THE INVOLVEMENT OF EDUCATED WOMEN IN MICRO &

SMALL ENTERPRISE
(IN CASE OF MIZAN AMAN TOWN)

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ECONOMICS PARITIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE BACHELOR OF ARTS (BA) DEGREE IN ECONOMICS.

PREPARED BY: ABDI ABATEMAM

ID.NO:BER/001/10
ADVISOR: MIS.MEKDES GEZHEGN

MIZAN TEPI
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF
BUSINESS
AND
 ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

JAN, 2021
MIZAN, ETHIOPIA
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT

Above all, it is the grace, mercy, fully, forgiveness, help and kindness of the almighty of Allah
and who has made me still alive and achieves success and courage to go through all the difficult
time.

Secondly, I have no enough words that express my deepest gratitude and profound thanks to my
senior essay advisor Mis.Mekdes Gezhegn for giving her sound and constructive advice and
helping me in all side of my weakness to the success of this paper and I like to say, God bless
him and his family in every place.

Thirdly, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my Family, help me financially and ideas
from start of my education to the end of this education and ,all my friends I appreciated.

Lastly, but not the least my heartfelt thanks goes to all those who credited to the successful
completion of this paper.

ABSTRACT

For development of any country, the role of women education is the crucial one, especially for
third world countries like Ethiopia. It is obvious that Micro and Small enterprise having active
women participation had been playing a prominent role in poverty alleviation and local
economic growth. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to examine the involvement of women
education in micro & small enterprise case of Mizan aman town.To conduct this study the data
was collected from primary and secondary sources . The primary sources are questionnaire and
interviews while secondary sources are different books. On the data to be collected descriptive
analysis such as percentage, tables were used to come up with major findingsBased on the

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results the study was reached into conclusion that educated women’s has a positive impact on
economic development even if girls were always been in a disadvantageous position in terms of
access to and success in education. Therefore, the researcher recommended enhancing women’s
education that promotes women participation in micro &small enter price, developing economic
policies and providing social and economic safety and security of women’s.

Key words: micro and small enterprise, women education.

ACRONOMYS AND ABREVIATION

CSA Central Statistical Authority

ESPS Ethiopian Society of Population study

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia

GPI Gender Parity Index

GER Governmental Enrollment Rate

MSE Micro & Small enterprise

PASD Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development

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TABELE CONTETS
AKCNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................II
ACRONOMYS AND ABREVIATION.......................................................................................................I
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Back ground of the study................................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of the problem...................................................................................................................6
1.3 Objective of the study........................................................................................................................8
1.3.1 General Objective.......................................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Specific objective......................................................................................................................8
1.4 Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................................8
1.5 Limitation of the study.......................................................................................................................8
1.6 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................................9
1.7 Organization of the Study..................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................10
LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................................10
2.1. Terminologies of concepts and Definition......................................................................................10
2.2 Definition of Education...................................................................................................................10
2.3 Education and Economy..................................................................................................................11
2.4 Investment in Female Education......................................................................................................12
2.5 Why Female‘s Education is Important.............................................................................................12
2.6 The need for Gender Analysis in Education....................................................................................13
2.7. Demand for Education....................................................................................................................13
2.8. The Ethiopian context.....................................................................................................................14
2.9 Benefit of Female Education...........................................................................................................15
2.10 Empowering women......................................................................................................................16
2.11 Empowerment in the Context of Development..............................................................................16
2.12 Women and Environment..............................................................................................................16
2.13 Barriers to Female Education.........................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................19

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 3.1 Description of study Area................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Design..............................................................................................................................19
3.3 The Method and source of data........................................................................................................19
3.4 Sample size determination...............................................................................................................20
3.5 Method of sampling technique.........................................................................................................20
3.6 Method of Data analysis..................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................21
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTER PRETATION....................................................................................................21
4.1.demographic information of respondents were properly filled the questionnaires........................22
Table 1: sex composition of education..............................................................................................22
Table 2 age composition of educated women’s................................................................................22
4. 2 Responses towards involve of educated women in micro& small enterprise.................................22
4.3 Comparison levels of micro& small enterprise of educated women...............................................23
Table 3 knowledge from the sector...................................................................................................23
4.4 The educated women toward starting new micro& small enterprise.............................................24
Table 4 how interested are women in shifting up their own micro enterprise..................................24
4.5 motivation for new micro &small enterprise creative.....................................................................25
Table 5 creative motivation for new micro &small enterprise..........................................................25
Table 6 sources of micro& small enterprise of educated women......................................................25
4.6 Micro& small enterprise knowledge of women’s............................................................................26
4.7 Source of micro & small enterprise knowledge of educated women..............................................26
4.8 Micro & small enterprise vision of women’s...................................................................................26
Table 7 micro &small enterprise vision of woman.............................................................................26
4.9 family/relative in micro &small enterprise......................................................................................27
4.10 micro & small enterprise towards social, cultural, economical and political condition.................27
Table 9 cultural environment............................................................................................................27
4.11 economic environment assessment..............................................................................................28
Table 10 economical environment assessment.................................................................................28
4.12 An assessment of political –legal environment..............................................................................29
Table 11 the political –legal assessment...........................................................................................29
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................31
CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................31
5.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................31

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 5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................................32
REFERECE...............................................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................35

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the study
Throughout history, it has been witnessed that whatever domination and suppression existed,

people formed all sorts of means to break chains of the domination .The struggle for women’s

equal right and for their full participation in all forms of decision making mechanisms is not an

exception.

