Week 8: Integration of Functions of

Complex Variables

Dr. John Ogbemhe

Co-Instructor: Dr. O.A. George

Monday, 2 Hours

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 Outline

1 Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

2 Cauchy’s Integral Formula

3 Evaluation of Contour Integrals

4 Worked Examples

5 Summary

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 Introduction to Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Overview
**Cauchy’s Integral Theorem** is a fundamental result in complex
analysis which states that the integral of an analytic function over a
closed contour is zero, provided the function is analytic within and on
the contour.

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 Introduction to Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Overview
**Cauchy’s Integral Theorem** is a fundamental result in complex
analysis which states that the integral of an analytic function over a
closed contour is zero, provided the function is analytic within and on
the contour.

Importance
This theorem is foundational for many other results in complex
analysis, including Cauchy’s Integral Formula and the Residue
Theorem.

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 Statement of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Theorem
Let f (z) be analytic within and on a simple closed contour γ in the
complex plane. Then: I
f (z) dz = 0
γ

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 Statement of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Theorem
Let f (z) be analytic within and on a simple closed contour γ in the
complex plane. Then: I
f (z) dz = 0
γ

Conditions
f (z) must be analytic on and inside the contour γ.

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 Statement of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Theorem
Let f (z) be analytic within and on a simple closed contour γ in the
complex plane. Then: I
f (z) dz = 0
γ

Conditions
f (z) must be analytic on and inside the contour γ.
The contour γ must be simple (no self-intersections) and closed.

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 Proof Overview of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic (holomorphic) on and inside γ.

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 Proof Overview of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic (holomorphic) on and inside γ.
γ is a positively oriented, simple closed contour.

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 Proof Overview of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic (holomorphic) on and inside γ.
γ is a positively oriented, simple closed contour.

Key Idea
Express f (z) as its power series expansion within the domain of
analyticity and integrate term by term.

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 Proof Details of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Express f (z) as a Power Series

Since f (z) is analytic, it can be expressed as:
∞
X
f (z) = an (z − z0 )n
n=0

where z0 is a point inside γ.

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 Proof Details of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Express f (z) as a Power Series

Since f (z) is analytic, it can be expressed as:
∞
X
f (z) = an (z − z0 )n
n=0

where z0 is a point inside γ.

Integrate Term by Term

I ∞
I X ∞
X I
n
f (z) dz = an (z − z0 ) dz = an (z − z0 )n dz
γ γ n=0 n=0 γ

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
Evaluate Each Integral
(
if n = −1
I
2πi
(z − z0 )n dz =
γ 0 otherwise

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
Evaluate Each Integral
(
if n = −1
I
2πi
(z − z0 )n dz =
γ 0 otherwise

Apply to the Series

Since n ≥ 0 in the power series, none of the integrals have n = −1.
Therefore: I ∞
X
f (z) dz = an · 0 = 0
γ n=0

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
Evaluate Each Integral
(
if n = −1
I
2πi
(z − z0 )n dz =
γ 0 otherwise

Apply to the Series

Since n ≥ 0 in the power series, none of the integrals have n = −1.
Therefore: I ∞
X
f (z) dz = an · 0 = 0
γ n=0

Conclusion
I
f (z) dz = 0
γ
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This completes the proof of Cauchy’s Integral Theorem.
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 Introduction to Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Overview
**Cauchy’s Integral Formula** provides a way to evaluate integrals
of analytic functions and to derive important properties such as
Taylor and Laurent series expansions.

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 Introduction to Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Overview
**Cauchy’s Integral Formula** provides a way to evaluate integrals
of analytic functions and to derive important properties such as
Taylor and Laurent series expansions.

Statement
If f (z) is analytic within and on a simple closed contour γ, and z0 is
a point inside γ, then:
I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

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 Applications of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Key Applications
**Evaluation of Contour Integrals:** Direct computation of
integrals involving analytic functions.

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 Applications of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Key Applications
**Evaluation of Contour Integrals:** Direct computation of
integrals involving analytic functions.
**Derivation of Taylor Series:** Expansion of analytic functions
around a point.

