Metals and Non-metals Fastracl« Revision Elements are mainly divided into two groups namely metals and non-metals, but there are certain elements which show properties of both metals as well as non- metals. These are known as metalloids. Elements which Form positive ions by losing electrons are called metals, Metals are hard solid substances, malleable, ductile, sonorous and are good conductors of heat and electricity Almost all the metals combine with oxygen (or alt) to Form. metal oxides which are basic in nature. Sodium and potassium react so vigorously with oxygen that they catch fire if kept in the open. Hence, to prevent accidental fires, they are kept immersed in kerosene oil ‘Anodising is a process of forming a thick oxide layer on aluminium, which prevents the metal from corrosion. Most of the metal oxides are insoluble in water. But some of the metal oxides dissolve in water to form alkalis. Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are called amphoteric oxides. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are examples of amphoteric oxides. Metals react with water to produce respective metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. Metal + Water —> Metal oxide + Hydrogen Metal oxide + Water —» Metal hydroxide Except a few less reactive metals (such as Cu, Ho, Ag, Pt, etc), all metals react with dil. sulphuric acid’ and dil hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas is not evolved when 2 metal reacts with nitric acid because Its a strong oxidising agent. Reactive metal can displace a comparatively less reactive metal from its compounds in aqueous salt solution or in molten form. Metal A+ Salt solution of B—-> Salt solution of A+ Metal B (otal Als mora ractve than 6} The reactivity series is a list oF metals arranged in the order of their decreasing reactivity. The order of reactivity oF metals is K>Na>Ca>Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>Pb>H> Cu >Ag> Au MNEMoNICS Concept: How to remember reactivity series? ‘Mnemonics: Please Send Cats Monkeys And Zebras In Lovely Happy Cages Made of Silver and Gold. Interpretation: Potassium S-Sodlum — C Calcium M-Magnesium A-Aluminium Z- Zinc I= Jron L-Lead H = Hydrogen C~ Copper = M-Mercury —S- Silver G- Gold » Non-metals are those wich Form negative ions by gaining electrons > Non-metals occur In the Form of solld, Uquld or gas. They are non-malleable, nor-ductile, non-sonorous in nature and are poor conductors of heat and electricity except graphite. > Non-metals react with oxygen to farm acidic oxides or neutral oxides. > Nor-metals do not usually react with water or steam but the non-metal oxides react with water to Form acids. » Non-metals do not react with dilute acids to release hydrogen gas. > The compounds Formed due to the transfer of electrons from a metal to 2 non-metal are known as tonic compounds or electrovalent compounds Formation of Magnesium Chloride: Mg eM ez" ner a orc Gee or (oteid nary => ots | | 2 Properties of lonic Compounds: > They are generally solid and hard because of the strong Force of attraction between the positive and negative ions. > They have high melting and boiling point. > They are soluble in water but insoluble in solvents such as petrotetc. > They do not conduct electricity in solid state but conduct electricity in molten state. Occurrence of Metals: > The naturally occurring compounds of the metals in the earth's crust are called minerals. > Those minerals from which metals can be extracted conventionally and economically are called ores. The process of extraction of metals from thelr ores Is called metallurgy. » Extraction of Metals: Position | Metal Process and Example Heated in ar: Metals | 49 |2H95(s) +30, (9) of low. Heat HE, 2190 (5)+ 25 reactivity Sate 2Hg0 (5) HEA 2H (t) + 09 (9)[Heated in airz cu |2Cu,S(5}+30, (9) HEM, 2€u,0(5)+250, (9) 2Cu,0(s)+Cu,S(5) = 6Cu(s)+S0 (9) IRoasting: Zn | 2znS(s) 30 (9) Heat —He2t_, 27n0 (5) +250, (9) calcination: Metals of Heat ZnO; (s) #4 2n0 (5) + Metals ol ACOs (5) ZnO (5) +COp (9) feactivity} [Reduction using carbon: ZnO(s)+C(s)—-— Zn(s)+CO(g) [Reduction using aluminium: Mn |3MnO, (s)+4Al(s) 3M (l)+2A1,05 (5) +Heat Fe |Fep05(s)+2Al(s) + 2Fe (I) +Al,0, (s) +Heat Metals |Electrolysis of their molten chlorides: of high | Na lat cathode: Nat +e7----9Na reactivity] Mg Ca [Atanode: 2c” 91, + 26° ‘AL electrolytic reduction of aluminium loxide Metalsat| Au |Found in the Free state. bottom | Pt of activity} Ag ‘The process of purification of the metal obtained after reductions called refining of metals. Electrolytic Refining:in this process, impure metalis made the anode, thin strip of pure metal Is made the cathode ‘and a solution of metal salt is used as an electrolyte. On passing current through the electrolyte, pure metal gets deposited on the cathode and insoluble Impurities settle at the bottom of the anode (known as anode mud). Corrosion: is the slow process of eating away of metals by the reaction of atmospheric alr and moisture. Rusting of Iron: can be prevented by galvanising, by making alloys, painting, greasing or oiling and tin-plating or chromium-plating. ‘The process of coating iron and steel objects with a thin layer oF zincis called galvanisation. Analloy sa homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, orametalandanon-metal eg, stainless steel (Iron + Nickel + Chromium), Brass (Copper + Zinc) etc. An amalgam is an alloy in which one of the metals is mercury. x Practice Exercise ® Multiple choice Questions y QL. Among the following, the metal with lowest density is: (cose 2023) a. Lithium: b. Lead & Magnesium d. Aluminium Q2. A cable manufacturing unit tested few elements on the basis of their physical properties. Properties w[x[y[z Malleable Yes | No | No | Yes Ductite Yes [ No | No | Yes Electrical Conductivity| Yes | Yes | Yes | No Melting Point High [Low | Low | High Which of the above elements were discarded for usage bythe company? (CASESQP 2021 Term-1) aWXY BXVZ CWXZ AVXZ 3. An element with atomic numbe will form a Element held Base A x x 8. 