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Grammar Summary

Hjj

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13 views

Grammar Summary

Hjj

Uploaded by

smadisaleh979
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary of Explained Grammar Rules

1. Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences are used to express a result based on a specific condition. They
consist of:
1. If clause: contains the condition.
2. Main clause: contains the result.

Types of Conditional Sentences:

1. Zero Conditional:
- Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple
- Use: To express general truths or rules.
- Example: If you heat water, it boils.

2. First Conditional:
- Structure: If + Present Simple, will + Base Verb
- Use: To talk about possible or expected things in the future.
- Example: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. Second Conditional:
- Structure: If + Past Simple, would + Base Verb
- Use: To talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future.
- Example: If I were rich, I would travel the world.

4. Third Conditional:
- Structure: If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle
- Use: To talk about unreal situations in the past.
- Example: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.

5. Mixed Conditional:
- Structure: If + Past Perfect, would + Base Verb
- Use: To connect past events to present situations.
- Example: If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

2. Verbs of Perception

Verbs of perception (e.g., see, hear, feel) describe how we perceive things. They can be
followed by:
1. Object + Bare Infinitive: For completed actions.
- Example: I saw him leave the house.
2. Object + Present Participle (Verb + -ing): For ongoing actions.
- Example: I saw him leaving the house.

3. Reported Speech

Reported speech is used to report what someone else has said without using their exact
words.
- Structure: Reporting Verb + That-Clause
- Examples:
1. "I am happy," she said. → She said that she was happy.
2. "Where do you live?" he asked. → He asked where I lived.

4. Simple Tenses

- Simple Present: To express facts, habits, or schedules.


- Structure: Subject + Base Verb (add -s/-es for he/she/it).
- Example: The train leaves at 12:00.
- Simple Past: To talk about completed actions in the past.
- Structure: Subject + Past Verb.
- Example: She visited her grandmother last week.
- Simple Future: To talk about future actions.
- Structure: Subject + Will + Base Verb.
- Example: I will call you tomorrow.

5. Continuous Tenses

- Present Continuous: Actions happening now or in the near future.


- Structure: Subject + Am/Is/Are + Verb + -ing.
- Example: I am reading a book now.

- Past Continuous: Actions in progress at a specific time in the past.


- Structure: Subject + Was/Were + Verb + -ing.
- Example: We were watching TV when the phone rang.

- Future Continuous: Actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
- Structure: Subject + Will Be + Verb + -ing.
- Example: I will be waiting for you at 6 PM.
6. Perfect Tenses

- Present Perfect: Actions that happened at an unspecified time or continue to the present.
- Structure: Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle.
- Example: I have finished my homework.

- Past Perfect: Actions completed before another past action.


- Structure: Subject + Had + Past Participle.
- Example: She had left before the meeting started.

- Future Perfect: Actions that will be completed before a specific future time.
- Structure: Subject + Will Have + Past Participle.
- Example: I will have completed the project by next week.

7. Perfect Continuous Tenses

- Present Perfect Continuous: Actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
- Structure: Subject + Have/Has Been + Verb + -ing.
- Example: We have been studying for three hours.

- Past Perfect Continuous: Actions in progress before another past action.


- Structure: Subject + Had Been + Verb + -ing.
- Example: They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.

- Future Perfect Continuous: Actions in progress that will continue up to a point in the
future.
- Structure: Subject + Will Have Been + Verb + -ing.
- Example: By December, I will have been working here for 5 years.

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