Women for centuries have been voicing their concerns about legislation government policies,

traditional customers and religious beliefs. Which have been instrumental to bring women

subordinate stets. Despite the value of education and it is effect on economic growth. Women’s

subordinate is still a serious problem due to gender row of female children is one of the most

eligible reasons for not expanding on their education. By means of investing on women

education. The position of women in economic, social, cultural and political life increases

(Ethiopian population studies,2008)

Even though FDRE give much attention to women and include women as central issue on PASD
to liberate woman from productivity task their participation in the labor force in social and
political process of the country which include increasing woman education but situation woman
in Ethiopia is much different from those many part of Africa.(EPRDF, 2005)

It is widely known that education enhance labor market productivity and income growth but
educating woman also has beneficial effects on measure of social well- being not measured by
the market rising level of education. Improve women’s productivity in the home which in them
can increase family, health child survival and investment in children capital.(world bank,2008)

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Ethiopia is located in the horn of Africa.it is the only country of Africa that escaped western
colonization. Yet today, Ethiopia remains one of the world poorest countries of with population
size exceeding 100 million people, 78 percent of live on less than 2 dollar per day (Ethiopian
society of population studies;2008)

Ethiopia’s struggle with poverty and slow development is inextricably tied to its history of
conflict, current drought and environmental degradation. This situation is further complicated by
deep traditional social and economic patterns that place power full constraints on the rights of
women and their opportunities to direct their own lives or participate in all contribute to
community and national development (Ethiopian society of population studies -2008)

The Ethiopian government in partnership with many non- governmental organizations has
targeted the needs of women in its efforts to meet the united nation millennium development
goals. Although women’s right are protected by the Ethiopian constitution. Male dominance
remains the order off the day in both public and private spheres. Education clearly impact social
benefits experience beyond the individual family. These benefit range from fostering economic
growth. To extending the average life expectancy in the population to improving the functioning

of political process (Emily Gretland,BenjaminRobinson,Tasmia Baig;2014)

Although women consist half of the county’s population and have high contribution to the
economic development and welfare of the society they do not equally benefit from the national
wealth. The Ethiopian education and training policy major document that aims to provide
education and enables removal of attitudes, stereo types and practices that negatively affect
women’s education. (Hareg, 2005)

1.2 Statement of the problem

Women’s in Ethiopia have been subjected to various forms of gender based discriminations.
Under traditional customary rules and practices which may have impacts on economic, political
and social status of women’s in the country. (Emily Gretland, Benjamin Robinso, Tasmia Baig;2014);

Women constitute more than half of the population of Ethiopia. But their environment rate and
their participation in education and involve of them in micro& small enterprise is very low when
compared with males. This is because of cultural and social –economic factor. However any

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effort made without recognition of women participation without bring the expected result in
terms of production growth and development (MOE. 2003. E.C)

Young female’s service considerably less education than young males in almost every
developing county. Women’s enrolment in primary and secondary education is lower than that
are men by at least 10%. This educational gender gap is the greatest in poorest countries of our
continent.

Education is corner stone of women empowerment .because in enables them to respond to

opportunities. To challenge their traditional roles and to change their lives despite the clear
advantage of female education, parents tend to prefer to educate their sons. Across role in life is
perceived solely as a link to the house hold and thus formal education may be seen as waste of
resources.(MOE. 2003. E.C)

Education of women is one of the most cost effective means of improving structural challenges.
Studies by UN, WB and other agencies have concluded that the social benefit alone of increased
education of girls more than sufficient to cover its cost. Even before considering the added
earning power this education bring (Todaro-2002)

Since high population growth rate is major factor that causes back ward ness for countries like
Ethiopia women’s role status have a direct concern on reproductive and contractive use
knowledge. Health care system and nutrition which results in decline of the total fertility rate.
Therefore participation in micro& small enterprise has not been valued in Ethiopia. Women
have relived their fair share of the national wealth. And also it is hard fact to widen the access of
woman to education training other services and also to narrows the gender gap in education.
(world bank;2008)

Even if there are favorable condition for increasing school enrolment due to commitment of
government toward improving education opportunities to improvement is still benefiting male
more than female. (Todaro-2002)

Therefore the educational gap between male and female severely affecting and hindering the
development of country ,and also in mizan aman town the problem is prevalent and visible that
need urgent response from the government.

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So in this study an attempt will be made to find out involvement of educated women in micro &
small enterprise by raising the following questions.

• Why woman participation in micro & small enterprise is very low when compared with
male

• Why women education is so important for their participation in micro& small enterprise

• How can women education aid micro &small enterprise

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General Objective

General objective of the study is to investigating woman participation of education to examine its
involvement in micro & small enterprise in case of Mizan aman town.

1.3.2 Specific objective

The specific objective of the study includes:

• Assessing involvement rate of female in relation to their male counterpart in micro and
small enterprise

• To evaluate challenge facing and benefit gaining of woman in micro &small enterprise.

• To evaluate the importance of women education to participate in micro and small

enterprise.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Educating woman benefits the whole society. Educating women has a more significance impact
on poverty reduction than men’s education. By identifying the problem why women’s drop out
and make reputation and it is involvement on micro & small enterprise. It could be possible to
create awareness in the society although there is affirmative action at all level of education to
increase women’s participation there is still unsatisfactory change.