7 v G v x D. v v Which of these elements form amphoteric oxides? a AandD b.BandO cAandC d.BandC Q5. Which of the following oxide(s) is/are soluble in water to form alkalies? (CBSE 2021 Term-1) (i) Na,O (ii) SO, (iii) KJ0.——(iv NO, 2, (Vand (i) b, Only (1) (i) and (Iv) 4. Only (il) Q6. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron would be obtained on prolonged reaction of iron with steam? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) a. FeO ©. Fey0, b, Fey03 d, Fe,03 and Fe;0,, Qz. Qa. basic oxide. a. 7 (2.5) c 4 (2.6.4) The given table shows the reaction of a few elements with acids and bases to evolve Hydrogen gas. (CBSE Sop 2023-24) b.17(2.8.7) METAL 6. 11(2.8.1) bil. HCL r ———— METAL SALT GAS. (CBSE SOP 2021 Term-1)Q6. Q9. quo. qu Quz. Which of the following two combinations are correct? Qs. The table shown below gives information about four substances: A, B, Cand D. Metal Gas Evolved ‘ Melting | _ Electrical Conductivity o Copper Yes ubstance] Point (K)| Solid | Liquid/Aqueous @ Tron Yes a 295 Good Good ) Magnesium No B [1210 | Poor Good i a Yes c__| 1890 Poor Good - Dp [1160 [Poor Poor a land i b.landiv of lon 5 eieda tandiv Identify lonic compounds from the above given 3 substances. (CBSE SOP 2021 Term-1) obra aaa nein ETS EO Te . F202) Te=2)Q14, Which one of the following structures correctly S compound CaCl;? —_(cBse 2021 Torm-1) (Sa) = > S Q15. Which one of the following correctly represents In+dlHCl Mg +dIHG Fe+dilHC Cus dla sodium oxide? (cBSESop 2028-24) “ @ o o ie ‘What is the reason for different behaviour of Mg in a worl :] b. aw [8] test tube 8 = _ a. Mgis lighter element than dll. HCL < aver ‘] a worl | b. Mg reacts with dil HCl to produce Hy gas which helas in floating Q16. An element ‘M has 50% of the electrons filled © Ig reacts with dil HCL to produce Nz gas which in the 3rd shell as in the 2nd shell. The atomic helps in floating number of Mis: (CBSE Sop 2023-24) d. Mg reacts with dlL HCI to produce CO, gas which a0 b.2 ow 6.18 helps in floating Q17. Which of the following metals exist in their native On adding dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube state In nature? cneaainenapieng: containing a metal'X, a colourless gas Is produced ) @ (ii) Aw (iii) Zn fiv) Ag when a burning match stick is brought near it. a. (I) and Ci) b. (i) and (i) Which of the following correctly represents metal © (i) and (iv) 4. (ai) and (Ww) ”7 (case sop 2023.24) 918. A diagram of refining impure metals Is given a. Sodium b. Zine elon & Copper 4. Silver The colour of the solution observed after 30 minutes of placing zinc metal to copper sulphate solution is: (case sop 2023-24) a. Blue b. Colourtess © Dirty green 4. Reddish Brown The palr(s) which will show displacement reaction is/are: () NaCl solution and copper metal ‘AgNO; solution and copper metal i) Al,(SO,)s solution and magnesium metal (Iv) 2nS0, solution and iron metal (cise 2021 Term-1) a. Only (i) b. (il) and (ti) (il) and (Iv) (i) ane (i) Which of the following are not ionic compounds? (NCERTEXEMPLAR) ( Ket Gi He ii) CCl, (iv) Nac a. (i) and (il) b. (ii) and (ii) c (ii) and (Wv) @. (i) and (iil) The statement which defines the system and its parts is: a. this is an ideal setting of electrolytic refining of copper with A = acidified CuSO, solution and B= anode mud b. this is an ideal setting of electrolytic refining of copper with A » manganese dioxide and Bs anode mudthis Is an Ideal setting of thermite process with A iron (ll) oxide and 8 » Impurities d. this Is showing a salt solution with A = graphite rod and 8 » impurities Q19. Gatvanisation is a method of protecting iron from rusting by coating with a thin layer of: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) a. gallium . aluminium © zinc 4. silver Q20. Match the alloys given in column (A) with their composition given in column (B). Column (A) Column (8) A | stainless steel (Po sn 8. | Solder i) [Cur zn) [Brass (Wi) [cus Sn 0. | Bronze (wv) [Fe + Ni+ Cr a. Afi, B4(), Civ), Dil) b. Av), 1), Cl), O40) < Afi), Biv). Ci). D+) d. Av). Bi). Ci). D-Kii) Assertion & Reason Type Questions Directions (Q, Nos. 21-30): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other ds Reason (R). Give answer: a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Isa correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) Is not a correct explanation of Assertion (A) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 4d. Assertion (A) Is false but Reason (R) Is true. Assertion (A): Metals are good conductors of heat Reason (R): Silver and copper are poor conductors of heat. Assertion (A): Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Reason (R): Anodising is 2 process of forming a thick oxide layer of aluminium, qa. Qee. Q23. Q24. Q2s. Q26. gaz. Q26. Q29. Q30. Assertion (A): Calcium floats in water. Reason (R): Calcium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas and bubbles of Hy gas stick to the calcium metal surface. Assertion (A): Zinc fails to evolve hydrogen gas on. reacting with dil nitric acid Reason (R): DiLHNO; is an oxidising agent and Zinc gives no when reacts with it Assertion (A): Different metals have different reactivities with water and dilute acids Reason (R): Reactivity of a metal depends on its position in the reactivity series. Assertion (A): lonic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Reason (R): A large amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attraction in ionic compounds. Assertion (A): Metals low in the reactivity series are very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can’ be reduced to metals by heating alone. Reason (R): Cinnabar when heated in air first gets converted into mercuric oxide which is then’ reduced to mercury on further heating. Assertion (A): The reaction of Fe;0; with Al is known as thermite reaction. This is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. Reason (R): The reaction is highly exothermic. Assertion (A): Sodium, calcium and magnesium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten oxides. Reason (R): These metals have more affinity for ‘oxygen than carbon, (case 2023) Assertion (A): Pure gold, known 2s 24 carat gold, is not suitable for making jewellery. Reason (R): Pure gold is very soft. Answers 1. (@) Alkali metals (Lithium, sodium) have low densities. 