MSA – MAT151

Lecture # 2

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MSA – MAT151

Chapter 1
Trigonometric functions;
Inverse function
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 Objectives

1. Introduce the transcendental functions which

are mostly used in engineering study.
2. Introduce the definition of Trigonometric
functions and their graphs.
3. Explain the meaning of the inverse function
graphically

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Vak Test: What Is Your Visual, Auditory, And Kinesthetic Type? - ProProfs Quiz

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 1. 3 Trigonometric functions

For an acute angle q, the

six trigonometric functions
are defined as the ratios of
lengths of sides of a right
angle triangle

2
1 √2
1
30º 45º
√3 1
Famous
triangles
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The general definition of the trigonometric functions

y- coordinate radius

y r P1
sinq = cscq =
r y
x- coordinate
x r
cos q = sec q =
r x
y x
tan q = cot q =
x y P2

P3

This definition is suitable for positive, negative, obtuse and acute angles
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 Positive and negative values of trigonometric functions

The sine function is the

only positive function All trig. functions
are positive

The cosine function is the

The tangent function is the
only positive function
only positive function
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http://www.mathwarehouse.com/trigonometry/
 Graphs of trigonometric functions
x -π -π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

sinx 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
cosx -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1

What is the period of the function?

It is the smallest value of p

Periodic functions with period 2π. such that f(x+p) = f(x) for all x
such that x and x+p are in the
domain of f.
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 Graphs of all trig. functions
The red shaded part denotes
the period of the function

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 A. y = 3 sin( x)
B. y = cos( x + 3)
C. y = 3 cos( x)
D. y = − sin( x − 3)

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Sketch in steps
y = 1 − sin(3 x +  )

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 Basic trigonometric identities

Using Pythagorean theorem we can prove that for

any angle θ:
sin2q + cos2q = 1
From which we can prove that
tan 2q + 1 = sec 2q
Very important
1 + cot 2q = csc 2q for integration

It is also clear that

sin(− q ) = −sin(q )
cos(− q ) = cos(q ) 12
 Additional identities

Put A = B = θ

= 2 cos2 q − 1

{
Very important
for integration
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 Challenging problems
(1) Solve the equations:
(a) sinx = cosx, x  [0,2 ]
(b) 2sin 2 x - 5sinx + 2 = 0, x  [0,2 ]
(2) Graph the functions: Remember:
Period 2π/3 The period of the
(a) y = sin 3x functions sin(ax+b) and
cos(ax+b) is 2π/a and
(b) y = sin 3x Period 2π/6 their graphs are shifted
to the right or to the left
(c ) y = sin(3x +  ) by the value b/a.

(1) Period 2π/3

(2) Shifted to the left π/3

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• Which definition describes the Trig. function
shown?

A. y = 3 sin( x − 7 / 8)
B. y = sin( x − 7 / 8)
C. y = sin( x)
D. y = sin( x + 7 / 8)

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Plot 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟑𝒙)
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 Inverse function

Equivalently, f(x1) = f(x2) implies x1 = x2

How to show that f(x) is one-to-one:

• Algebraically:
Show that: f(x1) = f(x2) implies x1 = x2
• Graphically:
Use the following horizontal line test:

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 Example
Show that 𝑓(𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑔(𝑥) where,
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f ( x) = 5 x + 10 g ( x) = x − 2
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a) The function 𝑓(𝑥) is one - to – one
b) Check f (g( x)) b) Check g( f ( x))
1  1
f ( g ( x)) = 5  x − 2  + 10 g ( f ( x)) = (5 x + 10) − 2
5  5
g ( f ( x)) = x + 2 − 2
= x − 10 + 10
=x =x

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Exactly one point
At most one point

Exactly two points

More than two points

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 Inverse Function
Definition: If f is a function with domain D and range R, then
a function g with domain R and range D is the inverse of
the function f iff:
(1) The function f is a One-to-One function
(2) g(f(x)) = x, for all x in D and f(g(y)) = y, for all y in R.

