Wireless Control That Simply Works

Network Layer Overview

Ian Marsden, Integration Associates ZigBee NWG Chair
Embedded Systems Show, Birmingham, October 12th, 2006

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ZigBee Stack
ZigBee is built upon the foundations provided by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
APSSE-SAP NLSE-SAP

Application Framework
ZPUI

Application Object 240

[On Endpoint 240] APSDE-SAP

Application Object 1
[On Endpoint 1] APSDE-SAP

ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)

[On Endpoint 0] APSDE-SAP

APSME-SAP

Security Service Provider

Application Support (APS) Layer

NLDE-SAP

NLME-SAP

Network (NWK) Layer

MCPS-SAP MLME-SAP

Medium Access Layer (MAC) Layer

PD-SAP PLME-SAP

Physical (PHY) Layer

ZigBee Stack
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802.15.4 Architecture:

PHY Frequency Options Network Structure 802.15.4 Device Types Locating Networks Joining / Rejoining Networks Direct / Indirect Data Transmission

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Architecture: 802.15.4 PHY Options

Freq Band 868 / 915 MHz 2.4 GHz

Bit Rate 20 / 40 kbps 250 kbps 1 / 10 16

Channels

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Architecture: Network Structure in 802.15.4

802.15.4 FFD 802.15.4 RFD Network Association

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Architecture: 802.15.4 Device Types

Full Function Device (FFD)

Capable of being the PAN Coordinator Implements processing of Association Request Implements processing of Orphan Notification Implements processing of Start Request Implements processing of Disassociation Notification

Reduced Function Device (RFD)

Can only associate and communicate with a FFD Reduced stack removes optional components

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MLME_SCAN: Locating Networks

MAC / PHY
MLME_SCAN_request( ACTIVE ) CMD_BEACON_REQUEST
Channel n

BEACON BEACON

ScanDuration

CMD_BEACON_REQUEST
Channel n+1

BEACON
ScanDuration

BEACON

MLME_SCAN_confirm( Descriptors )

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MLME_ASSOCIATE: Joining a Network

MAC / PHY
MLME_ASSOCIATE_request() CMD_ASSOCIATE_REQUEST

aResponseWaitTime

CMD_DATA_REQUEST CMD_ASSOCIATE_RESPONSE MLME_ASSOCIATE_confirm()

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MLME_SCAN: Rejoining a Network

MAC / PHY
MLME_SCAN_request( ORPHAN ) CMD_ORPHAN_NOTIFICATION
Channel n

ScanDuration

CMD_ORPHAN_NOTIFICATION
Channel n+1

ScanDuration

CMD_COORD_REALIGNMENT

MLME_SCAN_confirm( Descriptors )

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Data Transmission:
Direct (FFD

FFD, or RFD

FFD)

The receiving device has its receiver on (RxOnIdle) The data packet can be set unsolicited The MAC schedules it for immediate delivery (using CSMA-CA)

Indirect (FFD

RFD)

The receiving device is asleep with its receiver off The data packet has to be requested (Polled) The FFD MAC stores it for later retrieval by the RFD.

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802.15.4 Summary

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

Used to convey information over short distances.

Star network topology Devices communicate only with the Coordinator In-direct data transmission enables small, power efficient, inexpensive solutions to be implemented. But 802.15.4 does not provide multi-hop networking 802.15.4 does not provide mesh networking Enter ZigBee

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ZigBee Stack
ZigBee is built upon the foundations provided by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
APSSE-SAP NLSE-SAP

Application Framework
ZPUI

Application Object 240

[On Endpoint 240] APSDE-SAP

Application Object 1
[On Endpoint 1] APSDE-SAP

ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)

[On Endpoint 0] APSDE-SAP

APSME-SAP

Security Service Provider

Application Support (APS) Layer

NLDE-SAP

NLME-SAP

Network (NWK) Layer

MCPS-SAP MLME-SAP

Medium Access Layer (MAC) Layer

PD-SAP PLME-SAP

Physical (PHY) Layer

ZigBee Stack
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Architecture: NWK layer details

ZigBee Device Types Stack Profile, Network Rules Network Management and Addressing Message Routing Route Discovery and Maintenance Security

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Architecture: Network Structure in ZigBee

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Architecture: Stack Profile

Sets the rules that the network adheres to:

nwkMaxDepth nwkMaxChildren nwkMaxRouters nwkSecurityLevel

And many more

Table sizes Timeouts Route Cost Calculation Algorithm

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Architecture: ZigBee Device Types

ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)

One and only one required for each ZigBee network.

First one on the scene Selects the time and place (Channel, PANId, Stack Profile)

Initiates network formation.

Acts as IEEE 802.15.4 2003 PAN coordinator (FFD). Also performs as router once network is formed. Not necessarily a dedicated device can

perform an application too.

One extra function: Acts as Bind Request Controller

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Architecture: ZigBee Device Types ZigBee Router (ZR)

Optional network component. Discovers and associates with ZC or ZR.

Extends the network coverage

Acts as IEEE 802.15.4 2003 coordinator (FFD). Manages local address allocation / de-allocation Participates in multi-hop / mesh routing of messages.