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The study will have significant contribution in providing information for responsible bodies by
recommending possible solutions by initiating for further study in the area, can solve the
problem, and will be bring change.

1.5 Limitation of the study

In the real world where we are, living every aspects of activity faces some difficulties while it
has been undertaken. Therefore, this study had meeting with some difficulties to its completion.
For the development of this research, these difficulties are such as lack of finance, absence of
adequate and recent literature in the study area, which forces to spend much time and effort on
developing the research.

1.6 Scope of the study

The finding of the study was examining on the involving of educated women in micro& small
enterprise in case of Mizan aman town by using both primary and secondary data. The scope of
the study also limited to identify many problems of woman education and its involvement in
micro& small enterprise.

1.7 Organization of the Study

Generally this study consists five chapters, these are: chapter one deals with introduction about
the whole study which includes back ground of the study, statement of the problem, objective of
the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study, scope of the study and finally
organization of the study. Second chapter deals with the views of related literatures from
different sources like the previously worked research and different published materials. The third
chapter deals with methodology used. The fourth chapter is concerned with discussion part.
Which is finding of the study. Finally in chapter five the conclusion of the study is given and
some recommendation were raised based on identified problem.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Terminologies of concepts and Definition

Education has been a central focus of women seeking to improve their conditions and to rise
their status for enterprise. Education imparts skill that created options for the individual in
economic, social and political life. It is an instrument for attaining high status positions.
Education earns experts. The education system is also one of the most important institutional
components of gender system.

Education can mobilize the respect fullness of women to contribute most effectively though their
surroundings. Therefore women’s should be fully involved in human resource development.
(Gender library, 1999)

Women are central core to development process. In Africa they comprise over 50%of adults
population which is the same as that of Ethiopia produce 90% 0f food processing, raise children
and maintain the house hold (ibid)

2.2 Definition of Education

Education is an investment in human capital and social development and serve as route for
the transmission of culture from one generation to another and it consist of element as
presentation ,innovation and replacement of harm full tradition by use full ones.(International
encyclopedia of the social science 1967)

Hegel’s logic is a search for the external forms of reason, this philosophy of nature is attempted
to trade those abiding forms internal process of manifestation. Hence all forms of social life all
hum institution each its educational value reminds educations.

On the other hand houses through argues that there are three important destination of education
being carried on independently of one another but that in all education three factor need to be
taken into account

A. The internal impulse to growth which ascertains determinate direction depending on

the original nature of child.

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 B. Shaping the influences of physical environment making it self-sufficient through
personal experience

C. The modification of the child national by means of leaching with the view to social
leads. Additionally he defined education as learning of adoption to environment lacks theory of
language he also defined education on his through written in 1996 as natural and universal
function of society that many generations reading are divided into six categories.

2.3 Education and Economy

Education is an investment that has certain economy return and titled with traditional
economic variable.

There are difficulties in attempting to see the relationship of education to the economy.
These are.

1. The improbability of adequately measuring the external economic of education.

2. The fact superior income of educated person especially in underdeveloped country

may be and often is due to traditional class and case to influence for monopolistic controls with
the educated class may have varies fields of production.

3. The possibility that the economic advantage of education portion of the population is due to an
intrinsic superiority. Education has consumption side as well as an investment component. The
consumption aspect of education unfortunately least than in the advanced countries, whereas
consumption aspect of education can be born more easily (Benson, 1963)

Education and its Economic Value

Education has an economic value to cultivate and to discover potential talents. the capabilities of
children and matured students can never known until they have been known as cultivated.
Schooling increases the capability of people to adjust changes in job opportunism associated
with economic growth. Schooling in this connection is valuable because it is a source of
flexibility in making occupation and adjustments. (Todaro, 2002)

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2.4 Investment in Female Education
Female’s education has high social rates of return. It is widely claimed that educated women
many later. Want fever children and are more likely to use effective method of contraception.
The move educated the mother to the lower is material mortality and healthier is the child. It is
educated that child mortality fails by about 8% for each additional year of parental schooling for
at least first eight to ten year of schooling. . (M .anne hill; 2006 )

2.5 Why Female‘s Education is Important

Young female receive less education than males in almost all poor countries. So closing the
educational gender gap by expanding educational opportunities for women is economically
desirable for four reasons.

1. The rate of returns on women’s education is higher than that of men’s in most developing
countries.

2. increasing women’s education not only increase their productivity on the farm and in the
factory but also results in great Labor force participation, latter marriage, lower fertility and
greatly improved child health and nutrition.

3. Improved child health and nutrition and more educated mothers lead to multiplier effect on the
quality of a nation’s human resource for many generations to come.

4. Because women carry all proportionate burden of the poverty and hand less ness that per male
developing societies. Any significant improvement in their role and status via education can have
an important impact on breaking the victims’ cycle of poverty and in adequate schooling
(Todaro-2002)

Education has enormous importance both creating skills and in guiding people. Whatever their
talents into their most productive roles education help human being to discover and utilizer
materials and resource that previous generation did not appreciate improvement in efficiency
include large category of potentialities variously described as technology, innovation,
improvement, in equality of labor force and education itself (Benson, 1963)

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Education and Economic Development

In the process of economic development an important shift involves around education. It has a
permanent place in the in the economist on human capital and modernization progress. Since the
private financial return of education is quite substantial.

