Q. 9. If y = ,than show that

Q. 10. Find dy/dx if y = sin-1 [ x √1 − 𝑥 -  x √1 − 𝑥 ]

Q. 11. If then prove that

Q. 12. Find dy/dx if y = sin-1[ 5x + 12
12√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ]
13
Q.13. If x = and y = prove that dy/dx = - cot 3t
√ √
Q.14. If x 1 + 𝑦 + y √1 + 𝑥 = 0 for -1 < x<1 , Prove that dy/dx = -
( }
Q.15.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 29

Q.16.

Q.17.

Q.18. Discuss the continuity and differentiablity of following function at x = 3

(a) f(x) = [x] f(x) = │x - 3│
Q.19.. Find the values of a and b such that the function fdefined by
f(x) = + a if x <4 , a+b if x = 4 and + b if x >4 is continuous at x=4
│ │ │ │
Q.20.

at x = π /4

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Q.1.

Q.2. Number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] where [.] is greatest integer function on (0, 2021)
is
(a) 2019 (b) 2018 (c) 2020 (d) 2021
Q.3.

Q.4. If y = log (logx) then value of e y dy/dx is

(a) ey (b) 1/x (c) 1/ log x (d) 1/ x log x
Q.5. If y = sinx + y , then dy /dx is equal to
cos x cos x sin x sin x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y 1 1 2y 2y 1 1 2y
a work by S.o. tyagi page 30
Q.6. If y = e ( 1 + logx) then dy / dx is equal to
(a) e (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) x . logx
m n m+n
Q.7. .If x .y = (x + y) then dy/dx is
(a) y/x (b) (c) xy (d) y/x
Q.8.

Q.9.

Q.10.

Q.11.

Q.12.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 31

Q.13.

Q.14.
If x 1 + 𝑦 + y√1 + 𝑥 = 0 then dy/dx =
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( )
Q.15.

Q.16.

Q.17.

Q.18.

Q.19.If xy=yx then dy/dx is equal tox/y

1 log
(a) -y / x (b) – x / y (c) 1 + log (x/y) (d)
1 log
Q.20.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 32

Q.21.
If y =( x + √1 + 𝑥 ) then ( 1+ x 2 ) + x is
2
(a) -y (b) 2x y (c) n2y (d) - n2y
Q.22.
Let f(x) = x │x│ , for all x belongs to R then f(x) is
(a) discontinuous at x =0 (b) continuous and Differentiable at x = 0
(c) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0
(d) continuous but not differentiable at x =0
Q.23.
The value of c that makes the function f defined by
𝑥 − 𝑐 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑐𝑥 + 20, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4
continuous for all real number is
(A) -2 (B) -1 (C) 0 (D) 2
Q.24.
Assertion : The function f (x) = |sin x| is not differentiable at points x = nπ.
Reason : The left hand derivative and right hand derivative of the function f (x) = |sin x|
are not equal at points x = nπ.
Q.25.
If 𝑒 = c then is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Q.26.
The function given by f (x) = sec x is discontinuous on the set
(A) {n𝜋:n∈Z} (B) {2n𝜋: n ∈Z} (C) {n𝜋/2: n∈Z} (D) {( 2n+1)𝜋/2: n ∈Z}
Q.27.
The function f (x) = |x| + |x – 1| is
(A) Continuous at x = 0 as well as at x = 1. (B) Continuous at x = 1 but not at x = 0.
(C) Discontinuous at x = 0 as well as at x = 1.
(D) Continuous at x = 0 but not at x = 1.
NOTES____________________________________________________________________________

a work by S.o. tyagi page 33

 CHAPTER 6- APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE
Q.1. A particle moves along the curve y =4/3 x3 + 5. Find the points on the curve at which the y-
coordinate change twice as fast as x-coordinate.
Q.2. A point source of light along a straight road is at a height of 'a' metres.A boy 'b' metres in height is
walking along the road. How fast is his shadow increasing if he is walking away from the light at the
rate of c meters per minute?
Q.3. For the curve y = 5x – 2x3, if x increases at the rate of 2 units/sec, then how fast is the slope of
curve changing when x = 3? Ans. – 72 unit / sec
Q.4. Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle 𝜋 /4 at the uniform rate of 2
cm2 /sec in the surface area, through a tiny hole at the vertex of the bottom. When the slant height of
cone is 4 cm, find the rate of decrease of the slant height of water. Ans. √2 / 4π cm /sec .
2
Q.5. Find the point on the curvey = 8x for which the abscissa and ordinate change at the same rate.
Q.6. Find the intervals in which the following function is increasing or decreasing:
f(x)= sin x - cos x, 0 < x < 2
Q.7.The combined resistance R of two resistors Rl and R2 (Rl + R2> 0) is given by
1/R = 1/ Rl + 1/ R2 If Rl + R2 = C (Constant), find Rl and R2 so that R is maximum.
Q.8. Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r cm.
Q.9. A wire of length 25 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths of the two pieces so that the combined area of
the square and the circle is minimum?
Q.10. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of its sides on the diameter of the
semi-circle. Find the dimensions of the rectangle so that its area is maximum. Also find its area.
Q.11. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboids with square base and given volume is minimum
when it is a cube.
Q.12. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a metal sheet so as
to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of the material will be least when the depth of the
tank is half of its width.
Q.13. Show that a right circular cylinder of given volume, open at the top, has minimum surface area,
provided its height is equal to the radius of the base.
Q.14. Find the largest possible area of a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm long.
Q.15. A closed right circular cylinder has a volume of 2156 cu cm. What will be the radius of its base
so that total surface area is minimum? (Take  = 22/7 )
Q.16. Show that the height of a cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius
R is 2R / √3.
Q.17. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of sheet of area a 2. Show
that the maximum volume of the box is a3 /6√3.
Q.18. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of height h and
semi-vertical angle 30° is 4/81  h3.
Q.19. Two sides of a triangle have length 'a' and 'b' and the angle between them is θ. What value of θ
will maximize the area of the triangle? Also find the maximum area of the triangle.
a work by S.o. tyagi page 34
Q.20. A rectangular window is surmounted by an equilateral triangle. Given that the perimeter is 16 m,
find the width of the window so that the maximum amount of light may enter.
Q.21. Show that a right circular cylinder which is open at top, and has a given surface area, will have
the greatest volume if its height is equal to the radius of its base.
Q.22. Show that the height of the cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius
12 cm is 16 cm.
Q.23. Find intervals in which the function given by f (x) = sin 3x, π ∈ [ 0 , π /2] is (a) increasing
(b) decreasing.
Q.24. Show that the function f given by f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x, x ∈ R is strictly increasing on R.
Q.25.Show that the function f given by f(x) = tan-1( sinx + cosx) ,x>0 is always an strictly increasing
function in (0, π/4)
Q.26.
If at x=1 the function x4 - 62 x2 + ax + 9 attains its maximum value on the interval [0,2] then the value
of a is
(a) 110 (b) 10 (c) 55 (d) None of these
Q.27.

Q.28.

Q.29.

Q.30.

Q.31.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 35

Q.32.

Q.33.

.Q.34

Q.35.

Q.36.

Q.37.

