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PHYSICS PROJECT pdf 1

Variatin of EMF CLASS 12

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7 views

PHYSICS PROJECT pdf 1

Variatin of EMF CLASS 12

Uploaded by

tanmaykumar5147
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

Sr.no Content Page no

1 .Certificate of Excellence 1

2 .Acknownledgment 2

3 .Introduction 3

4 .Aim of the project 5

5 .Theory 6

6 .Circuit diagram 7

7 .Apparatus Required 8

8 .Procedured Followed 9

9 .Observation 12

10 .Result & Inferences 13

11 .Precautions 14

12 .Bibliography 15
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Tanmay kumar Mallick


student of class XII working on project title “To the
study the various factors on which the internal
resistance/EMF of the cell depends” held in
Glorious English medium Sr.secondary school
during the academic session 2024-25

He/She worked sincerely under the guidance of


faculties and prepared this dissertation

EXTERNAL TEACHER SUBJECT TEACHER


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to accord my deep sense of gratitude to the


teachers of physics department for their valuable
guidance on my project
“ To the study the various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF of the cell depends ”
Which is being submitted in fulfilment to the
CBSE board exams held in the school.

I am very thankful to my parents and my friends


for their kind and valuable co-operation .

Tanmay kumar mallick


XII Science
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

electronic appliances and the use is increasing

every day.Thus the batteries need to be made

more powerful so that their potential can be

increased greatly.Thus this project report is based

on practical analysis for the factors affecting the

internal resistance of a cell .When the internal

resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase

the potential difference across it,and hence make

it more reliable.
INTERNAL
RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance

offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of

ions .

• Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)

• For a cell of e.m.f.(E) and internal resistance

(r),connected to an external resistance (R)

such that (I) is the current flowing through

the circuit,

E= V+Ir

Internal Resistance,

r = E-V/I
THEORY

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance

offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions .The

internal resistance of a cell is-

• Directly proportional to the distance

between the electrodes .

• Is inversely proportional to facing surface

area of the electrodes in electrolyte.

• decreases with increase in temperature of

electrolyte.

• Is inversely proportional to concentration of

electrolyte .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. internal resistance of a cell


Figure 1.1
APPARATUS REQUIRED

• A potentiometer.

• A jockey.

• A battery.

• Three way keys.

• a fractional resistance box.

• a high resistance box(about ( )-10000 Ω).

• a rheostat of low resistance,

• a voltmeter.a primary cell(say voltaic).

• electrolytes of different concentrations,

• an ammeter connecting wiresand pieces of

sand paper.
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with


sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2.Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3.Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the
cell and make sure that e.m.f of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.

To Study variation of internal resistance with


distance of separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16


cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust
the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on
the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length(l1) between the null point

and the end P.


8. Next introduce plugs in both key K1 and K2
at the same time, take out a small resistance
(1-5W) from the shunt resistance box
connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from
end P.Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
Then remove the plugs of keys K1and K2.Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to10.
12. Next, Keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
To Study variation of internal resistance with
area of electrodes

13. Keeping all other factors constant.


Increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping
Them into electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
14. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10.Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with


concentration of electrolyte

15. Keeping all other factors constant.


decrease the concentration of electrolyte by
adding distilled water for different
observations.
16. Obtain three such observations by
repeating step.
OBSERVATION

Table for effect of temperature


RESULT & INFERENCES

• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant


and is equal to E = ___Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly
Proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
➢The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes
dipped in electrolyte.
➢The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
➢The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS

1.The connections should be neat .Clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1
and E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at
the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire.It should touch wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation.If necessary,
adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• wikipedia.com
• Google
• Physics NCERT book for class XII

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