The fundamental contribution of education on economic growth is to increase the level of skill,
talents, knowledge and experience of people to be more enabled in the work force (Benson,
1963)

2.6 The need for Gender Analysis in Education

There are many reasons that we need gender analysis in education some of which are

1. Gender equity is the priority for all. Development practitioners

2. Including between sexes. However the reality show that are discriminated against boys. For
example An even distribution in all levels of education.

3. Enrollment level of girls is lower than boy and the gap is being increased in many counties
and high dropout level.

4. The level of literacy rate is too low for girls (ESDP III, p.15).

2.7. Demand for Education

Research into the constraints to girls schooling explains the persistence of gender gaps.

Girls in poor house hold are particularly likely miss out on schooling because of the perceived
and actual opportunity cost (ESDP III, p.15 ().)

Opportunity costs

The opportunity costs of girls schooling are high for poor households in developing countries
and often exceeds the opportunity costs of boys schooling .opportunity costs include lost choice.

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The cost of education to households affects both the enrollment and dropout rates. Even when
girls are attending school they are still required to help with households choices. Which hamper
their achievement in school and thus there possibility of continuity in education un fore seen
incidents such as the illness of a house hold member can mean the daughters are required to drop
out of school.

2.8. The Ethiopian context

Ethiopia is patriarchal society that keeps woman in subordinate position. There is a believe that
women are choice submissive. Patient and tolerant of monotonous work and violence for which
culture is used as justification.

The socialization process which determines gender is partly responsible for the subjugation of
women in the country. Ethiopia society is socialized in such a way that girls are held inferior to
boy. In the process of upbringing boys are expected to learn and became self-reliant ,major bread
winner and responsible in different activity will girls are brought up to conform be obedient and
dependent and specialize in door activities like cooking, washing clothes, fetching water, earning
for children .(Ethiopian society of populations studies 2008)

Low education level is one of the causes and consequences of female’s low socio economic
status in spite the fact that significant progress has been realized in girls education during the
decade gender gap is still observed. According to various statistical abstract of the MDE the
share of female students has increased from 21% to 25% between the year 1998\99 and 2002\03.

Though female enrollment (GER) in primary education has increased from 45% in 1999 (2007
54% in 2002\03) the respective figures for males are 61%&75% the gender gap is clearly
observed when the gender parity index (GPI)

The ratio of female enrollment is considered

Women in Ethiopia

From her birth an Ethiopian female most families is lower status and command tittle respect
relative to her brothers and male counter parts as soon as she is able starts caring for younger
siblings helps in food preparation and spends long hours hailing water and fetching fire wood.

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Low status characterized virtually every aspect of girls and women’s lives. Given the heavy
work load imposed on girls on the early age. Early marriage without choice and subservient role
to both husband &matter in low girl and women left with view opportunity to make and act on
their own decision (WNDER-2007)

Data from ministry of education reveals that women are less represented in education. At all
level specially at secondary and tertiary level. Women’s is also disadvantage in the work place.

This include low level of education in rural areas in adequate health care facilities ,harm full
traditional practice and lack of appropriate nutrition because of poverty and culture and socially
condoned violence against women (world bank ;2008)

The survey conducted by the central statistical authority (CSA 2004) showed that woman
account for less than half 143% of the total employees in country considering the percentage of
female employees from the total number of employers by employment type. The height was the
domestic activities. [78%] and followed by UN paid activities [19.1%]. In other type of formal
enrollment. The percentage of female worker is less than 35. On the other hand the survey should
over represented of working men in the informal sector was 37.7% (Hareg, 2005)

2.9 Benefit of Female Education

A growing body of literature examines the benefits of educating women in developing countries.
The target bodies of empirical evidence focus on the benefit experienced in formal labor market
in the form of better employment opportunities and higher earnings. But women earn on average
less than men in labor market. There is evidence that on the margin the returns to education are
equally as high for women as for men.

Benefit from education extends beyond returns to market activities. On valance market returns
appear relatively more important for women than for men. Benefit of women education for
family health are realized through several pass ways. More educated mother

May be more informed about proper engine and healthy diet may have greater appreciation for
health care personally give and many have greater access to information about health is though
reduced fertility which intern can increase the family resources decided to each child.

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The education of wife has been found to have a larger effect in reducing fertility by almost three
times than husband’s education.

2.10 Empowering women

Empowerment involves opportunities for decision making and capacity to shape. the choices
of individual make or their serves. Looking at the varies perspective from which empowerment
is viewed it can be said that it involves access to resources such as education and finance. The
opportunity to use services available in social. E. g schools, health, facilities and other
infrastructures. The opportunity to participate in decision making on matters of importance to
one self and the society (Wilder-2007)

2.11 Empowerment in the Context of Development

One of empowerment women with context of development is economic empowerment which is a
process by which women are able to participate in productive activities. Earn income and loan
take decision regarding their income. Various nongovernmental organization have project whose
aims to create opportunity for women’s economic credit schemes or establishment of project that
have income generating components (Hareg, 2005 )

Another aspect of women empowerment in development is political empowerment which could

be achieved through the promotion of participation of women in politics at varies levels this need
to be accompanied by attempts to democratize the whole system and encourage the development
of civil society. In this regard various institutions could help by supporting women’s
involvement in government as well as in national & local party politics in nongovernmental
organization and various other women’s organization (Wilder-2007)

2.12 Women and Environment

One of important issues in the current development gender is environment. the limited number of
resources environmental degradation and pollution environment has become attention grabbing
problems.