Q.38.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 36

Q.39.

Q.40.

Q.41. Minimum value of the function f(x) = |𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝑥+3 | is

a) -2 b) 4 c) 1 d) 0
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Q.42. An apache helicopter of enemy is flying along the curve given by f ( x)= x 2 + 7 . An Indian
soldier Aman stood at ( 3, 7 ) want to shoot down the helicopter when it is nearest to him .
Based on above information answer the following questions :
(a) Find the distance ( D) between apache halicopter and aman in terms of x.
(b). For what real value of x first derivative with respect to x will vanish.
(c)For which real value of x first derivative of D 2 w.r.to x will vanish
(d)Find the position of apache helicopter when Aman shoot down it.

Q.43.Raj is playing with a spring by throwing it in the air which is moving along the function :
f(x) = 3x4 – 4x3 – 12x2 + 5.

Spring
From the given case study give the answer of the following questions :
(i) Find the critical points of x which it touches the x-axis :
(ii) Find the interval in which spring is strictly increasing.
(iii) Find the interval in which spring is strictly decreasing.
(iv) Find the values of x at which spring has local maxima.
(v) What is maximum height caused by spring?

Q.44. Reeta goes for walk in a Community Park daily. She notices two specific trees in a line (as seen
in the figure below), whose heights are
AP =16 m and BQ =22 m respectively, are 20 m apart
from each other. She stands at a point (say, at R) in between these trees such that AR = x m.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 37

Using the information given above, answer the following :
(i) Represents value of RP2+ RQ2 in terms of x.
(ii) If RP2+ RQ2 is minimum, then find the value of x .
Q.45. An architect designs a building for a multi-national company. The floor consists of a rectangular
region with semi circular ends having a perimeter of 200m as shown below:

Based on the above information answer the following:

(i) If x and y represents the length and breadth of the rectangular region, then the relation between the
variables is
a) x + π y = 100 b) 2x + π y = 200 c) π x + y = 50 d) x + y = 100
(ii)The area of the rectangular region A expressed as a function of x is
a) 2/𝜋(100 𝑥− 𝑥2) b) 1/𝜋(100 𝑥− 𝑥2) c) 𝑥/𝜋(100− 𝑥) d) 𝜋𝑦2+ 2/𝜋(100 𝑥− 𝑥2)
(iii) The maximum value of area A is
a) 𝜋/3200 𝑚2 b) 3200/𝜋𝑚2 c) 5000/𝜋𝑚2 d) 1000/𝜋𝑚2
(iv) The CEO of the multi-national company is interested in maximizing the area of the whole floor
including the semi-circular ends. For this to happen the valve of x should be
a) 0 m b) 30 m c) 50 m d) 80 m
Q.46.Mr. Ramesh who is an interior designer, design a building and decided to provide entry door in
the shape of rectangle surmounted by semicircle opening. The perimeter of the door is 40 m. Shape of
the door as follows:

Based on the above information, answer the following

questions:
(i) If 2l and 2b represent the length and width of rectangular part of the door, then express the value of
b in terms of l.
(ii) To allow maximum air flow inside the building find the length of door.
(iii) To allow maximum air flow inside the building find the breadth of door.
a work by S.o. tyagi page 38
(iv) Find the area of the door which admit flow of maximum air inside the building .

Q.47. The temperature of a person during an intestinal illness is given by

(𝑥) = −0.1𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 98 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 , m being a constant , where f(x) is the temperature in °F at x days.
(i) Is the function differentiable in the interval (0, 12)? Justify your answer.
(ii) If 6 is the critical point then find the value of m.
(iii) Find the intervals in which the function is strictly increasing/strictly decreasing.
OR
(iii) Find the points of local maximum/local minimum, if any, in the interval (0, 12) as well as the
points of absolute maximum/absolute minimum in the interval
[0, 12].Also, find the corresponding local maximum/local minimum and the absolute
maximum/absolute minimum values of the function.

Q.48. In an elliptical sport field the authority wants to design a rectangular soccer field with the
maximum possible area. The sport field is given by the graph of + =1

(i) If the length and the breadth of the rectangular field be 2x and 2y respectively,
then find the area function in terms of x.
(ii) Find the critical point of the function.
(iii) Use First derivative Test to find the length 2x and width 2y of the soccer field (in
terms of a and b) that maximize its area.
OR
(iii) Use Second Derivative Test to find the length 2x and width 2y of the soccer field
(in terms of a and b) that maximize its area.

Q.49. The relation between the height of the plant' (' in cm y)with respect to its exposure to the
sunlight is governed by the equation y = 4x – ½ x2 , where x is the number of days exposed to the
sunlight, for x . 3
(i) Find the rate of growth of the plant with respect to the number of days exposed to the sunlight.
(ii) Does the rate of growth of the plant increase or decrease in the first three days? What will be the
height of the plant after 2 days?

a work by S.o. tyagi page 39

Q.50. Engine displacement is the measure of cylinder volume swept by all the pistons of the piston
engine. The piston moves inside the cylindrical bore. The cylinder bore in the form of circular cylinder
open at the top is to be made from a metal sheet of area 75 cm2.
Base on above information answer the following questions.
(i)If the radius of cylinder is r cm and height is h cm then find the volumeV in terms of radius r.
(ii) Find dv/dr
(iii) Find volume of cylinder when its volume is maximum.
(iv)For maximum volume h > r. State true and false and justify.

Q.51.The use of electrical vehicle will curb air pollution in long run.
The use of electrical vehicle is increasing every year and estimated electric vehicle in use at any time t
is given by the function V:
V(t)=1/5t3 - 5/2t2 + 25t - 2 where t represent the time and t = 1,2,3,...... corresponds to year
2001,2002,2003,.......respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following questions
(i)Can the above function be used to estimate number of vehicle in the year 2000? Justify.
(ii)Prove that the function V(t) is an increasing function.
Q.52. A store has been selling calculator At Rs 350 each. A market survey indicate that a reduction in
price (p) of calculator increases the number of unit sold. The relation between the price and quantity
sold is given by the demand function p = 450 – ½ x .Based on above information answer the
following questions.
(i) Determine the number of unit (x) that should be sold to maximize the revenue R(x) = x .P(x) . Also
verify the result.
(ii) What rebate in price of calculator should the store give to maximize the revenue?