2 (b) X and ¥ are discarded because they are not malleable and ductile. Zs discarded because it does not conduct electricity 3. (d) We know that metals form basic oxides and metals have 12, or 3 valence electrons. 11(2.8,1) (or Na) vill form a basic oxide. 4, (b) Only elements B and D reacts with both acid and base. Thus, they are amphoteric oxides. 5. (a) () and (li) 6. (c) 3Fe(s) + 4H,0(q) —> FeyO,(s) + 4H,(g) 7. (é) Copper does not react with dilute HCL whereas Magnesium reacts rapidly with dilute HCL to give a salt and hydrogen gas. B. (b) Mg.reacts with dil HCI to produce Hy gas which helps in floating, 8. (2) Sodium WO. (b) Zn + CuSO, —+ ZnSO, + Cu Be Colourere NaCl +Cu—> No reaction ARNO, + Cu—> Cu(NO)2 + 2.Ag AL,(50,)3 + 3Mg—> 3MgSO, + 2AL ZnSO, + Fe —» No reaction 12, (b) HCI and CCL, are covalent compounds, where the compound is formed by mutual sharing of electrons. B. (BC 14. (0) cor 15. (b) 2Na" [:3: I 1. (6)16. () Atomic Number Electronic Configuration K L M 10 2 8 2 2 8 2 4 2 8 4 18 2 8 a (2"4) shell = 8 50 50% of electrons filled in shell = 228 Om 100 Electrons filled in L =4 Element M (atomic no = 14) has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3rd shell as in the 2nd shell 1. (c) (il) and (iv) 18, (a) this is an ideal setting of electrolytic refining of copper with A = acidified CuSO, solution and Beanode mud 19. (c) zinc 20. (6) A-(v), Bi). Ci). D+) 21. (c} Reason (R) is false because silver and copper are best conductors of heat. 22 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) Is not a correct explanation of Assertion (A), 23. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reason (R) Is a correct explanation of Assertion (A) 24, (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is 2 correct explanation of Assertion (A) 25. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A). 26. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A) 27. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true bbut Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of Assertion (A), 2B. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A) 29. (d} Assertion (A) (5 false because sodium. ‘magnesium and calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides 30. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A). -@ Case Study Based Questions y Case Study 1 Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are solids ‘at room temperature, except mercury which is a liquid. Metals combine with oxygen to form basic oxides. Different metals have different reactivities with water and dilute acids. Non-metals have properties opposite to that of metals. Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL. The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is known as: a. conductivity b. malleabitity « sonority 6. ductility Q2. Which of the following metals do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures? (Ag (ii) AL Au (iv) Fe a. () and (iv) b. (ii) and (iv) c (and (il) 3. (and (i) Q.3. Study the image below that shows the reaction of a metal with cold water. = Mota Cold water Which of the following metal explains this event? ak bta c. Mg 6. Fe Which among the following statements is Incorrect for magnesium metal? a. It burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame b.It reacts with cold water to form magnesium oxide and evolves hydragen gas ©. Botha. and b. dit reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas Q5. Generally metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen gas. Which of the following acids does not give hydrogen gas on reacting with metals {except Mn and Mg)? a4. a. H,S0, b HCL HNO; 4. All of these Answers 1. (d) ductility 2 (6) (and (ll) 3. (ak 4. (b) Itreacts with cold water to farm magnesium oxide and evolves hydrogen gas 5. () HNO, Case Study 2 A student, took four metals PQ, R and Sand carried out different experiments to study the properties of metals. Some of the observations were. () All metals could not be cut with knife except metal R. (i) Metal P combined with oxygen to form an oxide M;O; which reached with both acids and bases.(ii) Reaction with water. P —Did not react either with cold or hot ‘water but reacted with steam Q — Reacted with hot water and the metal started floating R — Reacted violently with cold water S — Did not react with water at all Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: (CSE 2021 Term-1) Q1. Outof the given metals, the one which needs to be stored under kerosene i aP be cs 40 Q2. Out of the given metals, the metal Q 2 Iron b. Zinc Potassium . Magnesium 3. Metal which forms amphoteric oxides is: aP bg cR as Q4. The increasing order of the reactivity of the four metals Is: a P Na Case Study 5 Different methods are used for extracting metals of different reactivity Heat [Method of oaracion x S| |eecutyss of mten CP | cre or one 5 i Fy Fe |, [reduction of xe win Bp |enbon ow co'y | Reatng apie hor HaS _| (Reduction by heat alone) 10) [rund inate sae Pt (as metals) Based on the above table, answer the following questions QL. Why is carbon not used for reducing aluminium from aluminium oxide? Q2. Why sulphide and carbonate ores are converted into oxides? Q.3. Name the ore of mercury. How mercu from its ore? Q4. What is thermite reaction? Q5. Writea balanced chemical equation for represet the chemical reaction between manganese dioxide and aluminium powder. is extracted Answers 1 Because aluminium has more affinity for oxygen than carbon. 