Deterioration of natural resource displaces communities, which makes women carry the heavy
burden of keeping the family together. At the same time women have significant influence on
their environment since they manage and use natural resources in the process of providing

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sustenance to their families and communities as recognized on the united nations conference on
environment in 1988(Wilder-2007)

2.13 Barriers to Female Education

The barriers to girls’ education may be found in the home, at school, in market place and in
society at large. Gender in equality begins with girls socialization that women should devote
themselves primarily to their husband and children, not to employment in the labor market.
Education is encouraged if it improves marriage prospect of Girls often have higher reputation
and dropout rates than boys for many reasons, House hold responsibilities, child labor, higher
opportunity cost of the family, sexual harassment and violence in school and in route to school.
Lack of girl friendly facilities particularly serious problem during menstruation. Gender
discriminatory teaching and learning method parent and community who are not aware of the
value of education for girls.

The following can also be additional factor affecting women education like, shortage of female
literacy workers, lack of support from husband, who dou not see relevance of their wives being
literate in sufficient motivation of interest. Women have neither time nor energy cost for
education activities (hill-2006)

Empirical review
In most cases the society views all activities that are carried out to be based on social roles and
interactions of men and women. The society seems to have ultimate authority on the precise
nature of what women and men actually do, and their real contribution on production and
reproduction which turn out to prejudice women (Orodho, 2004)

EducatedWomen participating in micro and small enterprise play crucial role in creating and
expanding employment opportunities and wealth of countries .Women education plays an
important role to socioeconomic development.Educating of women helps to socio-economic
development through increased productivity and increased female autonomy (Akhalwaya and
Havena 2012)

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The significant benefit of educating women can be considered to reducing fertility.
It is said that is that it educational better-educated tend to have lower levels of morbidity,
mortality and disability and have fewer children (Ross &Mirowsky, 1999).

In a study, Ross&Mirowsky, (2001) stated that education teaches women cognitive skills that
help them learn throughout their lives, which in turn helps them adopthealthier practices.
However, the articles focus on how education directly or indirectly contributes to socio-
economic development.There is a relation between women education and socioeconomic
development. Higher educational attainment increases women’s employment and income
opportunity Employed women are able to contribute to family as well as economy of the country.
Education, employment and earning capacity has an impact on future generations and can
accelerate socio-economic development economic of the country

Although women consist half of the county’s population and have high contribution to the
economic development and welfare of the society they do not equally benefit from the national
wealth.The Ethiopian education and training policy major document that aims to provide
education and enables removal of attitudes, stereo types and practices that negatively affect
women’s education. (Hareg, 2005)

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of study Area

This study will be conduct on particular area of Mizan Aman town, Which is
located in Bench-sheko zone part of nation nationality people of region at
565KM far away from Addis Ababa; the capital city of Ethiopia. The town has

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cold air condition, the town was selected because of its convenience and
proximity to the research terms of both cost and time constraint and the
desire of the research to study in the mizan aman town is to forward an
important recommendation to whom it may concern. So, the researchers will
investigate the involvement of educated women in micro & small enterprise in Mizan aman
town. The target population of respondents of the research is only involvement of educated
women in micro & small enterprises in Mizan aman town. The micro & small enterprises of
Mizan aman town has five sectors such as, construction sector, trade sector, service sector, urban
agriculture sector and manufacture sector. There are 1188 females Who are educated and
involved in micro and small enterprise in Mizan aman town.

3.2 Research Design

In order to investigate the objective of this study and to answer the research
question, the researcher used descriptive research design because it clear
describes the existing situation problem on the involvement of educated women in
micro & small enterprise (MSE) in case of Mizan aman town while it insure the
maximization of reliability of data and minimization of bias, easy to
understand and interpret.

3.3 The Method and source of data

The researcher will use primary and secondary sources of data. The primary source is such as:
questionnaires, interview, observation, and the secondary source are such as: letters, books&
newspaper, etc will be used. The researcher will gather questionnaires and interview while
conducting the research. The researcher will prepare both close ended and open ended
questionnaires and personal interviews

3.4 Sample size determination

There are several approaches to determine the sample size, this include using, simple random
sampling and applying formulas to calculate a sample size. According to Mizan aman town
women educated in micro and small enterprise total number is 1188. The researcher
determine the sample size by using (khotari 2004) formula

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= ((0.5)(0.5)(1188 )/(1188-1)+×0.5×0.5

n=64

Where: - n= sample size

Z= confidence level (90%)

P= probability of success

q = probability of failure

N= total population

e= error term (10%)

3.5 Method of sampling technique

The target population of this study is involvement of educated women in micro & small
enterprise, from the total population of 1188, 64 samples will be used to conduct the research.
Because of it is difficult to address and to take all population at a time. In order to select the
sample the researcher will use random sampling technique to collect data easily from voluntary
respondent.

3.6 Method of Data analysis

After the necessary data for the study will be collected, the data process and analysis will be
under taken. Finally the results will be organized by using table, chart , graph and percentage ...

Definition of key words

Women education; is that promotes women’s participation is developing economic policies
and providing social services.

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micro and small enterprise; has number of employees less than 10 and small enterprise has
less than 50 employees.

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CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTER PRETATION

The general purpose of the study was to assesthe involved of educated women’s in micro &
small enterprise of Mizan Aman Town. In doing, so questionnaire that consists of 15 items was
prepared. the data gathered were presented and interpreted one after the other. All the data
presented, analyzed and interpreted are obtained from questionnaires. The questionnaires are
yelled by Mizan aman town micro & small enterprise. These questions were divided into three
parts as it is shown on the back of the paper.