NOTES_______________________________________________________________________

a work by S.o. tyagi page 40

 CHAPTER 7-INTEGRATION
Integration is just reverse process of differentiation
 ∫ sin x dx = - cos x + c
 ∫cos x dx = sin x +c
 ∫tanx dx = log sec x +c
 ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x | +c
 ∫ cot x dx = log |sin x | + c
 ∫ cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x |+ c
 ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
 ∫ cosec x cot x dx = - cot x +c
 ∫ sec 2x dx = tan x + c
 ∫ cosec 2x dx = - cotx + c
 ∫ xndx = +c
x x
 ∫e dx = e +c
 ∫ ax dx= +c
 ∫ 1 dx = x + c
 ∫ 1/x dx = log x + c
∫ dx = sin-1x +c
√
∫ 𝑑𝑥= tan-1x + c
∫ dx = sec-1 x + c
√
∫ dx = log | |+c
–

∫ dx = log | |+c
–

∫ dx = tan-1 x /a + c
∫ dx = log | x + √𝑥 − 𝑎 | + c
√
∫ dx = sin-1 x/a + c
√
∫ dx =log | x + √𝑥 + 𝑎 | + c
√
 ∫ u. v dx = u ∫ v dx - ∫( ∫v d x) dx
 Integration by parts must be selected in following order.ILATE for selecting u
 (1)Inverse trigonometric function (2) Logarithmic function
 (3) Algebraic function (4) Trigonometric function
 (5) Exponential function
 Integralof type. ∫Logarithmicfunction dx or
 ∫ inverse trigonometric function d x should be done by using by parts by taking 1as second function.
 Integral of type. ∫ eax sinbx dx or
a work by S.o. tyagi page 41
 ∫ eaxcosbx dx. Should start I = ∫ eax sinbx dx or
I = ∫ eax cos bx dx and solve by parts.
 Integial of type ∫ ex[f ( x) + f ‘(x)]dx = ex f(x) + c
 If integrals in the form of
Polynomial
∫ d x and degree of numeratorisequal or greater than degree of denominator than ,First divide.
polynomial
remainder
Nr by Dr and then write quotient +
divisor
 Following trigonometric formulae should used. While performing integration.
1−cos 2x
(1) sin2 x=
2
1 cos 2x
(2)cos 2x = .
2
(3 ) 2 sina.cos b= sin (a + b) + sin (a – b).
(4) 2 cos a .sin b = sin (a + b) – sin ( a – b).
(5) 2 cos a .cos
cos b = cos (a +b ) + cos ( aa- b ).
(6) 2 sin a .sin b = cos (a-b ) – cos ( a + b )
(7) tan2 x = sce2 x – 1
(8) cot2 x = cosec2 x – 1
(9) 1-cos x = 2sin2 x/2.
(10) 1 + cos x = 2cos2 x/2.
(11) √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
( ) 2
 Intcgial of type . ∫ P (x) 𝑄 (𝑥) dx . Or. ∫ dx where Q(x)is linear polynomial put Q (x) = t
( )
 In case of partial fraction
 ( )(
= +
) ( ) ( )

 ( )( )(
= + +
) ( ) ( ) ( )

 = +
( ) ( ) ( )

 = + +
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

 ( )(
= + where𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can not factorized further
) ( ) ( )

 integral of form multiply numerator and denominator by 𝑥 and put 𝑥 = 𝑡

( )

 integral of type put px +q = A d/dx(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + B

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTION OF INTEGRATION

∫

a work by S.o. tyagi page 42




 ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥dx


∫ dx


∫ 𝑑𝑥
 EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS
 (1)∫ (2)∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( )( )

(3)∫ ( )(
dx (4)∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 dx
)

(5) ∫ dx (6)∫ dx
( )( )
√
(7) ∫ dx (8) ∫ dx
.

(9)∫ ( ) ( )
dx (10) ∫ dx
Properties of Definite Integrals

a work by S.o. tyagi page 43

EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Q.1. Q.2.

Q.3. Q.4.

Q.5. Q.6.

Q.7. Q.8.

Q.9. Q.10.

Q.11. Q.12.

Q.13. Q.14.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 44

Q.15. Q.16.

Q.17. Q.18.

Q.19. Q. 20.

Q.21. Q.22.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Q.1.

Q.2.

Q.3.

Q.4.

Q.5.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 45

Q.6.

Q.7.

Q.8.

Q.9.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 46

Q.10.

Q.11.

Q.12.

Q.13.

Q.14.

Q.15.

Q.16.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 47

Q.17.

Q.18.

Q.19.

Q.20.

Q.21.

Q.22.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 48

 CHAPTER 8- APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
Q.1. Find the area of the region included between the parabola y2= x and the line x + y = 2.
Ans:-7/6 sq units
Q.2. Using definite integrals, find the area of the circle x + y = a Ans:-  a2
2 2 2

Q.3. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the following lines:
y = 1 + x + 1,x = - 3, x = 3 and y = 0. Ans :– 16sq units
2 2 2 2
Q.4. Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse x /a + y /b = 1 and the
line x/a +y/b=1. Ans :- ( ab/4– ½ ab ) sq units
Q.5. Make a rough sketch of the region given below and find its area using method of integration:
{(x,y):0 ≤ y ≤ x2 +3,0 y ≤ 2x+3,0 ≤x ≤3 } Ans:– 8/3 sq units
Q.6. Sketch the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded by y = 9x 2, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 4.
Using integration, find the area of the enclosed region. Ans:- 14/9 sq units
Q.7. Using integration, find the area of the It:region given by
{(x, y) : 0 ≤y ≤ x2 + 1, 0 ≤ y ≤x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} Ans:- 4sq units
2 2
Q.8. Find the area of the region lying between two parabolas y = 4ax and x = 4ay where a > 0.
Ans:- 16/3 a 2sq units
Q.9. Sketch a rough graph of the parabola y= ¾ x2 and the line 3x- 2y + 12 = 0 and find the area
bounded by the two curves. Ans:- 27 sq units
Q.10. Using integration, find the area of the triangle ABC, whose vertices have coordinates A (2,0),
B (4,5) and C (6, 3). Ans:- 7 sq units
Q.11. Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the
line y = x and the circle x2 +y2=32. Ans:- 4sq units
2
Q.12. Find the area bounded by the curve x = 4y and the straight line 4y - 2 = x. Ans:- 9/8 sq units
Q.13. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x 2 and the line y = x. Ans:- 1/6 sq units
Q.14. Using integration, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A (0, 5), B (-1, 1) and
C (3, 2). Ans:- 15/2 sq units
Q.15. Using the method of integration find the area of the region bounded by lines:
2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0 Ans- 7/2 sq unit
Q.16. Assertion: The area bounded by the circle y = sin x and y = –sin x from 0 to π is 3 sq. unit.
Reason: The area bounded by the curves is symmetric about x-axis.
Q.17. Assertion : The area bounded by the curve y = cos x in I quadrant with the coordinate axes is 1
sq. unit.

Reason :
Q.18.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 49

Q.19.

Q.20.

Q.21.

Q.22.

Q.23.

Q.24.

Q.25.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 50

 CHAPTER 9. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Q.1.Show that y = a e +be-x is a solution of a differential equation
2x

d2y/dx2 - dy/dx -2y=0

Q.2. Solve the following differential equation
(a) x dy/dx +y = xlog x x≠0
(b) x logxdy/dx +y = 2 log x
(c) x2 dy/dx = y2 +2xy given that y = 1 when x = 1
(d) (x2 - y2 ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 given that y=1 when x =1
(e) x cosydy = (x exlogx + ex) dx
(f) dy/dx +2y tanx = sinx given that y = 0 if x =  /3
Q. 3. Solve the differential equations :
(a) = 1+ x2 + y2 + x2y2
(b) 2y e x/y dx + ( y - 2x ex/y ) dy = 0

(c)

(d)
Q.4.At any point on the curve the slope of tangent is twice tthehe slope of the line joining the point of
contact to the point(-4,-3)
3) find the eequation of the curve passing through (-2,1).
2,1).
Q.5. Solve the differential equation ( 1+ x2 ) dy/dx + y = 𝑒 (CBSE 2014)
Q.6. Solve the differential equation dy/dx + y = sin x (CBSE 2013)
2
Q.7. Find the particular solution of the differential equation x (x -1) dy/dx = 1
y =0 when x =2 (CBSE 2012)
2
Q.8. Solve the differential equation (1+x )dy + 2xydx = cotx dx (CBSE 2012)
Q.9. Solve the differential equation x ( x 2 – 1 ) dy/dx = 1 , given that y = 0 , x = 2
Q.10. For the differential equation xy dy/dx = ( x+2 ) ( y+2) find the solution curve
passing through the point ( 1,-1)
1)
Q.11.Show
Show that the differential equation

is homogeneous and solve it.

