Salvacion National High

School Grade Level 11

School
Lesson Geraldine L. Dumaran-
Teacher Learning Area PRE-CALCULUS
Exemplar Libarra
Teaching Dates and 09/16-19/2024
Quarter 1st
Time 3:00-4:00PM

I. OBJECTIVES
The learner demonstrates an understanding of key concepts of series and mathematical
A. Content Standards
induction and the Binomial Theorem.
B. Performance The learner can keenly observe and investigate patterns and formulate appropriate
Standards mathematical statements.
The learners,
C. Learning 1. Use the sigma notation to represent a series.
Competencies 2. Apply the use of sigma notation in finding sums.

II. CONTENT SIGMA NOTATION

III. LEARNING RESOURCES
Agot M. Pre-Calculus. Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Pre-Calculus. Teacher’s Guide (2016). DepEd-BLR. Sunshine Interlinks Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
A. References Pre-Calculus. Teacher’s Guide (2016). DepEd-BLR. Sunshine Interlinks Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
Curriculum Guide

B. Other Learning
Leaning Modules, Activity Sheets, Laptop, and TV
Resources
IV. PROCEDURES
B. To start today’s lesson, let us find the words below from the grid – they run in
straight and diagonal lines, in any direction. The leftover letters spell out a
mathematical quote/saying.

Notations S A M A T H E M S
Limits
A U T I C I A N N
Summation
Sigma S A M R E L I K O
A. Reviewing the Lower I E A M P A I N I
previous Upper G T E R A O R M T
lesson/Presenting Greek M L I M I T S U A
the new lesson Index
Property A A O P O E I S T
Sum X T I W R S A O O
E M A K E E R G N
D K E R P R O F P
N P R O P E R T Y
I A T T U E R N S

Math Quote:
______________________________________________________________________

 Have you ever devised a tool or found an ingenuous way of doing things
that helped simplify your work?
 Suppose you have to find the sum of all multiples of 2 from numbers 1 up to
100. Then you will write,
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 + …. + 100.
C. Establishing a  You will be writing a long list of numbers until you reach to the last number
purpose for the which 100. But if we can see pattern with the sequence it will be convenient to
lesson denote this sum into a shorter and more concise way possible.
 In the previous lesson, we discussed series which means the sum of the
sequence denoted by the expression a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an. A more concise
way to express the sum a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an is to use the summation
notation or sigma notation.

D. Presenting Sigma notation is a way of writing a sum of many terms, in a concise form. A sum
examples/instances in sigma notation looks something like this:
of the new lesson
 Note:

Any letter can be

used for the index
of summation.
The letters
ⅈ , j,∧k are
commonly used.
The uppercase Greek letter Σ (sigma) indicates that a sum is being taken. The
variable i is called the index of the summation. The numbers at the top and bottom of
the Σ are called the upper and lower limits of the summation.
For example, we have this notation:
5

∑3k
k =1

In this case, the upper limit is 5, and the lower limit is 1. The notation means that we
will take every integer value of k between 1 and 5 (so 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) and plug them
each into the summand formula (here that formula is 3k). Then those are all added
together.
5

∑ 3 k = 3(1) + 3(2) +3(3) + 3(4) + 3(5) = 45.

k =1

Speaking Mathematically,
5

∑3k is read as “the sum of 3k a k goes from 1 to 5”

k =1

E. Discussing new Writing and Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation

concepts and Example 1.1. Write each summation and evaluate the series if possible.
practicing new skills 4 n
#1 1. ∑ (k + 8) 3. ∑ 4j
k =2 j=1
5 6
2. ∑ 2ⅈ +1
4. ∑ kk−2
+2
i=0 k=0

Solution: We apply the definition of sigma notation.

∑ (k + 8) = (2 + 8) + (3 + 8) + (4 + 8) + (5 + 8) + (6 + 8) + (7 + 8)
k =2
= 75
5

∑ 2 ⅈ+ 1 = 20 +1+2 1+1+ 22+1 +23+1 +24 +1 +25+1 = 126

i=0
n
j1 j2 j3 jn
∑ 4j + + +…+
4 4 4
=
4
j=1
6
0−2 1−2 2−2 3−2 4−2 5−2 6−2
∑ kk−2 = + + + + + +
+2 0+2 1+2 2+2 3+2 4 +2 5+ 2 6+ 2
k=0
−2 1 0 1 2 3 4 9
= − + + + + + =
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 70
Example 1.2. Write the following series using sigma notation.

