Regulated Power Supply (PART 1)

A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC (Alternating Current)

to a constant DC (Direct Current). A regulated power supply is used to
ensure that the output remains constant even if the input changes.
A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is
an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks.

The regulated power supply will accept an AC input and give a constant DC
output. The figure below shows the block diagram of a typical regulated DC
power supply.

The basic building blocks of a regulated DC power supply are as follows:

1. A step-down transformer
2. A rectifier
3. A DC filter
4. A regulator

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Operation of Regulated Power Supply
Step Down Transformer
A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to
the required voltage level. The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted
such as to obtain the required voltage value. The output of the transformer
is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.

𝑉𝑠1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛1
∴ =
𝑉𝑠2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑛2

Rectification
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the
rectification process. Rectification is the process of converting an alternating
voltage or current into corresponding direct (DC) quantity. The input to a
rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC.

There are a number of ways in which the amplitude of a sinewave is

referenced, usually as peak voltage (Vpk, Vp or Vmax) peak-to-peak voltage
(Vp.p ), average voltage (Vavg), and root-mean-square voltage (Vrms). Peak
voltage and peak-to-peak voltage are apparent by looking at the above plot.
Root-mean-square and average voltage are not so apparent.

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As the name implies, Vrms is calculated by taking the square root of the mean
average of the square of the voltage in an appropriately chosen interval. In
the case of symmetrical waveforms like the sinewave, a quarter cycle
faithfully represents all four quarter cycles of the waveform. Therefore, it is
acceptable to choose the first quarter cycle, which goes from 0 radians (0°)
through p/2 radians (90°).
Vrms is the value indicated by the vast majority of AC voltmeters. It is the
value that, when applied across a resistance, produces that same amount of
heat that a direct current (DC) voltage of the same magnitude would
produce. For example, 1 V applied across a 1 Ω resistor produces 1 W of heat.
A 1 Vrms sinewave applied across a 1 Ω resistor also produces 1 W of heat.
That 1 Vrms sinewave has a peak voltage of √2 V (≈1.414 V), and a peak-to-
peak voltage of 2√2 V (≈2.828 V).

Average voltage or mean voltage (Vmean) is calculated by taking the

average of the voltage in an appropriately chosen interval.

Therefore, it is acceptable to choose the first quarter cycle, which goes from
0 radians (0°) through p/2 radians (90°).
As with the Vrms formula, a full derivation for the Vmean formula is given here
as well.

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Although a half wave rectifier could technically be used, its power losses
are significant compared to a full wave rectifier.

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier, given a sinusoidal input, can
be calculated with the following ideal equations: 𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 √2
1 𝑇
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=− [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
2𝜋

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋

𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
∴ 𝐼𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑅

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 1 𝑇 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑉 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0

𝑣0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
1 𝜋2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1
∫ 𝑉
2𝜋 0 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
2

1 𝜋1
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0 2

1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 =𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √4𝜋 ∫0 1𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 0

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 × 0
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ [𝜋− −0+ ]
4𝜋 2 2

1
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ [𝜋]=
4𝜋

𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑣0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∴ 𝑖0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2 𝑅

𝑃𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 .𝑉𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛

Rectification efficiency (𝓘) = =
𝑃𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 .𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠

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Ex1: For the 1-𝜑 half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure below, 𝑅 =
1.3𝐾Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 150 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡. Calculate 𝑉𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ,
𝑣𝑠𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑣𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑖𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐹𝐹)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑅𝐹).

Solution: ‫الحل بعد االشتقاق‬

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 150
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = = 47.7 𝑉
𝜋 3.14
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 47.7
𝐼𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = = 36.7 𝑚𝐴
𝑅 1.3𝑘
𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 150
𝑣𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 106.06 𝑉
√2 √2
𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 150
𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 75 𝑉
2 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 75
𝑖𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 57.7 𝑚𝐴
𝑅 1.3𝑘
𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 75
𝐹𝐹 = = = 1.57
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 47.7

𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 2 (75)2 − (47.7)2

𝑅𝐹 = √ =√ = 1.213
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 2 (47.7)2

𝑃𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 .𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 36.7𝑚×47.7

Rectification efficiency (𝓘) = = = = 0.4 = 40%
𝑃𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 .𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 57.7𝑚×75

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The Answer with MULTISIM

Ex2: (H.W) For the 1-𝜑 half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure
below, 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 200 volt. Determine 𝑉𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ,
𝑣𝑠𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑣𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑖𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝐹.