Looks after its ZEDs when it comes to broadcasting and routing messages Maintains Neighbor Table to allow Neighbor Routing

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Architecture: ZigBee Device Types ZigBee End Device (ZED)

Optional network component. Discovers and associates with ZC or ZR. Acts as IEEE 802.15.4 2003 device (RFD). Can be optimised for very low power operation Relies on its parent to let it sleep

RxOnIdle is off

Shall not allow association. Shall not participate in routing.

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Network Initiation: ZC NLME_NETWORK_FORMATION.request

Performs an Energy Detect Scan

Looks for other wireless devices on the channel Looks for other 802.15.4 networks on the channel Weights up channels based on noise level and PANs

Performs an Active Scan

Selects the nicest channel

Selects an unused PANId Starts a network

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Network Discovery: ZR & ZED NLME_NETWORK_DISCOVERY.request

Performs an Active Scan

Looks for other ZigBee networks on the channel

Selects a compatible network

Stack Profile

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Network Association: ZR & ZED NLME_JOIN.request

Selects the highest acceptable router

Link Quality, with capacity

Associates with the router Allocated an address on the network

Device authenticates with network

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Network Association: ZR Cont. NLME_START_ROUTER.request

Updates Beacon Payload

Depth, Capacity

Starts a router

Updates Association Permit Status

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Addressing: Tree-structured Address Assignment

CSkip based address assignment Address determined from tree location

Address 0x0 Depth 0 Depth 1 Depth 2 Depth 3 0x7FFF 0xFFFF

nwkMaxDepth

nwkMaxChildren

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Transmitting Data NLDE-DATA.request

Used by NHL for all data transmissions

Uni-casts and broadcasts Destination Address Radius Discover Route

Accepts the following parameters

NLDE-DATA.indication

Reports the receipt of a data transmission Includes the following parameters

Source Address

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Tree Routing:

The address tells you where the destination is Simple equation gives route up or route down If LocalAddr < DestAddr < LocalAddr + CSkip(d-1) Route Down Else Route Up
Address 0x0 Depth 0 Depth 1 Depth 2 Depth 3 0x7FFF 0xFFFF

CSkip d= 1 CSkip d= 2

Obviously not necessarily the most efficient route

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Neighbour Routing:

A ZC or ZR maintains a table of devices in its neighbourhood If the target device is physically in range it can send the message directly.
Address 0x0 Depth 0 Depth 1 Depth 2 Depth 3 0x7FFF 0xFFFF

Devices Neighbourhood

But what happens if the destination is not in the local neighbourhood?

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Mesh Routing:

ZC or ZR maintains a routing table of next hop addresses If the target device has a routing table entry then the message can be sent using this route.
Address 0x0 Depth 0 Depth 1 Depth 2 Depth 3 0x7FFF 0xFFFF

Thats great, but where do the routing table entries come from?

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Routing: Route Discovery

A device wishing to discover a route issues a route request

command frame

Specialized broadcast frame transmitted throughout the network. Path cost is computed by intermediary nodes on receipt

Nodes pass on the route request if new or better route request Intended destination responds to the route request command frame

if new or better route request with a route reply command frame

Unicast frame, returns along the reverse path Reports the path cost

Nodes pass on the route reply and update their routing tables

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Message Routing: The Basic Algorithm

1. 2. 3.

See if the destination is in the Neighbour Table Check for a Routing Table entry Finally resort to Tree Routing

NB. ZRs store messages for sleeping ZEDs

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Broadcast: The Basic Algorithm

Transmit broadcast message Rebroadcast by local ZRs if it is new. Time & radius limited. ZRs store messages for sleeping ZEDs ZRs issue broadcasts on behalf of sleeping ZEDs

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Security: NWK Layer

The Stack Profile defines the security level in use. Uses Network Key unless Link Key has been applied. Tool box offers both authentication and encryption facilities. Auxiliary Header and Message Integrity Code add overhead to the packet.
nibSecurityLevel 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Security Suite NONE MIC-32 MIC-64 MIC-128 ENC ENC-MIC-32 ENC-MIC-64 ENC-MIN-128

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Network Layer Management Primitives

NLME-PERMIT-JOINING.request NLME-PERMIT-JOINING.confirm NLME-DIRECT-JOIN.request NLME-DIRECT-JOIN.confirm NLME-LEAVE.request NLME-LEAVE.confirm NLME-LEAVE.indication NLME-SYNC.request NLME-SYNC.confirm NLME-SYNC.indication NLME-RESET.request NLME-RESET.confirm NLME-GET.request NLME-GET.confirm NLME-SET.request NLME-SET.confirm

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To summarise the ZigBee network layer:

Has 3 device types; ZC, ZR and ZED. Performs network discovery and formation Performs address allocation Performs message routing Configured by the stack profile Provides network wide security Allows low power devices to maximize

their battery life

ZigBee turns 802.15.4 into a low power multi-hop mesh network.

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Any Questions

Any Questions

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Contact Details
Ian Marsden Integration UK Ltd Director, Software Engineering
[email protected] DDI: +44 (0) 1737 227721 Tel: +44 (0) 1737 227722 www.integration.com Cell: +44 (0) 7920 105537 Fax: +44 (0) 1737 227744

16-18 West Street, Reigate, Surrey, RH2 9BS, United Kingdom

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