1. 5+7+ 9+11+13+15+ 17
1 1 1 1
2. + + + +…
4 8 16 32
3. a 1+ a2 +a3 + a4 +⋯+ a10
4 9 16 25 81
4. + + + + …+
3 4 5 6 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. 1+ + + + + + +
2 4 8 16 32 64 128
Solution:
Observe that the terms in the series are the product of 2 and the positive integers
2,3,4,5, and so on increased by 1, expressed as 2k + 1. Note that 1 is not included in
the series. Thus, k starts from to 2 and ends with 8. Therefore, the corresponding sigma
notation is denoted by,
 8

∑ (2 k +1)
k =2
(− ⅈ)
General term can be expressed as 2
Since, the series is an infinite series then the terms are infinite.
Where ⅈ starts with 2 to infinity. Thus,
∞

∑ 2−i
i=2
10
a 1+ a2 +a3 + a4 +⋯+ a10 = a(1) +a(2) +a(3) +a(4 )+⋯+ a(10) = ∑ ai
i=1
10 2
4 9 16 25 81 ( k −1 )
+ + + + …+ =∑
3 4 5 6 10 k =3 k
7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + + + =∑ k
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 k=0 2

F. Discussing new RULE: PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION

concepts and
practicing new skills Here are some important properties of sums expressed in summation
#2 notation.
Property Example
n 8

∑ c = cn ∑ 5 = 5(8) = 40
k =1 k =1

n n 3

∑ c ak = c ∑ ak ∑ 2 k 2 = 2(1) 2
+ 2(2)2 + 2(3)2 = 28
k =1 k=1 k =1
3

c any real number 2∑ k 2 = 2(1 +2 +3 ) = 2(14) = 28

2 2 2

k =1

3 3
Conclusion: ∑2k 2
=2 ∑ k2
k =1 k=1
n 3
Σ ⅈ=1 ( a i ± bi )
∑ (i2−i) = (1 2
– 1)+ (22 – 2)+ (32 – 3)
i=1
n n
= Σ ⅈ=1 ai ± Σ ⅈ=1 bi = 8
3 3

∑ i 2− ∑ i = (12+22+32) – (1+2+3)
i=1 i=1
= 14 – 6 = 8

TELESCOPING SUM PROPERTY:

Σ ⅈ=m [ f (i+1 ) −f ( i ) ] =f ( n+ 1 )−f (m)

n

SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS

Sigma Notation Expanded

1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 (n times)

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

1 + 4 + 9 + ... + n2

1 + 8 + 27 + ... + n3

1 + 16 + 81 + ... + n4
 1 + 32 + 243 + ... + n5

Proof
Note: The summations
We have must begin with ⅈ =1 to
Σ
n
k=1 c a k = c a1 +c a2 +c a3 +⋯+c an use the given formulas.
= c ( a1 +a 2+ a3 +⋯ an )
n
= c Σ k=1 a k □
We have
Σ ⅈ=1 ( a i+ bi ) = ( a 1+ b1 ) + ( a 2+ b2 ) + ( a3 +b3 ) +⋯+ ( an +b n )
n

= ( a 1+ a2 +a3 + …+an ) + ( b 1+ b2 +b3 +⋯+b n )

n n
= Σ ⅈ=1 ai + Σ ⅈ=1 bi □
We have
n
Σ ⅈ=m c =c ( n−m+1 )
= c +c +c +⋯+c
= c ( n−m+1 ) □
A special case of the above result which you might encounter more often is the
following:
n
Σ i=1 c = cn

Proof.
Σ ⅈ=m [ f (i+1 ) −f ( i ) ] = ¿] + ¿] +
n

¿] + … + ¿]
Note that the terms, f ( m+1 ) , f ( m+2 ) ,…, f (n), all cancel out. Hence, we have
Σ ⅈ=m [ f (i+1 ) −f ( i ) ] =f ( n+ 1 )−f (m)
n
□

G. Developing mastery 15
Example 1.3. Evaluate Σ ⅈ=1 ( 8 i−4 )

15 15 15
Solution: Σ ⅈ=1 ( 8 i−4 ) = Σ ⅈ=1 8 i - Σ ⅈ=1 4
15 15
= 8 Σ ⅈ=1 i - Σ ⅈ=1 4
15 (16 )
=8 – 4(15)
2
= 960 – 60
= 900

n 2
Example 1.4. Derive a formula for Σ ⅈ=1 ⅈ using a telescoping sum with terms
3
f ( ⅈ )= ⅈ
Solution. The telescoping sum property implies that
n

∑ [ i3− ( i−1 )3 ]=n3 −03=n3

i=1
On the other hand, using expansion and the other properties of summation, we have
n n

∑ [ i − ( i−1 ) ] ∑ ( ⅈ3− ⅈ3 +3 ⅈ 2−3 ⅈ +1 )

3 3
=
i=1 i=1
n n n
= 3 ∑ i −3 ∑ i+∑ 1
2

i=1 i=1 i=1

n
n ( n+1 )
=3 ∑ i2−3 ⋅ 2
+n
i=1

Equating the two results above, we obtain

n
n ( n+1 )
3 ∑ i 2−3 ⋅ + n=n3
i=1 2
n
6 ∑ i 2−3 n( n+1)+2 n=2 n3
i=1
 n
6 ∑ i 2=2 n3−2n+ 3 n(n+1)
i=1