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 Applications of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Key Applications
**Evaluation of Contour Integrals:** Direct computation of
integrals involving analytic functions.
**Derivation of Taylor Series:** Expansion of analytic functions
around a point.
**Estimation of Function Values:** Determining function values
inside contours based on boundary behavior.

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 Applications of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Key Applications
**Evaluation of Contour Integrals:** Direct computation of
integrals involving analytic functions.
**Derivation of Taylor Series:** Expansion of analytic functions
around a point.
**Estimation of Function Values:** Determining function values
inside contours based on boundary behavior.
**Proving Uniqueness Theorems:** Showing that analytic
functions are uniquely determined by their values on a contour.

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 Proof of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic within and on γ.

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 Proof of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic within and on γ.
z0 is inside γ.

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 Proof of Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Assumptions
f (z) is analytic within and on γ.
z0 is inside γ.

Utilize Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Consider the function:
f (z)
z − z0
Since f (z) is analytic and z0 is inside γ, this function has a simple
pole at z = z0 .

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(Part 1)

Apply the Residue Theorem

I  
f (z) f (z)
dz = 2πi · Res , z0
γ z − z0 z − z0
The residue at z = z0 is:
 
f (z)
Res , z0 = f (z0 )
z − z0

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(Part 1)

Apply the Residue Theorem

I  
f (z) f (z)
dz = 2πi · Res , z0
γ z − z0 z − z0
The residue at z = z0 is:
 
f (z)
Res , z0 = f (z0 )
z − z0

Substitute the Residue

I
f (z)
dz = 2πi · f (z0 )
γ z − z0
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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(Part 2)

Solve for f (z0 )

I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

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 Proof Completion of Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(Part 2)

Solve for f (z0 )

I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

Conclusion
This completes the proof of **Cauchy’s Integral Formula**.

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

Key Techniques
Parametrization of Paths

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

Key Techniques
Parametrization of Paths
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem and Formula

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

Key Techniques
Parametrization of Paths
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem and Formula
Residue Theorem

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

Key Techniques
Parametrization of Paths
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem and Formula
Residue Theorem
Laurent Series Expansion

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 Introduction to Evaluation of Contour Integrals

Overview
**Contour integrals** involve integrating complex functions along
specified paths in the complex plane. Evaluating these integrals is
essential for various applications in physics and engineering.

Key Techniques
Parametrization of Paths
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem and Formula
Residue Theorem
Laurent Series Expansion
Contour Deformation

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 Parametrization of Paths

Methodology
To evaluate a contour integral, one often parametrizes the path γ by
a parameter t in an interval [a, b]:

z(t) = x(t) + iy (t), a≤t≤b

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 Parametrization of Paths

Methodology
To evaluate a contour integral, one often parametrizes the path γ by
a parameter t in an interval [a, b]:

z(t) = x(t) + iy (t), a≤t≤b

Integral Representation
The contour integral becomes:
Z Z b
f (z) dz = f (z(t)) · z ′ (t) dt
γ a

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 Techniques Overview

Common Techniques
1 **Residue Theorem:** Powerful for integrals involving
singularities inside the contour.

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 Techniques Overview

Common Techniques
1 **Residue Theorem:** Powerful for integrals involving
singularities inside the contour.
2 **Laurent Series:** Useful for expanding functions around
singular points.

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 Techniques Overview

Common Techniques
1 **Residue Theorem:** Powerful for integrals involving
singularities inside the contour.
2 **Laurent Series:** Useful for expanding functions around
singular points.
3 **Contour Deformation:** Allows changing the path of
integration without altering the integral’s value, provided certain
conditions are met.

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 Techniques Overview

Common Techniques
1 **Residue Theorem:** Powerful for integrals involving
singularities inside the contour.
2 **Laurent Series:** Useful for expanding functions around
singular points.
3 **Contour Deformation:** Allows changing the path of
integration without altering the integral’s value, provided certain
conditions are met.
4 **Jordan’s Lemma:** Assists in evaluating integrals involving
exponential functions over large semicircular contours.

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 Example 1: Applying Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Problem
Compute the integral:
ez
I
dz
γ z −1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise, and z0 = 1
lies inside γ.

