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Lec1 Microprocess

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15 views5 pages

Lec1 Microprocess

Uploaded by

Mister Tom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Al-Mustaqbal University

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering

Class: Third Class

Subject: Microprocessor & Microcomputer

Lecturer: M.Sc Ali Kareem

Lecture Address: MICROPROCESSORS

2024 – 2025

Weeks 1
Definition of a Microprocessor

A microprocessor is an electronic chip that contains the central processing unit


(CPU) responsible for executing calculations and controlling other components
within a system. It acts as the "brain" of a computer, processing data and executing
instructions.

History of the Microprocessor

 First Microprocessor: The first commercially available microprocessor, the


Intel 4004, was developed in 1971. It was a 4-bit processor designed for
basic data processing.
 Technological Evolution: Following the 4004, more advanced processors
emerged, such as the Intel 8008 (1972) and Intel 8080 (1974), contributing
to the development of personal computers.

Types of Microprocessors

1. General-Purpose Processors:
o Examples include Intel and AMD processors used in desktops and
laptops.

2. Embedded Processors

o Used in specialized devices like home appliances, control systems,


and medical devices.
2. Digital Signal Processors (DSP)
o Used for processing audio and visual signals, commonly found in
mobile phones and audio devices.
3. Multi-Core Processors:
o These contain multiple cores within the same chip, allowing for more
efficient multitasking.
4. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs):
o Specialized for graphics rendering and complex computations, such
as those produced by NVIDIA and AMD Radeon
Applications

 Personal Computers: Where the microprocessor executes software and


provides user interfaces.
 Mobile Devices: Such as smartphones and tablets.
 Smart Appliances: Like smart refrigerators and home security devices.
 Industrial Applications: In automation and control systems.

The Processor Consists Of

A microprocessor, often referred to as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), consists of


several key components that work together to execute instructions and process
data. Here’s a breakdown of its main components:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Performs arithmetic operations (such as addition and subtraction) and


logical operations (such as AND and OR).

2. Control Unit (CU)

 Manages the flow of data within the processor and interprets instructions,
directing the ALU and other components to operate according to
commands.

3. Registers

 Small, fast memory locations within the processor used to temporarily


store data, such as intermediate results of instructions.
4. Cache Memory

 Used to store frequently accessed data and instructions, improving


processor performance by reducing access time to the main memory.

5. Buses

 Communication pathways that transfer data between different parts of the


microprocessor, including data, address, and control buses.

6. Input/Output Units (I/O Units)

 Manage communication between the processor and external devices, such


as keyboards and displays.

7. Internal Logic

 Includes the circuits that organize operations within the processor, such as
timing circuits and other logical circuits

Based on their specification, application and architecture microprocessors are


classified. Based on size of data bus

 4-bit microprocessor

 8-bit microprocessor

 16-bit microprocessor

 32-bit microprocessor
The processor consists of two parts:

1- Software: Software consists of three modules:

A- The control and transfer unit is responsible for exchanging information


between the parts of the processor itself.

b- The bus communication unit is responsible for exchanging information


between the processor and other parts of the computer.

c- The arithmetic and logic unit, which is responsible for processing digital data.

2 – hardware

Fig.1 CPU (control processing unit)

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