The first part which consist of five question, designed to assess the involve of educated
women’s in micro &small enterprise. The second part were which consist of three questions
designed to knows the involve of educated women’s in micro small enterprise and the third part
consisted six questions. The questionnaires were organized based on the sequences which were
provided in the questionnaire. A total of 64 respondents were taken to fill the questionnaires.

4.1.demographic information of respondents were properly filled the

questionnaires
Table 1: sex composition of education
Response Number Percentage

Male 36 56%

Female 28 44%

Total 64 100%

Source: Author’s computation based on survey data, 2021

As shown in the table 1 above the proportion of female from the total sample are 44% (28) and the
proportion of male are 56%(36)so as we observed from the data most of the educated person who
engaged in micro &small enterprise are males. It implies that the involvement of woman is not as much as
males totally

Table 2 age composition of educated women’s

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Age group Number Percentage

20-22 30 47%

22-27 34 53%

Total 64 100%

Source :Authors’ computation based on survey data,2021

Respondent of educated women from urban agriculture sector, service sector, trade sector,
construction sector & industrial sector.

The demographic information of the respondent is give in the above table. It is evident that for
micro small enterprise woman education the sample consists of satisfactory spread between male
and females in both stream it is also evident that majority participants fail in 20-22 years ago
groups.

4. 2 Responses towards involve of educated women in micro& small enterprise

The most developed among micro &small enterprise by involving women was construction
sector 25% (16).for the three most developed micro& small enterprise more than 16 &of
respondents obtained high scores. It implies that most of woman have the service, industrial,
urban agriculture sectors.

From the above table 1 the lost scored micro &small enterprise were arranged from lowest to
highest as follows

Construction sector scored 25% (16)

Service sector scored 21.875%(14)

Industrial sector scored 21.875% (14)

Urban agricultural sector scored 17.1875 %(11)

Trade sector scored 14.0625 %(9)

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Surprising trade sector ranked the first from bellows. This shows that woman are not developed
in micro &small enterprise of trade sector. Generally as we can see from the data most of women
are developed in the urban agriculture $trade sector in contrast, they are poor in these sectors.

4.3 Comparison levels of micro& small enterprise of educated women

As the responses shows in the table 1 women’s have different percentage level of micro &small
enterprise. Woman score above 50% in service &trade sectors. This implies that most of a
women’s in Mizan aman town have service & urban agricultural sectors. But when comparing
the two sectors the service sector have more score. Which score 50% (46). It implies that
woman’s are developed in this sector. The most list score sector is industrial sector which score
5.4%(5).this implies that most women’s have not industrial sector.

Response of women how much the sectors provide to start a new micro small start enterprise is
as follows

Table 3 knowledge from the sector

Item Educated Women

Number Percentage

Yes 46 72%

No 18 28%

Total 64 100%

source :Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

That is educated women are more interested to start new micro small enterprise that is why they
are familiar with the sector which motivates them to do so.it implies that it is important to start
new enterprises.

4.4 The educated women toward starting new micro& small enterprise
Table 4 how interested are women in shifting up their own micro enterprise
Item Educated Women

Number Percentage

Most Interest 37 58%

More Interest 17 26%

Less Interest 10 16%

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Total 64 100%

Source: Author’s computation based on survey data, 2021

As described in the above table to measure the micro enterprise it adopts scale to measure all
items on those point with the levels most interested, more interested and less interested. 58%(37)
of micro small inter price of woman responded most interested.more and less interested with
each percentage of 26% (17)and 16%(10) respectively. it implies that the majority of woman are
higher in starting new enterprise. It also show that educated woman’s are more interested in
starting their own micro enter price that is why educated have their knowledge (access to start
new micro& small enterprise.

Generally, most of educated woman’s recognized as important for setting up micro& small
enterprise.

4.5 motivation for new micro &small enterprise creative

Table 5 creative motivation for new micro &small enterprise
Item Response Educated women

Number Percentage

Can the creativity develop Yes 54 84%

new idea for (MSE)?
No 10 16%

Total 64 100%

Source;- Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

As the table above shows 84% (54) of woman responded’ yes’ and 16% (10) of respondent
responded’ no’

Educated women believe that the creative atmosphere inspire them to developed for new micro
small enter price. This indicates that the majority of educated women are believing that the
creative atmosphere inspire them to develop ideas for new micro and small enterprise

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4.6 Micro& small enterprise knowledge of women’s.

Table 6 The knowledge of micro& small enterprise of educated women

Item Response Educated women

Do you have enough Number Percentage

knowledge about micro
Yes 50 78%
and small enterprise?
no 14 22%

Total 64 100%

Source : Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

Women were asked whether they have enough knowledge about micro & small enterprise or not.

As it has shown in the table above 78% (50) of (MSE) only 22%( 14) of them responded as they
do not have enough knowledge about the sector.

4.7 Source of micro & small enterprise knowledge of educated women

Table 7 sources of micro& small enterprise of educated women
Item Response Educated women

Number Percentage

From where you have Education 30 47%

got?
Tasked 15 23%
with(MSE)Person

Experience from parent 13 20%

Non 6 10%

Total 64 100%

Source : Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

As depicted in the above table 47% (30) woman responded that they have got their micro small
enterprise knowledge from education 23% (15) from tasked experience ,from parents 20 % (13)
respectively. and 10%(6) of woman have got from neither of the above sources.

