Analytical Chemistry

(Volumetric Analysis)

Theoretical subject in general chemistry

Lecture 2

Biology Department

College of Science

University of Zakho

2024- 2025

By

Dr. Sabir Ayob Mohammed Salih

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition, structure, physical

properties, and reactivity. There are many approaches to studying chemistry, but, for
convenience, we traditionally divide it into five fields: organic, inorganic, physical,
biochemical, and analytical chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry

➢ Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the separation,
identification and determination of components in a sample.

Analytical chemistry can be divided into two branches, qualitative and quantitative.

➢ Qualitative analysis

It deals with the identity of the constituents that are in an analytical sample.

➢ Quantitative analysis

It deals with the determination of how much of a given substance is in the sample. The
quantitative analyses are classified into several methods of analysis according to the
process of the final measurements:

1. Volumetric Analysis

It deals with determination the concentration of a solution by titration against a solution

of known concentration (standard).

2. Gravimetric Analysis

In which the substance being determined is converted into an insoluble precipitate which
is collected and weighed.

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3. Instrumental Analysis

Determination of a final form by measuring some physical properties that is

quantitatively related to the concentration of the analyzed sample by using an
instrument; these include spectrophotometry, potentiometry, polarography, optical
rotation etc.

Volumetric Analysis

Volumetric analysis is a widely-used quantitative analytical method. As the name, this

method involves the measurement of volume of a solution of known concentration
which is used to determine the concentration of the analyte.

The mole: it is the unit used for amount of a chemical species, is always associated with
a chemical formula.

Example (1): What is the No. of moles for 30 g NaCl?

m. wt. (NaCl) = 58.45 g /mole

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Example (2): How many moles are contained in 25.0 g H2.
Solution: (A.wt H= 1.008 g/mole)

Example (3):- Calculate the number of mole of NaCl required to prepare 1Kg of AgCl
according to the equation: ( Na=23, Cl=35.5, N=14 , Ag =107.86, O = 16 g/mole)

➢ Concentration of Solution: The concentration of a solution is a

measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution.

Solvent: the larger part of a solution; the part of a solution into which the solutes
dissolve.

Solute: the smaller part of a solution; the part of a solution that dissolves in the solvent.

standard solution is a solution whose concentration is known

Ways of Expressing Concentration

1. Molarity (M): Molarity or molar concentration, which is the number of moles of

solute per litter of solution. Molarity is defined as

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Where n denotes the number of moles of solute and V is the volume of the solution in
litters.

Molecular Weight (MW): is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms forming the
molecule.

Molecular Weight= Sum. Of atomic weight

Example

Find the molecular weight of NaOH? (atomic weight of Na = 23, O = 16 and H = 1)

MW = Sum of atomic weight = 23 + 1 + 16 = 40 g/mole

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Problems in Molarity:

Example -1- What is the molarity (M) of a solution made by dissolving 1.461g of NaCl
in 250 mL of water? (molecular weight (m.wt) of NaCl = 58.443 g/mol).

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Example -2-
Solution contains 49.04 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution calculate the molar
concentration (Atomic weight H = 1.008, S = 32.06, O = 16.00

Example -3-
What volume of 1.25 M of NaOH solution can be prepared using 60 g of NaOH? (m.wt
of NaOH = 40 g/mol)

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Example -4-
What mass of NaOH is needed to prepare 3 L of 0.25 M solution? (m.wt of NaOH = 40
g/mol)

2-Molality (m):
Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g of
a solvent. Mathematically, it is expressed as
Molality (m): is the number of moles of the solute per Kilogram of solvent contained in
a solution.

Since mass does not depend on temperature, so molality is independent of temperature.

Example: What is molality of a solution, which contains 20.0 g of sugar C12H22O11
dissolved in 125 g of water. m. wt. of sugar = 342 g/mole.
Solve:

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3-Normality (N):
Normality: Normality of a solution is defined as the number of gram equivalents (gm.e)
of a solute dissolved per litre of the given solution.

Equivalent weight: is the formula weight divided by the number of reacting units.

For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a mono protic acid and thus has 1 mol = 1 gram
equivalent. So, 1M of HCl= 1N.

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Example: How many grams AgNO3 are necessary to prepare 500 ml of 0.125 N
un aqueous solution of AgNO3.