¿ 2 n ( n −1 ) + 3 n(n+1)
2

¿ 2 n(n−1)(n+1)+ 3 n(n+1)
¿ n ( n+1 ) [ 2 ( n−1 ) +3 ]
¿ n(n+1)(2n+ 1)

Finally, after dividing both sides of the equation by 6, we obtain the desired formula
n
n ( n+1 ) ( 2n+ 1 )
∑ i 2= 6
□
i=1

H. Finding practical Activity 1

applications of Write each series using sigma notation.
concepts and skills
in daily living 1. 8 – 18 – 32 – 50 – 72 – … – 200
2. 3 √ 3+5 √ 3+ 7 √ 3+ …+39 √ 3
9 27 81 243
3. 3+ + + +
2 4 8 16
4. ( 10−12 ) + ( 10−22) + ( 10−32 ) +…+ ( 10−7 2)

Activity 2
1. Expand each summation.

∑ 10 ( 52 )
∞ k
2.
k=0
11
ⅈ
3. ∑ 3−2
ⅈ +1
i=3
3
4. ∑ 5+ √ 4 ⅈ
i=0
12
5. ∑ 12 ( 4 ) k−1
k =1

Activity 3
Use the properties of sigma notation to evaluate the following summations.

60
1. ∑ (5 i−3 )
i=1

32
2. ∑ ( k−1 )2
k =1

n
3. ∑ (1+2 i )
i=1

6
4. ∑ 2k3
k =1

15 5
5. ∑ k 2 +¿ ∑ ( 4 k 2¿ +3)¿ ¿
k =1 k=1

Activity 4

1. Evaluate the summation using the properties of sigma notation

99
1
∑ √ i+1+ √i
i=1
n
2. If ∑ (i+1 )2=a n3 +¿ b n2 +cn+ d ¿ , what is a+ b+c +d ?
i=1
 30 30
3. If ∑ f ( i )=70 and ∑ g ( i )=50,
i=1 i=1

30
3 g ( i ) −f ( i ) +7
4. what is the value of ∑ 2
?
i=1

100 200
5. If s= ∑ i, express ∑ i in terms of s.
i=1 i=1

n n
6. If s= ∑ ai, does it follow that ∑ a2i =s2?
i=1 i=1

Let me check your knowledge by stating whether the statement is

TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer before each item.

_______ 1. The lower limit of the summation should begin with ⅈ =0 to use
the properties of summation.
3
_______ 2. ∑ (i2−i) = (1 2
– 1) + (22 – 2) + (32 – 3) is equivalent to
i=1
3 3

∑ i −∑ i
2
= (12 + 22 + 32) – (1 + 2 + 3)
i=1 i=1
I. Making
generalization about _______ 3. Sigma notation is also called as summation notation.
the lesson 9 27 81 243 5
3 ( 3i )
2 4 8 16 ∑
_______ 4. The sigma notation for 3+ + + + is i
i=1 2
3
_______ 5. The expanded form of ∑ 5+ √ 4 ⅈ is 6 + 7 + 9 + 13.
i=0
_______ 6. To write the expression in a series to a more concise form use
sigma notation.
_______ 7. The upper limit of the summation will give you the first term of
the series.
_______ 8. Any letter can be use as the index of summation.
_______ 9. Summand is the lower limit of the summation.
_______ 10. Sigma is a Greek letter which means “the product of”.

Directions: Choose the best answer. Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. . It is way to represent a sum of numbers which have a specific pattern that
would take too long to write out without abbreviation.
A. Index of summation C. Series
B. Sequence D. Sigma notation

5
2. What is the sum of the given summation notation ∑ 3 k?
k =1
A. 35 B. 40 C. 45 D. 50

3. Express the sum using sigma notation: – 3 + 8 – 17 + 32

4 4
A . ∑ (−1 ) ( k 2 +2k ) ∑ (−1 )k ( 2 k + k )
k−1
C.
J. Evaluating learning k=1 k =1
4 4
B . ∑ (−1)k ( k 2 +2k ) D. ∑ (−1)k ( k 2 +3 )
k =1 k =1

6
4. Evaluate the sum of ∑ 10−5 n.
n =2
A. 50 B. – 50 C. 55 D. – 55

6
5. Evaluate ∑ (−1)k 2 k
k =1
A. – 8 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10

K. Additional activities Prepare for a summative test.

V. REMARKS
 VI. REFLECTION
A. Attendance
B. Index of Proficiency
C. Index of Mastery
D. Most mastered item
E. Least mastered item
F. Observer Name and
Signature
G. Date of Observation
Prepared by: Checked by:

GERALDINE D. LIBARRA PERPETUA L. BACUEL

T-II, Pre-Cal Subject Teacher HT-III, MATH Department