4.8 Micro & small enterprise vision of women’s

When asked in principle of woman do ever they have a vision of self -running their own micro
enterprise, they responded as follows

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Table 8 micro &small enterprise vision of woman
Item Educated women

Number Percentage

Yes certainly 28 44%

May be 21 33%

No 5 8%

Already in (MSE) 10 15%

Total 64 100%

Source :- Author’s computation based on survey data, 2021

Over 44%(28) of the micro& small enterprise would consider in to (MSE) for themselves This
indicate that majority of micro& small enterprise women are in vision of going into (MSE)
themselves.

4.9 family/relative in micro &small enterprise

When asked whether there is a person in the family who works in micro& enterprise the
respondent responses as follow

Table 9 responses of respondent

Item Educated women

Number Percentage

Yes 30 47%

No 34 53%

Total 64 100%

Source compiled ;- Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

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As the above table indicates 47%(30)of micro& small enterprise responded’ yes’ and 53%(34) of
them responds ‘no’. this implies that having relatives in micro small enterprice does not enhance
them.

4.10 micro & small enterprise towards social, cultural, economical and political
condition.
4 .10.1 socio-cultural environment
socio–cultural factors like, work cultures, honesty, hard work , religion, language attitudes
towards e.t.c have an appreciable impact for those who want to start micro &small enterprise
when asked about cultural condition in the environment.

Table 10 cultural environment

Response Educated women

Number Percentage

Yes 53 83%

No 11 17%

Total 64 100%

Source: Author’s computation based on survey data, 2021

In the above table it has been shown that 83%(53) of respondents described that micro &small
enterprise in their environment have not been considered as a respected job.

The reasons for respondents who said ‘no’ are as follows

• Lack of micro& small enterprise

• Because it considered as low source of finances

• In our society micro enter price are not considered as a respected job

4.11 economic environment assessment

Most of the time political ideology of the ruling government of a country greatly
shapes the economic system.

Table 11 economical environment assessment

Item Educated women

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 Number Percentage

Yes 38 59%

No 26 41%

Total 64 100%

Source: Author’s computation based on survey data,2021

In the above table it has been shows that 59% (38)of respondent described that the current
Ethiopian economic policy is favorable for micro& small enterprise. Whereas the last 41%(26)
of the respondents said that not favorable for micro &small enterprise. It indicates that the
present economic environment is favorable for potential micro &small enterprise. The reasons
for respondents who were dis favored of the current Ethiopian economic policy were

as follows.

• Low (minimal incentive )for micro& small enterprise

• Need of high amount of interest rate from financial institutions

• No financial support for entrepreneurs

• High taxation

4.12 An assessment of political –legal environment

Government play a crucial role in the different decision making areas of micro & small
enterprise when asked them the political condition of the country they responded as follows
shown in the table

Table 12 the political –legal assessment

Item Educated women

Number Percentage

Yes 44 69%

No 20 31%

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Total 64 100%

Source : Author’s computation based on data,2021

As it has shown in the table above 69%(44)of the respondents described that political are legal
condition of county was suitable for potential micro &small enterprise were as 31%(20) of
respondents repeals that the political or legal conditions are rising in the country has not been as
such suitable for potential micro &small enterprise.

The reasons for respondents who were dis favor of the political legal condition existing country
are as follows.

• Poor policies regarding infringement. Regulation regarding packaging and population

rule.

• The complexity in permission of regulating agencies permission for a new plant and
building facilities

• There are no shared objectives of government and private sectors.

• Market regulation is not mostly ensuring fair competition and market efficiency.

• The political situation in our country was not favorable.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
The main objective of this study is to assess micro & small enterprise of Mizan Aman Town.
Along with the study assess the social, economic, legal conditions prevailing in the country.
During the study is conducting the researcher used the primary and secondary data, the targeted
populations were woman’s in micro& small enterprise whom total number is 1188, also their
selection were 64 woman .the data were collected through a questionnaires and analyzed based
qualitative and quantitative expressions. The finding one woman in micro & small enterprise
should as follows the three most developed micro & small enterprise among woman’s where
service sector, urban agricultural sector, trade sector and the two least developed micro& small
enterprise among women was construction sector and industrial sector.

Our finding regarding to micro & small enterprise shows that four of the five micro & small
enterprise are under investigation with regard to the other micro & small enterprise were the
finding indicates that three main work are under investigation educational knowledge on micro
&small enterprise the women attitude towards starting (MSE)creative motivation for new micro
&small enterprise (MSE).

Generally we can say that an educated woman developed poses most of micro &small enterprise.
Among the six question prepared for (MSE) the five question where better scored .on the other
hand the finding on social, economic and political condition for the flourishing of (MSE).
According to the educated woman’s believe. But still there are some problems which may need
corrective action such as Social problem lack of knowledge on (MSE) preferences on education
than (MSE) Economic problems high taxation minimal effect for economies infrastructures
development the prevalence of inflation fluctuation on economic policy Political (legal) problem

s complexity in permission of regulatory agencies dialogue between the private sectors and
government has not been strengthen

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5.2 Recommendation
This research finding has important implication for all stockholders who are involved in micro&
small enterprise, education and fostering micro& small enterprise ventures. It is believed that
the micro & small enterprise which seen to be least developed;

 Should be addressed in responsible manner the following developed (MSE) women need
to be co related and developed service sector trade sector urban agriculture through
adopting curricula and implementation practical initiatives women can be given the
opportunity to develop. Attention should be given to creation of learning environment
where these skills are fostered and further develop.