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Exp: Find the normality of H2SO4 having 49g of H2SO4 present in 500 ml of solution.

Molarity concentration for solution prepared from dissolved liquid solute in liquid
solvent.
Specific gravity (sp. gr.) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a
reference substance (usually water for liquids and solids, or air for gases). It is a unitless
measure
Density: is the weight per unit volume at the specified temperature, usually (gm/mL) or
(gm/cm3) or (gm.cm-3) in 20 0C (is the ratio of the mass in (gm) and volume (mL).

Dilution of solutions
Solutions can be diluted by mixing in more solvent. When diluting a more concentrated
solution the volume increased; however, the number of moles and the amount of solute
remain constant (see Figure 1).
Concentrated solutions are often stored in the laboratory stockroom for use as needed.
Frequently we dilute these
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Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated one.
(Initial concentration) x (initial volume) = (final concentration) x (final volume)

•Initial and final concentration must have the same units.

•Initial and final volume must have the same units.

Example (1): how can you prepare 250 ml of 0.1N and 0.1M H2SO4 (Sp.gr. =1.09), %
= 98%, m.wt.= 98g/mol.)

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Problems in dilutions:
1. How many mL of a 2.5 M NaOH solution are required to make 525 mL of a 0.15
M NaOH solution?

2. If 45 mL of a 6 M HCl solution are diluted to a final volume of 0.25 L, what is the

final concentration of HCl?

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4. Parts per million (ppm) & Parts per billion (ppb) When a solute is present in very
small amounts, its concentration is expressed in parts per million or part per billion. It is
defined as the amount of the solute present in one million or billion parts of the solution.

Example -1- 4mg of NaCl is dissolved in 8 kg of solution. What is the concentration of

NaCl in ppm?

Example -2- The concentration of KI is 150 ppm in a solution with a mass of 7500 g.
How many grams of KI is present in the solution?

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Example -3- The concentration of Na3PO4 is 400 ppb in a500 ml solution with a density
of 1.02 g/ml. How many micrograms of Na3PO4 is present?

Relationship between PPM and Molarity and Normality

ppm = M x M.Wt x 1000, ppm = N x Eq.Wt x 1000
Example:150 mL of an aqueous sodium chloride solution contains 0.0045g NaCl.
Calculate the concentration of NaCl in parts per million (ppm).

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Expressions of Concentration:
Percent Composition:
(i) Weight Percent (wt/wt or w/w): Concentration expressed in terms of mass of
substance versus the total mass of the sample.

(ii)Volume Percent (vol/volume v/v): Concentration expressed in terms of volume of

substance versus the total volume of the sample.

(iii)Weight-Volume Percent (wt/vol or w/v): Concentration expressed in terms of mass

of substance versus the total volume of the sample.

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Percentage Concentration
1-wt. percent (w/w) = [wt. of solute/ (wt. of solution)] ×100
2-Volume percent (v/v) = [vol. of solute / (vol. of solution)] x 100
3-wt /vol. percent (w/v) = [wt. of solute / (vol. of solution)] x 100

Example (1): Calculate the wt. percent by adding 25 g of sodium carbonate to 200 g
solution?
25 + 200 = 225 g of solution

Example (2): Calculate the vol. percent by adding 50 ml of ethanol to 200 ml water?
50 + 200 = 250 ml vol. of solution

Home work
Problems in Molarity (M) and Normality (N)

Q1) How many grams of sodium chloride needed to prepare 100 ppm sodium in 250 ml
(Cl= 35.5, Na= 23)

Q2) What is the molarity (M) of a solution made by dissolving 1.461g of NaCl in 250
mL of water? (molecular weight (m.wt) of NaCl= 58.443 g/mol).

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Q3) What volume of 1.25 M of NaOH solution can be prepared using 60 g of NaOH?
(m.wt of NaOH= 40 g/mol)

Q4) What is the normality of 380 g of H2SO4in 500 mL of solution? (m.wt of H2SO4
=98.08 g/mol).

Q5) Calculate the molality (m) of a solution prepared from 29.1 g of toluene, C7H8,
dissolved in 832 g of benzene, C6H6? (m.wt of toluene = 92 g/mol).

Q6) Describe the preparation of 900 mL of 3.00 M HN03 from the commercial reagent
that is 70.5% HN0 3 (w/w) and has a specific gravity of 1.42.

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