2. Because itis easier to obtain a metal from its oxide, ‘as compared to its sulphides and carbonates. 3. Cinnabar (HeS) is an ore of mercury. Extraction: 2Hg5 + 30," 2Hg0 +250, go Hs 24g +0, ‘4, Reduction of iron oxide to iran by aluminium is called thermite reaction, Fe,0; + 2AL—> 2Fe + Al,0; + Heat 5, 3MnO) + 4Al—> 3Mn + 2AL05 + Heat Case Study 6 Two students decided to investigate the effect of water and air on iron object under identical experimental conditions. They measured the mass of each object before placing it partially immersed in 10 mL of water. Aftera few days, the object were removed, dried and their masses were measured. The table shows their results. Mass of — | Mass of the Student] Object | Object before | coated object Rusting (ing) |__ (ing) x Nail 30 315 B__| Thin plate 60 633 Read the above passage carefully and give the answers of the following questions: QL What might be the reason for the varied observations of the two students? Q2. In another set up, the students coated iron nails with zinc metal and noted that, iron nails coated with zine prevents rusting. They also observed that zinc initially acts as a physical barrier, but an extra advantage of using zine is that it continues to prevent rusting even ifthe layer of zinc|s damaged. Name this process of rust prevention and give any two other methods to prevent rusting. or In which of the following applications of Iron, rusting will occur most? Support your answer with valid reason. HM A 8 c D A- Iron Bucket electroplated with Zinc B- Electricity cables having iron wires covered with aluminium C- Iron hinges on a gate D-Painted iron fence (case sop 2022-23) Answers 1. Rusting occurs in both A and &'s0 there Is an increase in mass. ‘As the surface area of & is more, so extent of rusting ‘s also more, 2. Galvanisation is the process of applying zinc coating, to ron to prevent rusting, ‘Two other methods to prevent rusting are:() Greasing, (li) Painting, (il) Alloying, (Wv) Chromium plating, (any two) or Cran hinges on a gate because Iron is in contact, with both atmospheric oxygen and moisture @ Very Short Answer type Questions ¥ QL. Give two examples each of the metals that are good conductors and poor conductors of heat respectively. Silver and copper are good conductors of heat. Lead and mercury are poor conductors of heat. Q2. Which of the following metals will melt at body temperature? Gallium, Magnesium, Caesium, Aluminium. Galllum and caesium metals will melt at body temperature (37°C). Q3. Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-lustrous. lodine is a lustrous non-metal and lead is a non lustrous metal. ‘Anon-metal X exists in two different forms Y and ZY is the hardest natural substance, whereas Z Is a good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y and Z. (NCERT EXEMPLAR) ‘Ans. X's carbon. Y is diamond and Z is graphite Q5. An element forms an oxide A,Os, which Is acidic in nature. Identify A as a metal or non-metal. Since the oxide is acidic In nature. therefore A will be a non-metal. Why sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil? Sodium is a very reactive element, It reacts 50 vigorously with oxygen that it catches fire easily If keptin the open. So. to protect sodium and to prevent accidental fires it is kept immersed in kerasene oll. Q7. Why does calcium float in water? . Calcium reacts with water to praduce hydrogen gas, Although. calcium is heavier than water, but due to the sticking of the H, gas bubbles on calcium metal surface. it starts floating, Ans. Ans. a4. Ans. Q8. From amongst the metals sodium, calcium, aluminium, copper and magnesium, name the following ()) metal that reacts with hot water. (i) another metal which does not react even with steam. () Magnesium reacts with hot water. (i) Copper does not react even with steam. Why should the metal sulphides and carbonates be converted to metal oxides in the process of extraction of metal from them? Itis easier to obtain metal from its oxide. as compared to its sulphides and carbonates 50 metal sulghides and carbonates should be converted to metal oxides during extraction. Q9. Ans. Q10. In the arrangement shown below there are three test tubes marked A, B and C. Few clean iron nails, are placed in these tubes. Water is poured in test tube A, boiled distilled water and 1 mL of oil are Poured in test tube 8 and anhydrous calcium chloride is added in test tube C. Ae Iron nal ‘wee Boled dletled woter Aanydrous ealeium chlosdo Whatare the two observations thatcan be observed after a few days from the given arrangement? ‘Ans. The two observations are: () Iron nails rust in test tube A as the nails are exposed to both air and water. (i) Iron nails do not rust in test tubes 8 and C because the nails are not exposed to air in test tube B and ‘not exposed to either alr or water In test tube C QL What are the constituents of solder alloy? Which property of solder makes it suitable for welding electrical wires? " TiP Make a list of alloys and learn the mixture of their meals olong with tele nomes. Ans Solder Is an alloy of lead and tin. Low melting point of solder makes It suitable for welding electrical wires, -@ Short Answer type-i Questions W Q1 Name one metal and one non-metal that exist quid state at room temperature. Also name two metals having melting point less than 310 K (87°C). Mercury (metal) and Bromine (non-metal) exist in liquid state at roam temperature Two metals with melting point less than 310 K are Gallium (Ga) and Caesium (Cs Ans. Q2. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides. (ncenr exercise} ‘Ans. The metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as ‘amphoteric oxides. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide show bath acidic as ‘well as basic behaviour and are amphoteric oxides.Q3. A metal A, which is used in thermite process, when heated with oxygen gives an oxide 8, which is amphoteric in nature. Identify A and B. Write down the reactions of oxide B with HCl and NaOH. (CERT EXEMPLAR) is aluminium and’ is Al0, Al;03 + GHCL—> 2AICl3 + 3H20 ALO; + 2NaQH—> 2NaAlO, + H,0 {EoMMON] ERROR Students often write unbalanced chemico! equations. Q4. Keerti added dilute Hydrochloric acid to four metals and recorded her observations as shown in the table given below: Metal Gas Evolved Copper Yes Iron) Yes Magnesium No Zinc Yes Select the correct observation(s) and give chemical equation(s) of the reaction involved. (case sop 2022-23) ‘Ans. We know that metals react with acids to give a salt and hydrogen gas. Also, copper does not react with lute HCL Therefore, abservation (i) and (Wv) are correct, Chemical Equations: Fe+ 2HCL—+ FeCl, + Hp Zn+2HCL—> ZnClz + Hy Q5. Astudent performs the following four experiments. i L ‘AgNOs Ag cu “AL Au Test tube Testtube ll TesttubelV Based on the above experiments: (i) In which test tube(s) no reaction occurred? Give reason. (ii) Arrange the given metal samples in the increasing order of reactivity. Ans. (i) Reaction does not occur in test tube I, Il and IV because a less reactive metal cannot displace 2 more reactive metal from its compounds in Test ube Il solution form. (i) Au_< Ag < Cu < Als the Increasing order of reactivity Q6. Zine granules were added to zine sulphate, copper sulphate, aluminium sulphate and iron sulphate solutions as shown in the given test tubes: 20505 Hi Zn Zn “Zn Zn a @ @ ™ Based on the given information: (i) In which test tubes would you observe the deposition of metal on zinc? i) Arrange Zn, Cu, Al and Fe order of reactivity. Ans. (i) We would observe the deposition of metal an zine in test tubes il and IV. Reason: Displacement reactions take place in test tube ll and IV because Zn is more reactive than Cu and Fe. leading to deposition of Cu and Fe respectively on zinc in test tube Il and IV (i) Cu_< Fe < Zn < Al is the increasing order of reactivity Q7. Show the formation of Na,O by transfer of electrons. % TiP Learn the electronic configuration of metals and annderstand the concept offormationofinic compounds ive reason. the increasing Ani Na > Nave 201 28 sogum casan Q8. Ametal that exists as.a liquid at room temperature is obtained by heating its sulphide in the presence of air. Identify the metal and its ore and give the reaction involved. (cere EXEMPLAR) Ans. Mercury is the only metal that exists as liquid at room. Temperature. Cinnabar (HeS) is an ore af mercury. The reactions are as Fallows: 2HgS (5) + 30, (g)—*-» 2Hg0 (s) + 250, (9) ‘2Hg0 (s) "85 2Hg (l) + 0> (9) Q9. Thefollowing reaction takes place when aluminium powder is heated with MnO,: ‘3Mn0, (s) + 4Al(s) ~---—»3Mn(l) + 2Al,05 (0) + Heat (i) Is aluminium getting reduced? Is MnO) getting oxidised? Ans. (i) No, because oxygen is added to_aluminium, therefore itis getting oxidised (i) No, since manganese has lost oxygen therefore, itis getting reducedQ10. Compound X and aluminium are used to join railway tracks. Identify the compound X. Name the reaction. Write down its reaction. Ans. () The compound x is iran (it) oxide (Fe;0s). {i) The reaction is known as thermite reaction. ll) Fe,05 (5) + 2Al (s)——> 2Fe (l) + ALO, (5) +Heat TiP Practice all the reactions used for obtaining metals of low, medium and high reactivity. QL During extraction of metals, electrolytic refining Is used to obtain pure metals. () Which material will be used as anode and cathode for refining of silver metal by this process? Suggest a suitable electrolyte also. (iii) In this electrolytic cell, where do we get pure silver after passing electric current? Ans. (In electrolytic refining, impure silver is made the anode and a thin strip of pure silver is made the cathode (iA solution of silver salt (ike AgNOs) is used as an electrolyte (ll) Pure sitver 's deposited on the cathode In this electrolytic cell @ Short Answer type-ii Questions yw Q1. Write one example of each of the followin: (1) Mostmatleable metal and most ductile metal. (il) The best conductor of heat and the poorest ‘conductor of heat. (lil) A metal with highest metting point and a metal with lowest melting point. (case 2016) ‘Ans. (i) Gold is the most malleable and the most ductile metal (i) Silver is the best conductor and lead Is the poorest conductor of heat (li) Tungsten has the highest melting point and mercury has the lowest melting point. Q2. State three reasons for the following facts: (i) Sulphur is a non-metal. (ii) Magnesium is a metal One of these reasons must be supported with a chemical equation. (case 2015) Ans. (i) Sulphur is a Nan-metal: (a) Iisa poor conductor of heat and electricit (b) It is neither matleable nor ductile. (c)_ It forms acidic oxides S+0, —> 50, $0, +H,0 —» H,S0; (Sulphurous acid) 502s an acidic oxide. (i) Magnesium Is a Metal: (a) Itis a good conductor of heat and electricity. (b) tis malleable and ductile (0) It forms basic oxides, 2Mg +.0,——> 2MgO MgO + H,0 ——» Mg (OH)» agnesium hydroxide MgO is basic in nature 3. Explain the following statements: () Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water. What are these ‘oxides and their solutions in water called? (i) At ordinary temperature, the surface of metals such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, etc. is covered with athin layer. Whatis the composition of this layer? State its Importance. (iii) Some alkali metals can be cut with a knife. (cose2016) ‘Ans. (i) These oxides are called basic oxides and solution of these metal oxides in water is called alkab. eg. NaQH (Sodium hydroxide). (@) This ayer is called oxide Layer. It makes the metal less reactive and prevents further oxidation. Due to this ayer. the metal cannot get corroded and remains intact. (i) Some atkal metals can be cut with a knife be- cause they are very soft and have low densities. eg. Sodium. potassium. lithium etc