Q.12. solve the differential equation

Q.13. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

dx/dy + ycot x = 2x + x2 cot x (x ≠ 0) given that y = 0 when x= π/2
Q.14. Solve the differential equation (1 + x 2) dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx (x ≠ 0)
Q.15. Find the general solution of the differential equation (CBSE 2023)
(a) ( xy – x2 ) dy = y2 dx
(b) (x2 +1) + 2xy = √𝑥2 + 4

a work by S.o. tyagi page 51

Q.16.

Q.17.
Solve the differential equation

Q.18.

Q.19.
Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy,
given that y = –1, when x = 0.
Q.20.
Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x + 1) = 2 e–y – 1,
Given that y = 0 when x = 0.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Q.1.

Q.2.

Q.3.

Q.4.

Q.5.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 52

Q.6.

Q.7. The integrating factor of the differential equation x dy/dx – y = 2x 2

(A) e –x (B) e –y (C) 1/x (d) x
Q.8.

Q.9.

Q.10.

Q.11.

Ans= Order is 2 and degree is 3 because first we will make derivative free from radical sign.
Q.12.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 53

Q.13.

Ans – Order 1, degree 2

Q.14.

Q.15.

Q.16.

Q.17.

Q.18. Assertion: The degree of the differential equation

+3( ) 2 = x2 log ( ) is not defined.
Reason : If the differential equation is a polynomial in the terms of its
derivative then its degree is defined.
Q.19.

Ans- order is 2 and degree is 2 because we will make derivative in the form of polynomial.
a work by S.o. tyagi page 54
 CHAPTER 10- VECTOR
#A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector.
# Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) is given as 𝑂𝑃⃗ = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ, where O is the origin.
#Zero Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide, is called a zero vector (or null
vector), and denoted as 0⃗
#Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1 unit) is called a unit vector. The unit vector in
the direction of a given vector 𝑎⃗ is denoted by aˆ .
⃗
#The unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ is given by
|⃗|
#Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
#Collinear Vectors Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
#Equal Vectors Two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ are said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and
direction regardless of the positions of their initial points.
#Negative of a Vector A vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector , but direction is
opposite to that of it, given vector.
#The scalar components of a vector are its direction ratios, and represent its projections along the
respective axes.
#The scalar components of a unit vector are its direction cosines. While components of a position
vector represents coordinates of the point .
#If 𝑎⃗ is parallel to 𝑏⃗ then 𝑎⃗ = λ 𝑏⃗
#If 𝑎⃗ = xiˆyˆjzk then magnitude of 𝑎⃗ is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
#The sum of the vectors representing the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0⃗
#The triangle law of vector addition states that “If two vectors are represented by two sides of a
triangle taken in order, then their sum or resultant is given by the third side taken in opposite order”.
Vector joining two points
#If P (x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2, y2,z2) are any two points, then 𝑃𝑄⃗ = 𝑂𝑄⃗ - 𝑂𝑃⃗
i.e position vector of Q – position vector of P
the position vector of the point R which divides P and Q internally in the ratio of m : n is given by
𝑂𝑅⃗ = and 𝑂𝑅⃗ = in case of external division.

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OR DOT PRODUCT

(1) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎⃗ | |𝑏⃗ | cos θ

⃗ .⃗
(2) If θ is the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ then cos θ =
|⃗| |⃗|

(3) If 𝑎⃗ ┴ 𝑏⃗ then 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = 0

a work by S.o. tyagi page 55

 (4) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗ . 𝑎⃗ i.e dot product is commutative and
𝑎⃗ .( 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ ) =𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐⃗ i.e dot product is distributive.
(5) 𝑖.i = j .j = k.k = 1 and i.j = j.k = k.i = 0
⃗ .⃗
(6) 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of 𝑎⃗ on 𝑏⃗ =
|⃗|
(7) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗ |2
(8) (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ )2 = |𝑎⃗ |2 + |𝑏⃗ |2 + 2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗
(𝑎⃗ - 𝑏⃗ )2 = |𝑎⃗ |2 + |𝑏⃗ |2 - 2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ and
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ ). (𝑎⃗ - 𝑏⃗ ) = |𝑎⃗ |2 - |𝑏⃗ |2
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ )2 = |𝑎⃗ |2 + |𝑏⃗ |2 +|𝑐⃗ |2 + 2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ + 2 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐⃗ +2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑐⃗
(9) Let 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ be two vectors given in component form as a1iˆ + a2j +a3k and b1iˆ+ b2j+b3 k ,
respectively. Then their dot product may be given by 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT

The vector product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ is denoted by
𝑎⃗ x 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎⃗ | |𝑏⃗ | 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑛 where 𝑛 is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ .

1. 𝑎⃗ x 𝑏⃗ is a vector quantity.
2. Let 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ be two nonzero vectors. Then 𝑎⃗ x 𝑏⃗ = 0 if and only if 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ are parallel.
3.

4.Vector product is not commutative, as 𝑎⃗ x 𝑏⃗ = - 𝑏⃗ x 𝑎⃗

5. If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as 1/2|𝒂⃗ x 𝒃⃗ | while area of

parallelogram is determined as |𝒂⃗ x 𝒃⃗ |

6. Let 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ be two vectors given in component form as a1iˆ + a2j +a3k and b1iˆ+ b2j+b3 k,

respectively. Then their cross product may be given by

𝒂⃗ 𝑿 𝒃⃗
7.A unit vector normal to 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ is given by
|𝒂⃗ 𝑿 𝒃⃗ |