Solution Overview
1 **Verify** that f (z) = e z is analytic within and on γ.

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 Example 1: Applying Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Problem
Compute the integral:
ez
I
dz
γ z −1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise, and z0 = 1
lies inside γ.

Solution Overview
1 **Verify** that f (z) = e z is analytic within and on γ.
2 **Apply** Cauchy’s Integral Formula.

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 Example 1: Step 1 - Verify Analyticity

Verify Analyticity
The function f (z) = e z is entire, meaning it is analytic everywhere in
C, including within and on the contour γ.

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 Example 1: Step 2 - Apply Cauchy’s Integral
Formula
Apply Cauchy’s Integral Formula
According to Cauchy’s Integral Formula:
I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

Solving for the integral:

I
f (z)
dz = 2πi · f (z0 )
γ z − z0

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 Example 1: Step 2 - Apply Cauchy’s Integral
Formula
Apply Cauchy’s Integral Formula
According to Cauchy’s Integral Formula:
I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

Solving for the integral:

I
f (z)
dz = 2πi · f (z0 )
γ z − z0

Substitute the Values

Here, f (z0 ) = e 1 = e, therefore:
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 Example 1: Conclusion

Conclusion
ez
I
dz = 2πie
γ z −1

Interpretation
The integral evaluates to 2πie, showcasing the direct application of
Cauchy’s Integral Formula.

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 Example 2: Using the Residue Theorem

Problem
Compute the integral: I
z
dz
γ z2 +1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 2 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
z
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z 2 +1
.

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 Example 2: Using the Residue Theorem

Problem
Compute the integral: I
z
dz
γ z2 +1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 2 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z 2z+1 .
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.

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 Example 2: Using the Residue Theorem

Problem
Compute the integral: I
z
dz
γ z2 +1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 2 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z 2z+1 .
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.
3 **Find** the residues at these singularities.

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 Example 2: Using the Residue Theorem

Problem
Compute the integral: I
z
dz
γ z2 +1
Where γ is the circle |z| = 2 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z 2z+1 .
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.
3 **Find** the residues at these singularities.
4 **Apply** the Residue Theorem.

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 Example 2: Step 1 - Identify Singularities

Identify Singularities
The function f (z) = z 2z+1 has singularities where the denominator is
zero:
z 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = i and z = −i

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 Example 2: Step 2 - Determine Singularities Inside
γ

Determine Singularities Inside γ

The contour γ is the circle |z| = 2. Both z = i and z = −i satisfy:

|i| = | − i| = 1 < 2

Therefore, both singularities lie inside γ.

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 Example 2: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = i and z = −i

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
z z
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z2 + 1 z→zk z2 + 1

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 Example 2: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = i and z = −i

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
z z
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z2 + 1 z→zk z2 + 1
At z = i:
 
z z(z − i) z i 1
Res 2
,i = lim = lim = =
z +1 z→i (z − i)(z + i) z→i z + i 2i 2

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 Example 2: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = i and z = −i

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
z z
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z2 + 1 z→zk z2 + 1
At z = i:
 
z z(z − i) z i 1
Res 2
,i = lim = lim = =
z +1 z→i (z − i)(z + i) z→i z + i 2i 2

At z = −i:
 
z z(z + i) z −i 1
Res 2
, −i = lim = lim = =
z +1 z→−i (z − i)(z + i) z→−i z − i −2i 2
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 Example 2: Step 4 - Apply the Residue Theorem

Step 1: Express the Integral

I     
z z z
2
dz = 2πi Res 2
,i + Res 2
, −i
γ z +1 z +1 z +1

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 Example 2: Step 4 - Apply the Residue Theorem

Step 1: Express the Integral

I     
z z z
2
dz = 2πi Res 2
,i + Res 2
, −i
γ z +1 z +1 z +1

Step 2: Substitute Residues

 
1 1
= 2πi +
2 2
= 2πi

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 Example 2: Conclusion

Conclusion
I
z
dz = 2πi
γ z2 +1

Interpretation
The integral evaluates to 2πi, demonstrating the application of the
Residue Theorem for functions with multiple singularities within the
contour.