Q4. Of the three metals X, Y and Z. X reacts with cold water. ¥ with hot water and Z with steam only. Identify X, ¥ and Z and also arrange them in order of increasing reactivity. ‘Ans. Metals Uke potassium and sodium react with cold water. So, Xs K or Na Magnesium reacts with cold water, so, Vis Mg Metals like aluminium. iron and zinc reacts with steam. So, Zis Al. Fe or Zn Increasing order of Reactivity: K>Na>Mg> Al>Zn> Fe {EOMMONJERROR ‘Most students commit errors in writing the correct order of reactivity of metals. QS. State which of the following chemical reactions will take place giving suitable reason for each. () Zn(s) + CuSO, (aq) (ii) Fels) + ZnSO,4(a9) (iii) Zn(s) + FeSO,(aq) ‘Ans. (i) Reaction will take place because Zn is above Cu in the activity series and is more reactive than Cu Zn{s) + CuSO, (oq—> Culs) + 2n50, (oq) (i) Reaction will not take place as Fe Is below Zn In the activity series and cannot displace Zn from its solution: (ii) Reaction will take place because Zn is more reac tive than Fe Zn(s) + FeSO,(oq) —> Fe(s) + ZnS0s(aq)Q6. An element ‘M' with electronic configuration 2, 8, Ans. 3 combines separately with Cl”, SO; anions. Write the chemical formulae of the compounds formed. "2515 Roasting Calcination Predict with the suitable reason the nature of a the bond formed by element ‘Mf in general How Use| Thisisusedfor sulphide [This is used for will the electrical conductivity of the compounds formed vary with respect to'M’? (cuse Sop 2023.24) ores. carbonate ores, Process |The ore is heated The oreis heated Ans. Symbol) M 1 symboy M $0; strongly in the pres- | strangly in limited Formula Formula ence of excess air. air. Charge + Charge 3 2 Chemical es Formula: MCL Formula: M (SOs) Equation | 2ZnS(5)+30,(9)“* | znco,(s) “> ‘Min general forms ionic bond. It can acquire a stable 2zn0(s}+250,(9) | zn0{s) +C0,(g) electronic configuration of neon (2. 8) by losing its three valence electrons to form M”” cation, Compounds formed will conduct electricity in molten State but not in solid state in contrast to ‘Af The metal oxides obtained after roasting/calcination of the ore are reduced to the corresponding metal by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon Q7. (i Show diagrammatically the electrons between Chemical equation: the atoms in the formation of MgO vite Zn0(s) + C(s)—» Zn(s) + CO(9) erties Q10. The given reaction shows one of the processes to (ii) Name the solvent in which ionic compounds ‘ afd Gonierally sauible. extract the metals like Iron and Manganese. Gili), Why are aqueous solution of ionic compounds Mn0,(s) + Al(s) —> Mn(f) + Al,Os(s) + Heat able to conduct electricity? (I) Give reason why the above reaction is known as Ans. (i) me 38 ~ (oe? [0 y a thermite reaction. Lear the properties of ionic compounds with proper Justification, MgO contains Mg?*as cation and 0 as anion, (i) tonic compounds are generally soluble in water. (ii) This is because aqueous solution consists of ions which can move freely and are responsible for conduction of electricity TiP (il) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the above reaction. (lil) Give a reason why aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions. (case sop 2023-24) ‘Ans. (i) The given reaction is known as thermite reaction because the reaction is highly exothermic, in \which a large amount of heat Is evolved, (i) Al(s) is oxidised and MnO,(s) is reduced. (ii) Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions as itis more reactive than manganese QB. Suggest a method of reduction for the following Also, the oxides of manganese are not metals during their metallurgical processes: satisfactorily reduced by carbon. ()) Metat‘A'which is at one of the last,second or gil. A reddish-brown metal ‘xX, when heated In air, third position in the reactivity. gives a black compound 'Y, which when heated In (ii) Metal ‘8' which gives vigorous reaction even presence of H, gas gives 'X’ back. 'X’Is refined by with water and air. the process of electrolysis; this refined form of ‘X" (iii) Metal ‘C which is kept in the middle of the is used in electrical wiring. activity series. | Identify‘ andY- Draw a well-tabelled diagram to ‘Ans. (i) °A’can be obtained by [ust heating in alr represent the process of refining 'X. (i) “canbe obtained by the method of electrolytic (cAse sop 2023-24) reduction. co Ans. 2Cu +0, (lil) °C can be reduced by using suitable reducing "can? agents such as carbon. aluminium. etc. tt Q9. With the help of suitable chemical equations, Xis copper metal list the two main differences between roasting and calcination. How is metal reduced from the product obtained after roasting/calcination of the ore? Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (case 2023) and Vis copper ode TiP Practice drawing well-labelled diagram of electrolytic refining of copper.Electrolytic Refining of Copper: Koy ae 4 Cathode Aged Acie copper __| sulphate ston Cu” Aenk ot Impusee (anode mud) Reaction for Electrolytic Refining: ‘At cathode: Cut (aq) + 2° —+ Cu (6) At anode: Cu (s) —+ Cu (ag) + 2° @ Long Answer tupe Questions Q1. (i) List in tabular form three chemical properties on the basis of which we can differentiate between ‘a metal and a non-metal. (ii) Give reasons for the following: (2) Most metals conduct electricity well. (b) The reaction of iron (Ill) oxide [Fe,0s] with heated aluminium is used to join cracked machine parts. (cos€2019) Ans. TiP Learn and understand the difference between metals and non-metols on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. (i) Difference between metals and non-metals on the basis of chemical properties are s.| Basis of No.| Difference Metal Non-metal 1 [Nature Metals are Non-metals are electronegative fand form anions, electropositive [and form cations, 2 [Reaction with|They react with oxides loxygen to form hey react with loxygen to farm laasicoxides ——‘Jacivic or neutral oxides. 