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 ASSIGNMENT OF VECTOR
Q.1. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗= 3𝑖 ̂ + 𝚥̂ - 2 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= 2 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ - 𝑘 .
Q.2. Find the projection of 𝑎⃗= 2𝚤̂ -j + 𝑘 on 𝑏⃗= 𝚤̂ – 2j + 𝑘
Q.3. Find a vector whose magnitude is 3 units and which is perpendicular to the following two
vectors 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + j - 4𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 6𝚤̂ + 5j - 2𝑘
Q.4. If 𝑎⃗= 4𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= 𝚤̂ - 2𝑘 find 2𝑏⃗ x 𝑎⃗.
Q.5. If three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗and 𝑐⃗ are such that 𝑎⃗+𝑏⃗+𝑐⃗= 0, prove that 𝑎⃗x𝑏⃗= 𝑏⃗x𝑐⃗= 𝑐⃗x𝑎⃗
Q.6. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗and 𝑐⃗are position vectors of points A, B and C, then prove that (𝑎⃗𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗𝑎⃗) is
a vector perpendicular to the plane of ABC.
Q.7. If 𝑎⃗= i+ 2j - 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= 3i – j + 2 𝑘 show that (𝑎⃗+ 𝑏⃗) is perpendicular to (𝑎⃗- 𝑏⃗) .
Q.8. If 𝑎⃗=5, 𝑏⃗ = 13 and 𝑎⃗ x 𝑏⃗ = 25, find 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗.
Q.9. Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given by the
vectors 𝚤̂ -3j +𝑘 and 𝚤̂ +𝚥̂ +𝑘 .
2 2 2 2
Q.10. Prove that (𝑎⃗  𝑏⃗.) =𝑎⃗ .𝑏⃗ - (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗)
Q.11. In OAB, 𝑂𝐴⃗= 3 i + 2j - 𝑘 and 𝑂𝐵⃗ = i + 3 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 . Find the area of the triangle.
Q.12. Find the value of A so that the two vectors 2𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ - 𝑘 and 4 𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + A𝑘 are
(i) Parallel (ii) perpendicular to each other
Q.13. If𝑎⃗= 5𝚤̂ - j - 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= 𝚤̂ + 3j - 5𝑘 , then show that vectors 𝑎⃗+ 𝑏⃗and 𝑎⃗- 𝑏⃗ are orthogonal.
Q.14. Show that the vectors 2𝚤̂ - j + 𝑘 , - 3j - 5𝑘 and 3 𝚤̂ - 4𝚥̂ - 4𝑘 form sides of a right angled
triangle.
Q.15. Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC where the position vectors of A, B and C
are 2𝚤̂ - j + 𝑘 , 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 and 2𝚤̂ + 3𝑘 respectively.
Q.16. Express the vector 𝑎⃗= 𝚤̂ – 2j + 5𝑘 as sum of two vectors such that one is parallel to the
vector 𝑏⃗= 3 𝚤̂ +𝑘 and the other is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗.
Q.17. Let 𝑎⃗= 𝚤̂ -j, 𝑏⃗ = 3j – 𝑘 and 𝑐⃗= 7𝚤̂ - 𝑘 . Find a vector d which is perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗
and 𝑐⃗. d = 1.
Q.18. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗+𝑏 ⃗and 𝑎⃗- 𝑏⃗ where 𝑎⃗= 2 𝚤̂ - j + 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= 3𝚤̂ + j - 2𝑘
Q.19. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗and 𝑐⃗ are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, show that they are
equally inclined to the vector (𝑎⃗+ 𝑏⃗+𝑐⃗).
Q.20. Find the projection of 𝑏⃗+ 𝑐⃗ on 𝑎⃗ where 𝑎⃗= 2𝚤̂ – 2j + 𝑘 , 𝑏⃗= 𝚤̂ + 2j - 2𝑘 and 𝑐⃗= 2𝚤̂ - j + 4𝑘
Q.21. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + j + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗= j - 𝑘 , find a vector 𝑐⃗such that 𝑎⃗𝑐⃗= 𝑏⃗and 𝑎⃗.𝑐⃗ = 3.
Q.22. If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0 and 𝑎⃗ = 3, 𝑏⃗= 5, and 𝑐⃗ = 7, show that the angle between𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ is 60°.
Q.23. Show that the area of the parallelogram having diagonals 3i +j- 2𝑘 and i– 3j + 4𝑘 is 53 sq
units.
Q.24. If 𝚤̂ + j + 𝑘 , 2𝚤̂ + 5j, 3𝚤̂ + 2j - 3𝑘 and 𝚤̂ – 6j - 𝑘 are the position vectors of the points A, B, C and
D.Find the angle between 𝐴𝐵⃗ and 𝐶𝐷⃗ . Deduce that 𝐴𝐵⃗ and 𝐶𝐷⃗ are collinear.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 57

Q.25. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF if 𝐴𝐵⃑ = 𝑎⃗ and 𝐵𝐶⃗ = 𝑏⃗ then express 𝐶𝐷⃗ , 𝐷𝐸⃗ , 𝐸𝐹⃑ , 𝐹𝐴⃑, 𝐴𝐶⃑ , 𝐴𝐷⃑ ,
⃐𝐴𝐸 , and 𝐶𝐸⃑ in terms of 𝑎⃗ and b .
Q.26. Define 𝑎⃗ b and prove that 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗  = (𝑎⃗.𝑏⃗ ) tan θ where θ is the angle between the vector 𝑎⃗
and 𝑏⃗
Q.27.If 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ are unit vectors inclined at an angle ө, then prove that sin ө/2 = ½ │𝑎⃗ – 𝑏⃗│
Q.28. If 𝑎⃗,𝑏⃗,𝑐⃗ be unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗.𝑏⃗ = 𝑎⃗.𝑐⃗ = 0 and the angle between 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ is π /6,then
prove that 𝑎⃗ = ± 2 (𝑏⃗×𝑐⃗)
Q.29. if 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗, are vectors such that 𝑎⃗.𝑏⃗ = 𝑎⃗.𝑐⃗ , 𝑎⃗×𝑏⃗ = 𝑎⃗×𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗ ≠ 0,then show that 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐⃗

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON VECTOR

1.
If 𝑎⃗ is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and λ a nonzero scalar, then λ𝑎⃗ is unit vector if
(a) λ = 1 (b) λ = – 1 (c) a = |λ| (d) a = 1/|λ|
2.
√
Let the vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ be such that |𝑎⃗ | = 3 and | 𝑏⃗ | = , then 𝑎⃗×𝑏⃗ is a unit vector, if the angle
between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ is
(a) π/6 (b) π/4 (c) π/3 (d) π/2
3.

(a) ½ (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4

4.
If θ is the angle between two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ , then 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗ ≥ 0 only when
(a) 0 < θ < π/2 (b) 0≤ θ ≤ π/2 (c) 0 < θ < π (d) 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
5.

(a) θ = π/4 (b) θ = π/3 (c) θ = π /2 (d) θ = 2 π /3

6.

(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 3

7.

(a) θ = 0 (b) θ = π / 4 (c) θ = π /2 (d) θ = π

a work by S.o. tyagi page 58

8. Let 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗ , 𝑐⃗ be three vectors of magnitude 3 , 4 and 5 respectivelly . if each one is
perpendicular to the sum of the other two vectors then │𝑎⃗+ 𝑏⃗+𝑐⃗ │ =
(a) 5 (b) 3 √2 (c) 5 √2 (d) 12
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 59

16.

17.

18. If │𝒂⃗│ = 3 . │ 𝒃⃗│= 4 then a value of 𝝀 for which 𝒂⃗ + λ 𝒃⃗ is perpendicular to 𝒂⃗ - λ 𝒃⃗ is

(a) 9 / 16 (b) 3 / 4 (c) 3 / 2 (d) 4 / 3

19.

20.

21.

22.

