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Force in Parallel Currents

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Force in Parallel Currents

Uploaded by

gauri151206
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORCE IN PARALLEL

CURRENTS
Force in Parallel Currents
The interaction between two parallel current-
carrying conductors is a fundamental concept in
electromagnetism, with significant implications in
both theoretical and applied physics. This interaction
is governed by the principles of magnetic fields and
forces, specifically as described by Ampère's force
law.
The force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors is a fascinating phenomenon explained
by electromagnetism. When electric currents flow
through conductors, they generate magnetic fields
which interact with each other, resulting in forces
that can either attract or repel the conductors. This
project explores these forces, their mathematical
derivation, and practical applications.

Force in Parallel Currents: Laws


Explained
The force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors is a fundamental concept in
electromagnetism, described primarily by Ampère's
force law and Biot-Savart law. These principles
explain how currents produce magnetic fields and
how these fields result in forces between conductors.

Biot-Savart Law
The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field
generated by a steady current. For a small segment
of current-carrying wire, the magnetic field B at a
point in space is given by:

where:
 μ0 is the permeability of free space
 I is the current.
 dl is the length element of the conductor.
 r^ is the unit vector from the length element to
the point where the magnetic field is being
calculated.
 r is the distance between the length element and
the point of interest.
Ampère's Force Law
Ampère's force law quantifies the force per unit
length between two parallel current-carrying
conductors. If two conductors are separated by a
distance d and carry currents I1 and I2, the force per
unit length F/L between them is:

 Attractive Force: If the currents flow in the


same direction, the force between the conductors
is attractive.
 Repulsive Force: If the currents flow in opposite
directions, the force is repulsive.

Practical Implications
1. Electrical Transmission Lines:
Understanding these forces helps design stable
power transmission systems. The forces between
the lines must be considered to prevent
unwanted movement or damage.
2. Magnetic Levitation: In maglev trains,
repulsive forces between currents in the track
and the train are used for frictionless, high-speed
transportation.
3. Plasma Confinement: In fusion reactors,
magnetic fields generated by currents are used
to confine plasma, requiring precise control over
the currents and the resulting magnetic fields.

Conclusion
The force between parallel current-carrying
conductors is a key concept in electromagnetism
with extensive applications in engineering and
technology. The Biot-Savart law explains how
currents generate magnetic fields, while Ampère's
force law quantifies the interaction between these
fields and currents. Together, these principles
provide a comprehensive understanding of
electromagnetic interactions in various practical
scenarios

Experiment Setup
1. Circuit Assembly:
o Connect two parallel copper wires to the DC

power supply.
o Ensure the wires are straight and parallel, and

the distance between them can be adjusted.


o Use supports to hold the wires firmly in place.
2. Measurement:
o Connect an ammeter in series with one of the

wires to measure the current.


o Use a voltmeter to ensure a consistent voltage

supply.
o Place a magnetic field sensor between the wires

to measure the magnetic field strength.


Procedure
1. Initial Measurements:
o Record the initial current in each wire and the
distance between them.
o Measure the magnetic field strength at
various points between and around the wires.
2. Force Observation:
o Gradually increase the current in one or both
wires and observe any changes in their
relative positions.
o Note the direction of force (attractive or
repulsive) based on the direction of currents
in each wire.
3. Data Recording:
o For various distances ddd and currents I1 and
I2, record the magnetic field strength and the
observed forces.
o Ensure to take multiple readings to account
for any anomalies.
Theory and Calculations
1. Magnetic Field Calculation:
o Use the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the
magnetic field generated by a long straight
conductor:
.

2.Force Calculation:
o Using Ampère's force law, calculate the force per unit

length between the two conductors:


Conclusion
This summarizes the key findings of the project,
emphasizing the relationship between current,
magnetic fields, and forces. Discuss the accuracy of
the theoretical calculations compared to
experimental observations. Highlight the
significance of these principles in practical
applications and future technologies.

Moving Coil Galvanometer


Introduction

A moving coil galvanometer is a sensitive instrument used for


detecting and measuring small electric currents. It works on the
principle that a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field
experiences a torque. This project aims to explore the construction,
working, and applications of a moving coil galvanometer.
Theory

1. Principle of Operation: A moving coil


galvanometer works on the principle that a
current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field experiences a force. The torque (τ\tauτ)
experienced by the coil is given by:
τ=nBAIcos(θ)

where n is the number of turns in the coil, B is the


magnetic flux density, A is the area of the coil, I is
the current, and θ is the angle between the
magnetic field and the normal to the coil.
2. Construction: The main components of a
moving coil galvanometer are:
o A rectangular coil of thin wire wound on a

lightweight metallic frame.


o A strong permanent magnet providing a radial

magnetic field.
o A suspension system consisting of a fine wire

or a strip.
o A pointer attached to the coil that moves over

a calibrated scale.
o A damping system to prevent oscillations.

3. Sensitivity: The sensitivity of a


galvanometer is defined as the deflection per unit
current. It depends on factors like the number of
turns of the coil, the area of the coil, the strength
of the magnetic field, and the torsional constant
of the suspension.
4. Calibration: To convert a galvanometer into
an ammeter, a low resistance known as shunt
resistance is connected in parallel. To convert it
into a voltmeter, a high resistance is connected in
series.
o Analyze how the sensitivity changes with
different configurations.
2. Damping Mechanism:
o Introduce a damping mechanism such as an
air vane or eddy current damping.
o Observe the effect of damping on the
oscillations of the needle.
3. Calibration for Ammeter and Voltmeter:
o Connect a shunt resistor in parallel with the
galvanometer to measure higher currents.
o Connect a high resistance in series to
measure voltage across a component.
Objectives
1. Understand the basic principles and construction
of a moving coil galvanometer.
2. Derive the mathematical expression for the
torque on the coil.
3. Investigate factors affecting the sensitivity
and accuracy of the galvanometer.
4. Conduct experiments to measure small
currents using the galvanometer.
5. Explore the conversion of a galvanometer
into an ammeter or voltmeter.

CONCLUSION
In summary, the force between parallel current-
carrying conductors is a foundational concept in
electromagnetism with widespread practical
applications. It underscores the intricate interplay
between electricity and magnetism and its influence
on modern technology and engineering.

This project outline provides a comprehensive


approach to studying the force between parallel
currents, combining theoretical knowledge with
practical experimentation. It encourages hands-on
learning and application of electromagnetism
principles in real-world scenarios.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Textbooks on electromagnetism by John Griffith
 Scientific journals and articles on magnetic fields
and forces between conductors
 Manufacturer manuals for equipment used
(magnetic field sensors, power supplies)
 Physics textbooks on electromagnetism and
instrumentation.
 Research papers on galvanometer development
and applications.
 Online tutorials on galvanometer construction and
usage.

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