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 Example 3: Evaluation Using Cauchy’s Integral
Formula

Problem
Compute the integral:
ez
I
dz
γ z
Where γ is the unit circle |z| = 1 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
ez
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = z
.

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 Example 3: Evaluation Using Cauchy’s Integral
Formula

Problem
Compute the integral:
ez
I
dz
γ z
Where γ is the unit circle |z| = 1 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
z
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = ez .
2 **Determine** if the singularity lies inside γ.

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 Example 3: Evaluation Using Cauchy’s Integral
Formula

Problem
Compute the integral:
ez
I
dz
γ z
Where γ is the unit circle |z| = 1 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
z
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = ez .
2 **Determine** if the singularity lies inside γ.
3 **Apply** Cauchy’s Integral Formula.

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 Example 3: Step 1 - Identify Singularities

Identify Singularities
ez
The function f (z) = z
has a singularity at z = 0, which is a simple
pole.

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 Example 3: Step 2 - Determine Singularity Inside γ

Determine Singularity Inside γ

The contour γ is the unit circle |z| = 1. Since |0| = 0 < 1, the
singularity at z = 0 lies inside γ.

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 Example 3: Step 3 - Apply Cauchy’s Integral
Formula
Apply Cauchy’s Integral Formula
According to Cauchy’s Integral Formula:
I
1 f (z)
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi γ z − z0

Here, f (z) = e z and z0 = 0, so:

ez
I
0 1
e =1= dz
2πi γ z

Solving for the integral:

ez
I
dz = 2πi · 1 = 2πi
University of Lagos γ z
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 Example 3: Conclusion

Conclusion
ez
I
dz = 2πi
γ z

Interpretation
z
The integral of ez around the unit circle is 2πi, illustrating the use of
Cauchy’s Integral Formula for functions with singularities inside the
contour.

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 Example 4: Contour Integral with Multiple
Singularities
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ z(z − 2)
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z(z−2)
.

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 Example 4: Contour Integral with Multiple
Singularities
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ z(z − 2)
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z(z−2)
.
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.

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 Example 4: Contour Integral with Multiple
Singularities
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ z(z − 2)
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z(z−2)
.
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.
3 **Find** the residues at these singularities.

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 Example 4: Contour Integral with Multiple
Singularities
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ z(z − 2)
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularities of f (z) = z(z−2)
.
2 **Determine** which singularities lie inside γ.
3 **Find** the residues at these singularities.
4 **Apply** the Residue Theorem.
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 Example 4: Step 1 - Identify Singularities

Identify Singularities
1
The function f (z) = z(z−2)
has singularities at:

z = 0 and z = 2

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 Example 4: Step 2 - Determine Singularities Inside
γ

Determine Singularities Inside γ

The contour γ is the circle |z| = 3. Both z = 0 and z = 2 satisfy:

|0| = 0 < 3 and |2| = 2 < 3

Therefore, both singularities lie inside γ.

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 Example 4: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = 0 and z = 2

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
1 1
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z(z − 2) z→zk z(z − 2)

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 Example 4: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = 0 and z = 2

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
1 1
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z(z − 2) z→zk z(z − 2)
At z = 0:
 
1 1 1 1
Res , 0 = lim = =−
z(z − 2) z→0 z − 2 −2 2

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 Example 4: Step 3 - Find Residues

Find Residues at z = 0 and z = 2

Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues can be found
using:  
1 1
Res , zk = lim (z − zk )
z(z − 2) z→zk z(z − 2)
At z = 0:
 
1 1 1 1
Res , 0 = lim = =−
z(z − 2) z→0 z − 2 −2 2

At z = 2:  
1 1 1
Res , 2 = lim =
z(z − 2) z→2 z 2

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 Example 4: Step 4 - Apply the Residue Theorem

Apply the Residue Theorem

I     
1 1 1
dz = 2πi Res , 0 + Res ,2 = 2π
γ z(z − 2) z(z − 2) z(z − 2)

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 Example 4: Conclusion

Conclusion
I
1
dz = 0
γ z(z − 2)

Interpretation
The integral evaluates to zero, demonstrating how residues can
cancel each other out when their sum is zero.