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 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:
1.Solar Panels have to be installed carefully so that the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun,
produce the largest possible electrical power in the solar panels. A surveyor uses his instrument to
determine the coordinates of the four corners of a roof where solar panels are to be mounted. In the
picture , suppose the points are labelled counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to the camera i
n units of meters P1 (6,8,4) , P2 (21,8,4), P3 (21,16,10) and P4 (6,16,10)
1. What are the components to the two edge vectors defined by A⃗ = PV of P2 – PV of P1 and
B⃗ = PV of P4 – PV of P1? (where PV stands for position vector)
2. Write the vector in standard notation with 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ (where 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ are the unit vectors along the
three axes).
3. What are the magnitudes of the vectors 𝐴⃗ and B⃗ and in what units?
4. What are the components to the vector N⃗, perpendicular to 𝐴⃗ and 𝑩⃗⃗ and the surface of the roof?
5. What is the magnitude of N⃗ and its units? The sun is located along the unit
vector S⃗= 1 /2 𝑖̂ - 6/7𝑗̂ + 1/7 𝑘̂. If the flow of solar energy is given by the vector F = 910 S in units of
watts/meter2, what is the dot product of vectors F⃗ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ N⃗, and the units for this quantity?
6. What is the angle between vectors N⃗ and S⃗ ? What is the elevation angle of the sun above the plane
of the roof? (Cos 510 =0.629 )
ANSWERS
1. 15, 0, 0 : 0, 8, 6 2. Answer 15i+0j+0k Answer 2: 0i+8j+6k
3. Answer : 15 unit , Answer :10 unit 4. N⃗ = A⃗ × B⃗

5.

Thus the dot product of F⃗ . N⃗ is 85,800 watts

6. Angle between the normal to the surface and the incident solar rays.
0
The compliment of this is the elevation of the sun above the plane of the roof or 90-51 = 39 .

2. An instructor at an astronomical centre shows three among the brightest stars in a particular
constellation. Assume that the telescope is located at O(0,0,0) and three stars have their locations at the
point D ,A and V having position vectors 2i +3j +4k , 7i + 5j + 8k
and -3i + 7j + 11 k respectively.
Based on the above information answer the following questions
(i) How far is srar V from star A? (1)
(ii) Find a unit vector in the direction of 𝐷𝐴⃗ . (1)
(iii) Find the measure of angle VDA (2)
Or
What is the projection of vector 𝐷𝑉⃗ on 𝐷𝐴⃗ ? (CBSE 2024)

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 CHAPTER- 11 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Q.1. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A( 1, 2, 1) on the
line joining the points B(1,4,6) and C(5,4,4). Ans: (3,4,5 )
Q.2.A(0, 6, - 9), B(- 3, - 6,3) and C(7, 4, -1) are three points. Find the equation of the line AB.
If D is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point C to the line AB, find the
x y 6 z 9
coordinates of the point D. Ans: = = ; (-1 ,2 ,-5)
1 4 4
x 2 y 1 z 3
Q.3. Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point (0,2, 7) on the line = =
1 3 2
Ans(-3/2,-1/2,4)
Q.4. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P( 1, 8, 4) on
the line joining the points R(0, -1,3) and S(2, - 3, -1). Ans- ( -5/3 , 2/3 , 19/3 )
x y 1 z 2
Q.5.Find the image of the point (1,6,3)in the line = = Ans : (1,0,7)
1 2 3
Q.6. Prove that angle between two diagonals of a cube is cos -11/3.
Q.7.Find the distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by
𝑟⃗ = iˆ+ 2 j − 4 kˆ+ λ (2 iˆ+3ˆj + 6 kˆ)and 𝑟⃗ = 3iˆ+3ˆj −5 kˆ+ μ ( 2iˆ+3 ˆj + 6 kˆ )
Q.8. A line makes angles α, β, γ and δ with the diagonals of a cube, prove that
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = 4/3
Q.9.If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines, show that
the direction cosines of the line perpendicular to both of these
are m1 n2– m2 n1 , n1 l 2− n2 l 1, l 1m2 – l2 m1
Q.10. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, – 4) and perpendicular to
x 8 y 19 z 10 x 15 y 29 z 5
the two lines: = = and = =
3 16 7 3 8 5
x 1 y 2 z 3
Q.11.The Cartesian equations of a line AB are = = . Find the direction cosines of a
√3 2 3
line parallel to AB.
Q.12. Find the vector equation of a line passing through a point with position vector 2i - j + k
and which is parallel to the line joining the points with position vectors -i + 4j + k and
i + 2j + 2k. Also find the Cartesian equivalent of this equation.
Q.13. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point A(2, - 1, 1) and parallel to
the line joining the points B(- 1,4, 1) and C(l, 2, 2). Also find the Cartesian equations of
the line.
x 1 y 3 z 5 x 2 y 4 z 6
Q.14. Show that the lines: = = and = = intersect-Also find the point of
3 5 7 1 3 5
intersection.
x 2 y 1 z 3
Q.15. Find the point on the line : = = at a distance 3√2 from the point (1, 2, 3).
3 2 2
Q.16. Equation of a line passing through point (1,2,3) and equally inclined to the coordinate
axis, is (CBSE 2023)
x y z x y z x 1 y 1 z 1 x 1 y 2 z 3
(a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) = =
1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
Q.17..Assertion (A): If a line makes angles α, β ,γ, with positive direction of the
coordinate axis then sin2 α, + sin2 β, + sin 2 γ, = 2 (CBSE 2023)
a work by S.o. tyagi page 62
 Reason: The sum of square of the direction cosines of a line is 1.
Q.18.Find the equation of the diagonal of the parallelogram PQRS whose vertices are P(4,2,-6)
,Q(5,-3,1), R(12,4,5) and S(11,9,-2). Use these equations to find the point of intersection of
diagonals. (CBSE 2023)
Q.19. A line l passes through point (-1,3,-2) and is perpendicular to both the lines
x y z x 2 y 1 z 1
= = and = = . Find the vector equation of the line l. Hence, obtain its distance
1 2 3 3 2 5
from origin. (CBSE 2023)
x 1 y 1 x 1 y 2
Q.20.Find the shortest distance between the pair of lines = = z and = ; z=2
2 3 5 1
(CBSE 2023 Supp)
x 1 y 3 z 5 x 2 y 4 z 6
Q.21. Show that the lines = = and = = intersect. Also find their
3 5 7 1 3 5
point of intersection. (CBSE 2023 Supp)
Q.22.

Q.23.

Q.24.

Q.25.

Q.26.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 63

Q.27.

Q.28.

Q.29.