 The government should encourage women participation in (MSE) by giving loan to micro
and small enterprise, encouraging women to participate in micro and small enterprise,
giving motivation to women, giving financial support to women, providing facilities to
women, regulating the market for ensuring fair competition and good policy regarding
infringement.
 The administrative of mizan aman town are important role to encourage women
participation in micro and small enterprise by giving training to the women how to enter
in business, promoting the women to enter into micro and small enterprise and giving
orientation to start own business.
 The non-government organization and civic societies are also significant to encourage
women by giving the material that used in micro and small enterprise, providing the
facilities that used in micro and small enterprise and giving knowledge how to create job
to run own business.

REFERECE

1. Benson Charles (1963) respective on the economics of education vol .38 (www.gogle book
ksl. Com) American educational research association America app. 213-214.
2. Emebetmulugeta (1999)woman and empowerment in Ethiopia Addis Ababa. pp 13-16

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3. EPRDF (2005)plan for accelerated and sustained development to end poverty. Behanenaselam
printing press Addis Ababapp. =8

4. Ethiopia society of population studies. 2008, gender inequality and women’s empowerment,
books, goggle.com ET (UNFPA.Addis Ababa, pp; 16 &36

5. Efsegentwondimagegn (1999) participation of Ethiopian women in education Addis Ababa,

pp: 12

6. Gender library (1999) woman in development priorities in Ethiopia (www.who. Int. gender)

7. Hareg consultant p/c (2005) national action plan for gender equality in Ethiopia, report to
congress by junior officer, Addis Ababa .pp:7

8. Hegels’s (1909). Theory of education Mackenzie.www.jstor.org. Landon pp: 32

9. International enclopedia of the social science (1967) Macmillan, USA.

10. Jennifer wilder.2007.women empowerment in Ethiopia. www.pathfind org Addis

Ababa.pp:4&5.

11. M .anne hill 2006 women’s education and economic uses-being, Queen College,cuny.
Books.gogle-com.pp.23&24.

12. MOE. 2003. E.C, educational statics annual abstract MOE

13. Todaro m (2005) economic development 8 th edition peaks on London. Pp: 240-242
worlds’14.bank development indicators 2010 http//www.trading economics. Com. oxford
University, New York.

15. Zoe oxaal (1997) education and poverty http//www.ids.ac.uk/bridge/ Swedish international
development cooperation agency. Swedish pp: 8.12

16 the World Bank(2008); Gender Equality, Empowerment, and Economic Growth'

17. Emily Gretland,BenjaminRobinson,TasmiaBaig(2014);An Investigation into the Barriers to
Female Education in Link EthiopiaSchools.
18.LudgerWoessmann(2014);The Economic Case for Education
19. Taking Stock of Girls Education in Ethiopia: Preparing for ESDP III, p.15

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 APPENDIX: RESEARCH QUESTIONAIRE

MIZAN TEPI UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

Dear respondents

The purpose of this questionnaire is to get relevant information on involve of educated women in
micro & small enterprise of mizan aman town. Your responses are very much important for the
success of the study. Thus you are expected to be confidential and kindly requested to fill this
questionnaire honestly according to your interest.

The questionnaire designed in three parts

N.B you do not need to write your name and address. Write the necessary information in the
space provided and put tick (X)ark in the box based on your choice

Sex male female

Age 20-22 22-27

Part one

Questionnaire designed to assess the involve of women education in micro & small enter price

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Response Educated women

Number Percentage

Most interests

More inerests

Less interests

Total

1, being educated woman what is your responses on the following micro enterprice traits?

Very low very high

A human relation

B ability to make decision

C communication skill

D persistence

E self- discipline

F creativity

2, does the course provide women with knowledge required to start a new employee?

Yes No

3, how interested are you in setting up your own business

Most interested more interested less interested

4, can the creativity atmosphere inspire us to develop ideas for new micro & small enterprise

Yes No

Part two

Question designed to assess micro & small enterprise orientation of woman

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 Response Educated women

Number Percentage

From where you have Education

got?
Tasked with (MSE)
persons

Experience from
parents

Non

Other

1. Do you have knowledge about micro & small enterprise? if you say ‘yes’ from where you
obtained?

• Education

• Tasked with business person

• Observation of starting business

• Experience from parents

• None

• Other

2. Do you even have a vision of self -running of your own micro & small enterprise (MSE?)

Yes certainly No

May be I am already in micro & small enterprise

3. In which sector you are involving in (MSE)

• Urban agricultural sector

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 • Service sector

• Trade sector

• Construction sector

• Industry

4.what kind of challenges you face for being a member in micro & small enterprise

.........................................................................................................................................................

5.Is there a person in your family who works in ( MSE )?

Yes No

Part three

Question designed to assess social, economical and political conditions

1. Do micro & small enterprise in your society and culture considered as respected job?

Yes No

2. Do you believe that the current Ethiopian economic policy is favorable for woman
involvement in (MSE?)

Yes No

3. If your answer in question number 2 is no what reasons are attribute to this

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Is the political condition of our country favorable for micro & small enter price

Yes No

5. Do you think that the overall (MSE) orientation and involve of women can be improved

Yes No

6. If your answer in question number, 5 is no what is your reason? Express it

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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