Notation: Usually g is denoted by f−1 . So we write

f−1 (f(x)) = x and f(f−1 (y)) = y

It is clear that: if x = f−1 (y), then y = f(x)

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 How to sketch the graph of f -1,
if you know the graph of f

(1) Draw the line y = x

(2) Reflect the graph of f on this
line to get the graph of f-1.

https://www.desmos.com/calculator/fcjhdt1
xdw

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• Sketch the following function
1
− 2
𝑥>1
𝑦 =൞ 1−𝑥
1−𝑥 𝑥≤1
Find its domain and range from the graph

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❑ Inverse trigonometric
functions
❑ Exponential and logarithmic
functions
❑ Hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions

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 Objectives
1) Introduce the inverse Trigonometric,
Exponential and Logarithmic functions
which are mostly used in engineering
study.
2) Introduce the hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions. Explain their
properties and identities proofs.
3) Explain the graphs of these types.
4) Solve some problems on graphing and
solving equations.
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 Inverse trigonometric functions
(1) The Inverse sine function
sin-1x (arc sinx)
 
sin −1 (sin x ) = x , − x
2 2
sin(sin −1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

Sin-1x is the
angle whose
sine is x
By a property of
the inverse
function Important
result
−1
I f y = s in x T hen x = s in y

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 (2) The Inverse
cosine function
cos-1x (arc cosx)
cos − 1 (cos x ) = x , 0 x
cos(cos −1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

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 (2) The Inverse tangent and
cotangent functions

−1   cot− 1 (cot x ) = x , 0 x

tan (tan x ) = x , − x
2 2
tan(tan −1
x ) = x, −  x   cot(cot−1 x ) = x , −  x  

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 Graphs of All Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

Try to memorize
the first 3 graphs

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 Challenging examples
Prove that: ( a ) Let y = sec −1 ( x) 
1
x = sec y = 
1 cos y
( a ) sec −1( x ) = cos−1( ), x  1
x 1 1
1 cos y =  y = cos −1 ( ) 
( b ) csc −1( x ) = sin−1( ), x  1 x x
x 1
1 sec −1 ( x) = cos −1 ( )
( c ) cot −1( x ) = tan−1( ), x  0 x
x

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 The exponential function
Definition: For any positive real number a and any real
number x we define the exponential function as follows:

f(x)=a x What is the case

when: a = 1 or a = 0?

(i) a = 1, f(x) = 1x = 1
(ii) a = 0, f(x) = 0x = 0, provided x > 0

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Examples: Use the ideas of reflection and sifting to
sketch the graph of:

The graph of 4x shifted to the left by 2 units

(1) f(x) = 4x + 2

(2) f(x) = 4x + 2 The graph of 4x shifted up by 2 units

(3) f(x) = 3 - 4-x

The graph of 4x reflected on the y axis then on the x

axis followed by shifting up by 3 units

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 Special case: The natural exponential function

A very special irrational number

denoted by e = 2.71828….

1 n
e = lim ( 1 + )
We shall n→  n
prove it latter

is very useful in engineering

applications

The function: f(x) = ex is called

the natural exponential function.

Its graph is shown in the opposite

figure.
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 Properties of the natural exponential function

e2.e3 = e5 e-3 = 1/e3

(e2)3 = e6
e5 / e3 = e2
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 The logarithmic
function

Hence, we say that y = logax iff x = ay

Example: If y = log232, then 32 = 2y,which implies that y = 5.

So we may look at logax as the power of a that gives x

Examples: log232 = 5, log22 = 1, and log21 = 0

The power of The power of 2 The power of 2

2 that gives 32 that gives 2 that gives 1 35
 Graph of the
logarithmic function

Reflection of y = 2x
on the line y = x

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 Graphs of log.
Look at the functions with
opposite different base
figure

Main conclusions:
(i) The domain of all logarithmic functions logax is (x > 0).
(ii) Loga1 = 0 for any positive base a.