Q.30.
The lines x = ay + b, z = cy +d and x = a’y + b’ , z = c’y +d’ are perpendicular if
(a) aa’ +bb’ + cc’ + 1 = 0 (b) aa’+bb’+1 = 0
© bb’+cc’+1 = 0 (d) aa’ + cc’ +1 = 0

NOTES --__________________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER -12 LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
Q.1.Maximize 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦. Subject to the constraints
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 100, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥0. Solve the above LPP graphically.
Q.2. .Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximize Z = 1000x + 600y subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200, y ≥ 4x, 𝑥 ≥ 20, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.3. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Maximize Z = 12x + 16y subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 1200, y ≤ x/2 ,𝑥 – 3y≤ 600,x, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q.4. Solve the following Linear Programming Problem graphically:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10 y
subject to x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x, y ≥ 0
Q.5. Solve the following problem graphically:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y ... (1)
subject to the constraints: x + 3y ≤ 60 ... (2)
x + y ≥ 10 ... (3)
x≤y ... (4)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ... (5)
Q.6. Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function
Z = – 50x + 20y ... (1)
subject to the constraints:
2x – y ≥ – 5 ... (2)
3x + y ≥ 3 ... (3)
2x – 3y ≤ 12 ... (4)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ... (5)
Q7. Maximise Z = – x + 2y, subject to the constraints:
x ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 5, x + 2y ≥ 6, y ≥ 0.
Q.8. Maximise Z = x + y, subject to x – y ≤ –1, –x + y ≤ 0, x, y ≥ 0.
OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT ON L.P.P
Q.1.The corner points of the feasible region determined by the following system oflinear inequalities:
2x + y ≤ 10, x + 3y ≤ 15, x, y ≥ 0 are (0, 0), (5, 0), (3, 4) and (0, 5). Let
Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0. Condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z
occurs at both (3, 4) and (0, 5) is
(A) p = q (B) p = 2q
(C) p = 3q (D) q = 3p
Q.2.The corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of
linear constraints are (0, 10), (5, 5), (15, 15), (0, 20).Let Z = px + qy, where p, q > 0.Condition on p and
q so that the maximum of Z occurs at both the points (15, 15) and (0, 20) is
(A) p = q (B) p = 2q
(C) q = 2p (D) q = 3p

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Q.3. Corner points of the feasible region determined by the system of linear
constraints are (0, 3), (1, 1) and (3, 0). Let Z = px+qy, where p, q > 0. Condition
on p and q so that the minimum of Z occurs at (3, 0) and (1, 1) is
(A) p = 2q (B) p =q/2
(C) p = 3q (D) p = q
Q.4.In a LPP, the linear function which has to be maximised or minimised is
called a linear __________ function.
Q.5.The common region determined by all the linear constraints of a LPP is
called the _______ region.
Q.6.In a LPP, the linear inequalities or restrictions on the variables are called-------
Q.7. If the feasible region for a LPP is _________, then the optimal value of the
objective function Z = ax+ by may or may not exist.
Q.8. In a LPP if the objective function Z = ax+ by has the same maximum value on
two corner points of the feasible region, then every point on the line segment
joining these two points give the same _________ value.
Q.9. A feasible region of a system of linear inequalities is said to be _________ if it
can be enclosed within a circle.
Q.10.The feasible solution for a LPP is shown in given Let Z = 3x – 4y be the

O bjective function. Minimum of Z occurs at

(A) (0, 0) (B) (0, 8)
(C) (5, 0) (D) (4, 10)
Q.11Refer to question 10 Maximum of Z occurs at
(A) (5, 0) (B) (6, 5)
(C) (6, 8) (D) (4, 10)
Q.12.Refer to question 10 (Maximum value of Z + Minimum value of Z) is
equal to
(A) 13 (B) 1 (C) – 13 (D) – 17
a work by S.o. tyagi page 66
Q.13.The feasible region for an LPP is shown in the given figure. Let F = 3x – 4y be
the objective function. Maximum value of F is.

(A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) – 18

Q.14. Refer to question 13 Minimum value of F is
(A) 0 (B) – 16 (C) 12 (D) does not exist
Q.15. Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0, 2), (3, 0), (6, 0), (6, 8)
and (0, 5).Let F = 4x + 6y be the objective function.
The Minimum value of F occurs at
(A) (0, 2) only (B) (3, 0) only
(C) the mid point of the line sgment joining the points (0, 2) and (3, 0) only
(D) any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and (3, 0).
Q.16. Refer to question 15, Maximum of F – Minimum of F =
(A) 60 (B) 48
(C) 42 (D) 18
Q.17. Assertion (A) : The corner points of the bounded feasible region of a LPP are shown below. The
minimum value of Z = x +2y occurs at infinite Points. (CBSE2024)
Reason( R) : The optimal solution of a LPP having bounded feasible region must occur at corner
Points.

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 CHAPTER 13. PROBABILITY
Q.1. The probabilityof student A passing an examination is 2/9 and of student B passing is
5/9 Assuming that the events 'A passes', 'B passes' as independent, find the probability of
(i) only A passing the examination.(ii) only one of them passing the examination.
( Ans-8/81,43/81)
Q.2. A bag contain 4 balls.Two balls are drawn at random and find to be white .What is the
probability that All balls are white.(C.B.S.E2010) Ans- 3/5
Q.3. Bag I contain 1 black 2 white and 3 red ball,bag II contain 2 black, 4 white and 1 red ball ,
bag III contain 4 black , 5 white and 3 red ball. A bag is selected at random and then two
balls are randomly drawn from the selected bagthey happens to be black and red .What is
the probability that they come from bag I. Ans- 231/551
Q.4. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution and mean of the number of aces drawn. (CB.S.E.1998)
Q.5 . Four bad eggs are mixed with 10 good ones. If 3 eggs are drawn one by one without
replacement, findprobability distribution of number of bad eggs drawn. (CB.S.E.1999)
Q.6. Three bags contain 7 white, 8 red; 9 white, 6 red and 5 white 7 red balls respectively. One
ball is drawn random from each bag. Find the probability that all of them are of the same
colour. (CB.S.E.2000) ( Ans-217/900)
Q.7. A company has two plants to manufacture scooters. Plant I manufactures 70% of the
scooters and II manufactures30%. At plant I, 80% of the scooters are rated of standard
quality and at plant II 90% of scooters l are rated of standard quality. A scooter is chosen at
random and is found to be of standard quality. Find the probability that it hascome from
Plant II. (CB.S.E. 2000,2005) ( Ans-0.4795)
Q. 8. Ramesh appears for an interview for two posts A and B for which selection is independent. The
Probability selection for post A is 1/6 and for post B is1/7 . Find the probability that Ramesh is
selected for at least one posts. (C.B.S.E.2001)( Ans-2/7)
Q.9. A speaks truth in 60% of the cases and B in 90% of the cases. In what percentage of cases are they
likely contradict each other in stating the same fact? (C.B.S.E.2001)( Ans-42%)
Q.10. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 3 black balls. If 3 balls are drawn one by one without
replacement, Find the probability that none is red. (C.B.S.E.2002C)..( Ans-8/65)
Q.11. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students whose chances of solving it are
1/3,1/5,1/6 respectively.Find the probability that one of them is able to solve the problem
correctly. (C.B.S.E. 2003)( Ans-19/45)
Q.12. 12 cards; numbered 1 to 12 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then a card is
D rawn at random from the box. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more
than 3, find the probability that it is an even number. (C.B.S.E.2008) ( Ans- 5/9)
Q.13. A and B throw a pair of dice turn by turn. The first to throw 9 is awarded a prize. If A starts the
game, show that the probability of A getting the prize is 9/17.(C.B.S.E. 2008) .
Q.14. A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times. B can hit the target 3 times out of 4 times and C can hit
2 times out of 3 times.They fire simultaneously. Find the probability that