7
Ex3 (H.W): For the 1-𝜑 half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure below,
has a purety resistor load of 𝑅=1K, determine

1. Efficiency.
2. FF.
3. RF.

A full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is used to rectify both the half cycles
of the ac supply (full wave rectification). The figure below shows a full wave
bridge rectifier.

A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the

manner shown above. In the positive half cycle of the supply, the voltage
induced across the secondary of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is
positive. Therefore point E is positive with respect to F. Hence, diodes D3

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and D2 are reversed biased and diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased. The
diode D3 and D4 will act as open switches (practically there is some voltage
drop) and diodes D1 andD2 will act as closed switches and will start
conducting.

Hence a rectified waveform appears at the output of the rectifier as shown

in the first figure. When voltage induced in secondary i.e. VMN is negative
than D3 and D4 are forward biased with the other two reversed biased and a
positive voltage appears at the input of the filter.

9
Ex4: For the 1-𝜑 full wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure below, 𝑅 =
10𝑘Ω, 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200 volt. Determine 𝑉𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , , 𝑣𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , 𝑖𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 , RF and
rectifier efficiency.

1 𝜋
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 × 2
2𝜋 0 𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=− [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝜋
2 𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴ 𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝜋

2 × 200
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 127.3 𝑉
3.14

𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
∴ 𝐼𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑅
172.3
= = 12.7 𝑚𝐴
10𝑘

𝑉𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

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 1 𝜋
𝑣0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 ∫0 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 × 2
1
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1 1 2
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜋 0 2

1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2𝜋 ∫0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2𝜋 ∫0 1𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 × 0
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √ [𝜋− −0+ ]
2𝜋 2 2

𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
1
= 𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 √2𝜋 [𝜋]= 𝑣0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2

200
= = 141.4 𝑉
√2

𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠
∴ 𝑖0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅

141.4
= = 14.14 𝑚𝐴
10𝑘

𝑉𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 2 (141.4)2 − (127.3)2

𝑅𝐹 = √ =√ = 0.48
𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 2 (127.3)2

𝑃𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 .𝑉𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 12.7𝑚×127.3

Rectification efficiency (𝓘) = = = = 0.8 = 80%
𝑃𝑎𝑐 𝑖𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 .𝑣𝑜 𝑟𝑚𝑠 14.14𝑚×141.4

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The Answer with MULTISIM

Ex5 (H.W): For the 1-𝜑 full wave rectifier circuit, 𝑅 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 100 sin 𝑤𝑡.
Determine 𝑉𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 , , 𝑣𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑜𝑟.𝑚.𝑠

12
A center-tapped rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier that uses two diodes
connected to the secondary of a center-tapped transformer, as shown in
Below Figure. The input voltage is coupled through the transformer to the
center-tapped secondary. Half of the total secondary voltage appears
between the center tap and each end of the secondary winding as shown.

For a positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the polarities of the secondary
voltages are as shown in Figure (a). This condition forward-biases diode D1
and reverse-biases diode D2. The current path is through D1 and the load
resistor RL, as indicated.

For a negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the voltage polarities on the
secondary are as shown in Figure (b). This condition reverse-biases D1 and
forward-biases D2. The current path is through D2 and RL, as indicated.
Because the output current during both the positive and negative portions
of the input cycle is in the same direction through the load, the
output voltage developed across the load resistor is a full-wave rectified dc
voltage, as shown.

13
 (A)

(B)

(b) During negative half-cycles, D2 is forward-biased and D1 is reverse-

biased.

14
15