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 Trail
example
Sketch the graph the following function and find its domain
f(x) = 1 − log2(x + 3)
Solution:
(1) Shift to the left by
(3) Shift up by 3
1 (2) Reflect on
the x axis

y = 1-log2 (x+3)
y = log2 x y = log2 (x+3) y = -log2 (x+3)

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 Special cases
The natural logarithmic function; The common logarithmic function

(1) The natural logarithmic function

It is the logarithmic function when its base is the
number e and is usually denoted by:

f ( x) = ln x
(2) The common logarithmic function
It is the logarithmic function when its base is 10
and is usually denoted by:
f ( x) = log x
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The graph of y = lnx

y = ex
y = lnx

Very important figure

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 x
Since a is the inverse of loga x then we
have the following important results

3log35 = 5 Log335 = 5
Special cases:

e(lnx) = x, x > 0 ln(ex) = x, for all x

lne5 = 5
eln5 = 5
Commonly used
rule in applications 41
 Rules of
logarithms
ln xy = ln x + ln y

x
ln = ln x − ln y
y
1
ln = − ln y
y

y
ln x = y ln x 42
 Can you prove the following important formula?

Change of base
formula
Proof : Let y = log x 
ln x a

log a x =
y
x=a 
y
ln x = ln a  (by property 4)
ln a ln x = y ln a 
ln x
y= 
ln a
useful ln x
relation loga x =
ln a

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Exercises:
Solve each of the following equations:
(1) 43x−2 = 256
(2) 5 = log3(9x)
(3) log3(x - 12) = 2
(4) 2 – logx = log2
(5) log4(x - 2) + 2 log4x = 1+ log42x
(6) 3x-2 = 2-x
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Solution :
(1) 43 x − 2 = 256  43 x − 2 = 44  3 x − 2 = 4  3 x = 6  x = 2
(2) 5 = log3 (9 x)  9 x = 35  x = 33 = 27
(3) log3 ( x − 12) = 2  x − 12 = 32 = 9  x = 21
(4) 2 − log x = log 2  2 = log 2 + log x = log 2 x  2 x = 102  x = 50
(5) log 4 (x - 2 ) + 2 log 4 x = 1 + log 4 2 x 
log 4 (x - 2 ) + log 4 x 2 − log 4 2 x = 1  x≠0 why?

x 2(x - 2 ) x(x - 2 ) x(x - 2 ) 1

log 4 = 1  log 4 =1 =4 =4
2x 2 2
x 2 − 2 x = 8  x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0  ( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0  x = −2 or x = 4
x = −2 is rejected (Why?)
Thus the only solution is x = 4.
(6) 3x-2 = 2-x  log 3x-2 = log 2-x  ( x − 2) log 3 = − x log 2 
2 log 3
x(log 3 + log 2) = 2 log 3  x =
log 3 + log 2 45
 Hyperbolic functions

sinh 0 = 0

The two basic functions

From the graphs find the

domains and ranges
of these functions cosh 0 = 1
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 − 1  tanh x  1

0  sec hx  1

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Basic identities
Try to prove
them

Use the basic

definitions of
sinh x = (ex - e-x)/2
and
cosh x = (ex + e-x)/2

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 2 2
The proof of : cosh x − sinh x = 1

LHS = cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x

e x + e− x 2 e x − e− x 2
=( ) −( )
2 2
1 2x 1 2x
= ( e + 2 + e ) − ( e − 2 + e− 2 x )
−2 x
4 4
1
= ( 2 + 2 ) = RHS
4

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Inverse hyperbolic
functions

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 Challenging examples
Identities for the inverse hyperbolic functions

Prove that:

( a ) Let y = sec h −1 x 
1
x = sec hy = 
cosh y
1 1
cosh y =  y = cosh −1( ) 
x x
1
sec h −1 x = cosh −1( )
x
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Thank you for listening

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