3. [Reaction with|They react with | They do not react with ditute forma sattand acidsas they are evolve hydrogen [incapable to a5. displace hydrogen. (i) (@) Metals are good conductors of electricity because they contain free electrons which can move easily through the metal and conduct electricity (b) Its a displacement reaction which is highly dilute acids dilute acids to earhernie Theamomeat heaved Se eS mane 2. Ametal'M'is stored under kerosene. It vigorously catches fire, if a small piece of this metal is kept open in air. Dissolution of this metal in water releases great amount of energy and the metal catches fire. The solution so formed turns red litmus blue. (i) Name the metal'M. (ii) Write formula of the compound formed when this meats exposed wa (iil) Why is metal ‘M’ stored under kerosene? (iv) Ifoxide ofthis metalis treated with hydrochloric acid, what would be the products? (v) Write balanced equations for: (a) Reaction of 'M with air. (b) Reaction of M with water. (©) Reaction of metal oxide with hydrochloric acid. (CBSE 2020) Ans. (|) The metal M'Is sodium (Na). {i) Formula of the compound formed Is Na;0. (iii) Sodium reacts with oxygen so fast that it catches epee eee ee in kerosene oil to prevent accidental fire. (iv) Sodium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to sake sueniniauaria ate (v) (a) Reaction with air 4Na +0, ——> 2Na,0 (b) Reaction with water: 2Na(s) + 2H,0 (0) ——— 2NaOH (oq)+H, (a) ++Heat energy (c) Reaction of sodium oxide with HCl: Na,0 (5) + 2HCl (aq) —~» 2Nat! (09) + H,0 (0) Q3. (i) By the transfer of electrons, illustrate the formation of bond in magnesium chloride and identify the ions present in this compound. (il) lonic compounds are solids. Give reasons. (ill) With the help of a labelled diagram show the experimental set up of actlon of steam on a metal. (caS€2020) Ans. (i) Me — Mg? 262 26 (rwgnosium eaton) Q+eo oo 2b7 208 {(Chteride anton) +20 Mgi + wef ls (i) Ionic compounds are solids because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions, (uw) Marae ke slaranlum, tron and zinc react with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogencot somoto Action of Stoam on a Motal {cOMMONJERR@R ‘Students draw incorrect diagram and they label some irrelevant pars. Q4. (i) Write electron dot structures of Ca (At. no. 20) and 0 (At.no. 8). (ii) Show the formation of calcium oxide by transfer of electrons. (iii) Name the ions present in this compound. (iv) List four important characteristics of this compound, (cBSE 2020) Ans. Electronic configuration of Ca=2. 8.8, 2and0=2.6 (i) Electron dot structures: Ca: (il) fons present in thls compound are calcium ions (Ca®*) and oxygen ions (0) (iv) Four important characteristics of Ca0 are (@) itis sod and hard (b) It has high melting and bolting points. (© Itis soluble in water (@) It conducts: Ei In molten state QS. Explain the folto {0 Sodlum chloride Is an lonic compound which does not conduct electricity in solid state whereas it does conduct electricity in molten state as well as in aqueous solution. ) Reactivity of aluminium decreases ifitis dipped in nitric acid. (ii) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in their free state in nature. (iv) The formation of calcium chloride with the help of electron dot structure. (At. numbers : Ca= 20; C= 17) {v) Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of Na or Mg. (cese 2019) Ans. (i) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound formed by ions of sodium (Na*) and chlorine (CC). In solid state, ians are fixed in position so no free electrons are available to conduct electricity Whereas in molten state and aqueous solution of sodium chloride, free electrons are available to conduct electricity (i) When aluminium s dipped in nitric acid a layer of aluminium oxide Is formed because nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. The layer of aluminium ‘oxide prevents further reaction of aluminium due to which the reactivity of aluminium decreases. (ii Because these metals are highly reactive and readily react with atmospheric oxygen and other gases, (Wv) Element Z ec Ca - 20 2862 a - 7 287 st | cae __,. cary [208 nh peste ¢ ar Ca¥ 201" or Cat, (v) Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of Na or Mg because these metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon, Q6. Write balanced chemical equations to explain what happens, when: (I) Mercuric oxide is heated. i) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is heated. (iil) Aluminium is reacted with manganese dioxide. (iv) Ferric oxide is reduced with aluminium. (v) Zinc carbonate undergoes calcination. (cose 2020) Ans. (i) 2Hg0(s)—HS%*-» 2Hg (0) +0, (9) erurc inereury onde mel (i) 2Cu,0(s) + Cu,5 (s) "+ cus) +50, (9) Cuprous — Cuprous Copper sulphur onde sulphide meal “Gigade 3Mn0, (s)+ 4AL(s) “oniwe” “Gouger” —> 3Nin(\) +2810, (s) +Heat ‘Manganwse alumitum mec Sade (iv) Fe,05 (5) + 2A (s) Gere Aluminium oe powder ———+ 2Fe (I) +AL,05 (s) +Heat \ronmatat Alursiium (taotten) ‘oxide _Gatchation (1) 2003 (5) AEH +20 (5) + COs (0) Ze Tre Caran caftonate cite Gone Q7. i) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from their carbonate ores. How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the various steps supported by chemical equations. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of copper. (CBSE 2018) Ans. (i) The different steps involved in the extraction of pure metal in the middle of the activity series from their carbonate ores are: (a) Calcination: The carbonate ores _are changed into oxides by heating strongly in iimited arr(b) Reduction: The metal_oxides are then reduced to corresponding metals by using suitable reducing agents (©) Purification: The impure metals thus obtained are purified by electrolytic refining, The sulphide ores are first converted Into oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess air which is known as roasting. 