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 Example 5: Evaluating an Integral with a
Higher-Order Pole
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ (z − 1)2
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = (z−1)2
.

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 Example 5: Evaluating an Integral with a
Higher-Order Pole
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ (z − 1)2
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = (z−1)2
.
2 **Determine** if the singularity lies inside γ.

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 Example 5: Evaluating an Integral with a
Higher-Order Pole
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ (z − 1)2
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = (z−1)2
.
2 **Determine** if the singularity lies inside γ.
3 **Find** the residue at the singularity.

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 Example 5: Evaluating an Integral with a
Higher-Order Pole
Problem
Compute the integral: I
1
dz
γ (z − 1)2
Where γ is the circle |z| = 3 traversed counterclockwise.

Solution Overview
1
1 **Identify** the singularity of f (z) = (z−1)2
.
2 **Determine** if the singularity lies inside γ.
3 **Find** the residue at the singularity.
4 **Apply** the Residue Theorem.
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 Example 5: Step 1 - Identify Singularities

Identify Singularities
1
The function f (z) = (z−1)2
has a singularity at z = 1, which is a pole
of order 2.

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 Example 5: Step 2 - Determine Singularity Inside γ

Determine Singularity Inside γ

The contour γ is the circle |z| = 3. Since |1| = 1 < 3, the singularity
at z = 1 lies inside γ.

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 Example 5: Step 3 - Find Residue

Find Residue at z = 1
For a pole of order n, the residue can be found using:

1 d n−1
Res (f , z0 ) = lim n−1
[(z − z0 )n f (z)]
(n − 1)! z→z 0 dz

Here, n = 2 and z0 = 1:
   
1 1 d 2 1 d
Res 2
,1 = lim (z − 1) · 2
= lim [1] = 0
(z − 1) 1! z→1 dz (z − 1) z→1 dz

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 Example 5: Step 4 - Apply the Residue Theorem

Apply the Residue Theorem

I  
1 1
dz = 2πi · Res , 1 = 2πi · 0 = 0
γ (z − 1)2 (z − 1)2

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 Example 5: Conclusion

Conclusion
I
1
dz = 0
γ (z − 1)2

Interpretation
The integral evaluates to zero, highlighting that higher-order poles
contribute to the integral based on their residues.

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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.

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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.
Cauchy’s Integral Formula: Provides a method to evaluate
integrals and derive properties of analytic functions.

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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.
Cauchy’s Integral Formula: Provides a method to evaluate
integrals and derive properties of analytic functions.
Residue Theorem: A powerful tool for evaluating contour
integrals, especially with multiple singularities.

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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.
Cauchy’s Integral Formula: Provides a method to evaluate
integrals and derive properties of analytic functions.
Residue Theorem: A powerful tool for evaluating contour
integrals, especially with multiple singularities.
Techniques of Integration: Including parametrization, Laurent
series, and contour deformation are essential for solving complex
integrals.

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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.
Cauchy’s Integral Formula: Provides a method to evaluate
integrals and derive properties of analytic functions.
Residue Theorem: A powerful tool for evaluating contour
integrals, especially with multiple singularities.
Techniques of Integration: Including parametrization, Laurent
series, and contour deformation are essential for solving complex
integrals.
Worked Examples: Practical applications reinforce theoretical
concepts and demonstrate the application of fundamental
theorems.
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 Summary
Key Takeaways
Cauchy’s Integral Theorem: The integral of an analytic
function over a closed contour is zero.
Cauchy’s Integral Formula: Provides a method to evaluate
integrals and derive properties of analytic functions.
Residue Theorem: A powerful tool for evaluating contour
integrals, especially with multiple singularities.
Techniques of Integration: Including parametrization, Laurent
series, and contour deformation are essential for solving complex
integrals.
Worked Examples: Practical applications reinforce theoretical
concepts and demonstrate the application of fundamental
theorems.

Further Reading
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 Questions and Discussion

Any Questions?

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