a work by S.o. tyagi page 68

 (i) any two out of A, Band C will hit the target.
(ii) none of them will hit the target. (CB.S.E. 2005) ( Ans-13/30,1/60)
Q.15. A box contains 13 bulbs out of which 5 are defective. 3 bulbs are randomly drawn, one by One
with replacement from the box. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs. (CB.S.E. 2005)
Q.16. One bag contains 1 red and 3 blue balls, a second bag contains 2 red and 1 blue ball and a
third bag contains 4 red and 3 blue balls. One bag is chosen at random and two balls are
drawn from it. If one ball is red and the other isblue, find the probability that they were picked up
from the second bag. (CB.S.E. 2005) ( Ans-28/73)
Q.17. Often it is taken that a truthful person commands more respect in the society.A man is
known to speak truth 4out of 5 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a 6. Find the
probability that it is acually . (C.B.S.E. 2008 ,2013) ( Ans-4/9)
Q.18.In a hockey match, both team A and B Scored same number of goals up to the end of
game,so to decide the winner the referee asked both the captain to throw a die alternately
and decided that the team , whose captain gets a six first will be declared the winner. If the
captain of team A was was asked to start ,find their respective probabilities of winning the
match and state the decision of the referee was fair or not.
(C.B.S.E.2013)Ans A-6/11 and B-5/11
Q.19. The probabilities of two student A and B coming to the school in time are 3/7and 5/7
respectively. Assuming that the event ,’A coming in time ’ and ‘ B coming in time are
independent. Find the Probability of only one of them coming to the school in time.
(C.B.S.E. 2013) Ans- 26/49
Q.20.Three numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denote the larger of the three numbers obtained. Find probability
distribution and expected value of X. (C.B.S.E-2016)
Q.21.A,B and C, throw a pair of dice in that order alternately till one of them gets a total of 9
And wins the game. Find their respective probability of winning,if A starts first.
(C.B.S.E-2016) Ans – A- 81/217 ,B- 72/217 C- 64/217
Q.22. An envelope is known to have come from either CALCUTTA or TATANAGAR. On the
envelope only two consecutive letters TA is visible. What is the probability that the letter
has come from CALCUTTA?
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Q.1. An insurance company believes that people can be divided into two classes: those who are
accident prone and those who are not. The company’s statistics show that an accident-prone person
will have an accident at sometime within a fixed one-year period with probability 0.6, whereas this
probability is 0.2 for a person who is not accident prone. The company knows that 20 percent of
the population is accident prone.
Based on the given information, answer the following questions. (i) what is the probability that a
new policyholder will have an accident within a year of purchasing a policy? (2 marks)
(ii) Suppose that a new policyholder has an accident within a year of purchasing a policy.
What is the probability that he or she is accident prone? (2 marks)
a work by S.o. tyagi page 69
 Q.2. A doctor is to visit a patient. From past experience, it is known
𝟑 𝟏
that the probabilities that he will come by train , bus, scooter or car respectively are ( ), ( ),
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( ) and ( ). The probabilities that he will be late are ( ), ( ) and ( ), if he comes by train, bus
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐
and scooter respectively, but if he comes by car, he will not be late.Based on the above
information answer the following
(a) What is the probability that the doctor will come late? (2 marks)
(b) When he arrives he is late, find the probability that he comes by scooter. (2marks)
Q.3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
In an Office three employees Jayant, Sonia and Oliver process incoming copies of a certain form.
Jayant processes 50%of the forms, Sonia processes 20% and Oliver the remaining 30% of the
forms. Jayant has an error rate of 0.06 , Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and Oliver has an error rate
of 0.03 . Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find the probability that Sonia processed the form and committed an error. (1marks)
(ii) Find the total probability of committing an error in processing the form. (1marks)
(iii) The manager of the Company wants to do a quality check. During inspection, he selects a form at
random from the days output of processed form. If the form selected at random has an error, find
the probability that the form is not processed by Jayant. OR (2marks)
(iii) Let E be the event of committing an error in processing the form and let E 1, E2, and E3 be the 
events that Jayant, Sonia and Oliver processed the form. Find the value of ∑ 𝑃( ).
Q.4. Recent studies suggest that roughly 12% of the world population is left handed.
Depending upon the parents the chance of having a left handed child are as follows :
A : When both father and mother are left handed :
Chance of left handed child is 24%
B : When father is right handed and mother is left handed :
Chance of left handed child is 22%
C : When father is left handed and mother is right handed :
Chance of left handed child is 17%
D : When both father and mother are right handed :
Chance of left handed child is 9%
Assuming that P(A)=P(B)=P(C)=P(D)=1/4 and L denotes the event that child is left handed
Based on the above information, answer the following questions :

(i) Find P (L / C) (1marks)

(ii) Find P (𝐿 / A) (1marks)
(iii) Find P (A / L) (2marks) (CBSE2023)
Or

Find the probability that a randomly selected child is left handed given that exactly one of the
parents is left handed.
a work by S.o. tyagi page 70
Q. 5. In a group activity class, there are 10 students whose ages are16,17,15,14,19,17,16,19,16 and 15
years. One student is selected at random such that each has equal chance of being chosen and age
of the student is recorded
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions
(i) Find the probability that the age of the selected students is a composite number. (1marks)
(ii) Let x be the age of the selected students. What can be the value of x? (1marks)
(iii)Find the probability distribution of randome variable x and hence find mean age.(2marks)
Or
(iii)A student was selected art random and his age was found to be greater than 15 years find the
probability that his age is a prime number. (CBSE2023 Supp)
Q.6. Rohit, Jaspreet and Alia appeared for an interview for three vacancies in the same post. The
probability of rohit’s selection is 1/5 , Jaspreet’s selection is 1/3 and Alia’s selection is 1 /4.
The event of selection is independent of each other.
Based on above information answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that at least one of them is selected? ( 1)
(ii) Find P ( G / 𝐻 ) where G is the event of the Jaspreet’s selection and 𝐻 denote the event that
Rohit is not selected. (1)
(iii) Find the Probability that exacty one of them is selected (2)
Or
Find the probability that exactly two of them are selected CBSE2024 )

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ON PROBABILITY

Q.1.

Q.2. If two events A and B are such that P (A’) = 0.3 , P (B) = 0.4 and P (A ∩ B ‘ ) = 0.5
Then P ( )=
∪
(a) 1 /4 (b) 1/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 2/5
Q.3.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 71

Q.4.

Q.5.

Q.6.

Q.7.

Q.8.

Q.9.

Q.10.

a work by S.o. tyagi page 72

Q.11.

Q.12.

Q.13.
Two dice are thrown . If it is known that the sum of the numbers on the dice is less then 6 ,
the probability of getting a sum 3 is
(a) 1 /8 (b) 2/5 (c) 1/5 (d) 5/18
Q.14.

Q.15.

Q.16.
If for two events A and B P(A_B) = 1/5 and P( A) = 3/5 then P (B/A ) is equal to
(CBSE2023)
(a) 1 /2 (b) 3/5 (c) 2/5 (d) 2/3

(a work by S.o.tyagi)

a work by S.o. tyagi page 73