2Cu,5 (5) +30, (g) “© + 2Cu,0(s) + 250, (9) The obtained oxide reacts with remaining Cu,S to lve copper metal 26,0 (s) +Cu,5(s) —#* 6cu(s) +50, (9) This reaction is known as auto-reduction, The obtained metal Is then purified by electrolytic refining. Understanding and making points of each technique used to extract metals is the best way to avold mistakes ‘ond confusions. Hi Labelled diagram to show electrolytic refining of copper. atery i Anode Cathode ‘impure (Gere copper stip) inp) Copper sulphate Anode mud sohtion (eiiiad) Gmpunes) QB. (i) Write chemical equations for the following reactions: (2) Calcium metal reacts with water. (b) Cinnabar is heated in the presence of air. (©) Manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder. (ii) What are alloys? List two properties of alloys. (cos€2019) Ans. (i) (a) Ca(s) + 2H,0(\)—> Ca(OH),(aq) + H,(9) Coteum “gr alum rode Hroeen (b) 2He5(s) + 30,(g)—> 2Hg0(s) + 250, (9) ‘Gabor snarcury onde (c) 3Mn0,(s) + 4Al(s) —> 3Mn() + 2Al,0,(5) Manganese Auminum Manganese Aluminium ‘doxde ponder one (i) Alloys are the homogeneous mixture of two or more metals ora metal and a non-metal Two properties of alloys are (2) They are stronger than the metal from which they are made. {b) They are more resistant to corrosion, Q9. What is meant by rusting? With Labelled diagrams, describe an activity to find out the conditions under which iron rusts. ‘Ans. Rusting: The process in which iron reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture to form a reddish-brown coating of hydrated ferric oxide (Fe:0}x H20) is called rusting, Activity: (i) Take three boiling tubes A.B and C. {i Pour some water in test tube A. Put iran nails in itand cork it. (iii) Pour boiled distilled water In test tube B and put iran nails in it. Add 1 mL of oil in it so that oll oats over water to prevent the air from entering in. A 8 Air be + Dry ai Layer of ofwhich rovents theenty fay of ale ras L water {—Anyrous caldum chloride Boiled and sted water (iv) Take some more iron nails in test tube C and put some anhydrous calcium chloride in it and tighten a cork on it. (W) Leave all the three test tubes for a day and then observe the changes. Observation: Iron nails get rusted in test tube A because both air and water are present in it. iron nails do not get rusted In test tube 8 because there (s water but no air. In test tube C, rusting will not take place because there Is neither alr nor water Conclusion: Iron gets rusted in the presence of air and water i) Define corrosion. ) What is corrosion of iron called? (lil) How will you recognise the corrosion of sliver? (iv) Why corrosion of iron is a serious problem? (v) How can we prevent corrosion of iron? (cose2016) Ans.) Corrosion Is a slow process of eating away of metals by the reaction of atmospheric alr and moisture. (if) Corrosion of Iron is called rusting. Qlo.{EouMON] ERROR Students start explaining rusting of iron, instead of just naming the process. (li) Corrosion of silver can be recognised by the earance of black layer on its surface due to the formation of Ag>S. (i) Corrosion of iron makes the metal weak as well as brittle which is a serious problem. (v)Corrosion of iron can be prevented by_oiling painting. greasing. galvanisation. chrome plating oralloying. nen Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions QL Observe the given roactions and answer the question that follows: Na Nat +e" 287 a8 a be (2.8.7) (2.8.8) Mg —>Mg?"+2e~ 239 2.8) Which of the following are correct representations for the ionic compounds formed of these ions? a wna ae] ( > oof i] Me") c wonfreis] wg?afscte 4 wf a | nef a: Q2. Clean small pieces of magnesium, zinc, aluminium, iron and copper by rubbing them with a plece of sand paper. Take them in separate test tubes. Add about 10 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid to each of them. 8 Mg AL Zn Gu Fe Identify the correct statement(s).. The rate of evolution of hydrogen gas bubbles is not same in all the test tubes. ‘The rate of formation of bubbles is the fastest the case of magnesium. i) The reactivity decreases in the order: Mg > Zn > Al> Fe > Cu (iv) In the case of copper, no bubbles are seen and the temperature also remains unchanged. This shows that copper does not react with dilute HCL a. (i) and (1) b. (i) and (iv) c Only (il) (Di) and (iv) Q3. What happens when calcium is treated with water? (i) It does not react with water. (ii) It reacts violently with water. It reacts less violently with water. {iv) Bubbles of H gas formed stick to the surface of calcium. a. (and (Wy) ». (i) and (i) ©. @and (i) 4. il) and (iv) Q4. The electrical conductivity and melting point of an alloy is: 2, less than that of pure metal b, more than that of pure metal . equal to that of pure metal d. electrical conductivity is Less and melting point is more than that of pure metal. Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 5-6): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Give answer: a.Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A) b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not a correct explanation of Assertion (A). C. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. d, Assertion (A) Is false but Reason (R) Is true. Q5. Assertion (A): MgO exists in liquid state. Reason (R): The electrostatic forces of attraction between Mg? and 0 ions constitute ionic bond. 6. Assertion (A): Zinc is used in the galvanisation of iron, Reason (R): Its coating on iron articles increases their life by protecting iron from rusting. Case Study Based Question Q7. The chemical properties of metals are mostly linked with the electron releasing tendency of their atoms. Greater the tendency, more will be the reactivity of the metal. They react with oxygen, water, acids, etc. Since they can lose electrons, they act as reducing agents. Some reactions of metals are given as Metal + Oxygen —> Metal oxide