Study the various

factors on which the

internal resistance/emf
of a cell depends
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

BY SAHAANA A N
CLASS XII
SSM ACADEMY [CBSE] SR.SEC.SCHOOL-DINDIGUL
AFFLIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION-
NEW DELHI

AFILLIATIN NUMBER: 193041 SCHOOL CODE: TN-55352

ACADEMIC YEAR (2024-2025)

PROJECT IN PHYSICS

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

CENTRAL BOARD OF SCHOOL EXAMINATION

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION
(AISSCE) - SECOND YEAR

SUBMITTED BY
NAME: SAHAANA A N
ROLL NO:
GRADE:XII
GROUP:BIO MATHS

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sahaana A N bearing Roll

Number _______________________ is a bonafide
student of Class XII' Section.
She has succesfully completed his PHYSICS Project
Titled “TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON
WHICH INTERNAL RESISTANCE /EMF OF
CELL DEPENDS" as per the guidelines of
Central Board of Secondary Education for the
academic Year 2024-2025
It is further certified that this project is The
Individual and bonafide work of the student and
submitted on __________________

External Examiner Internal

Examiner

Principal

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 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

First and foremost I would like to thank my school

for giving each and every student a platform where
even before the completion of the syllabus,
interaction and exposure to the same is made
possible.It gives me immense pleasure to submit the
project on physics titled“To stusy the various factors
in which internal resistance /EMF deoends”
"________________________________, M.Sc.,
B.Ed., M.Phil.,- my Physics guide valuable guidance
and support. The instructions and the suggestions
given by have been a major contributor towards the
completion of this project.
I am very much thankful to my beloved parents and
all those people who provided me the best
information directly or indirectly throughout my
project.

Student name & Signature

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 INDEX

Introduction
Internal Resistance
Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
Precautions
Sources of error
Flowchart Conclusion
Reference

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INTRODUCTION

 There is a great need of batteries in our

daily use electronic appliances and the
use is increasing every day.
 Thus, the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential
can be increased greatly.
 Thus, this project report is based on
practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
 When the internal resistance of the cell
is decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it, and
hence make it more reliable.

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INTERNAL RESISTANCE

 Internal resistance is defined as the

resistance offered by the electrolyte of
the cell to the flow of ions.
 Its S.I. unit is Ohm

 For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal

resistance (r), connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (1) is the
current flowing through the circuit,
 E = V + Ir Internal Resistance r=E-V/I

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PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery
eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat,
a galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey,
a setsquare, connecting wires and sand
paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance offered by its electrolyte to the
flow of ions. The internal resistance of a
cell

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 is directly proportional to the distance
between the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing
surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature
of electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to
concentration of electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is
given by:
 r=(E-V)/I

PROCEDURE

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1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires
with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit
diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of
the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the
battery is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study variation of internal
resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of
16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the
battery, making rheostat resistance small.

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6. Without inserting a plug in key K2,
adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure
the balancing length (11) between the null
point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K₁
and K2. At the same time, take out a small
resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer
wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12)
from end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

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12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and
K2. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7
to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
To study variation of internal
resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant,
increase the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal
resistance with concentration of
electrolyte

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16. Keeping all other factors constant,
decrease the concentration of electrolyte
by adding distilled water for different
observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by
repeating step 7 to 10. Record vour
readings

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RESULT & INFERENCES
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is
constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is
directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the temperature
of electrolytes.

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• The internal resistance of a cell is
inversely proportional to the concentration
of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean
and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the
keys only when the observations are to be
taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and
cells E, and E2 should, all be connected to
the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed
along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain
constant for a particular set of observation.

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If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully
charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross- section and material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

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Reference
 www.google.com
 www.document.mx
 www.wikipidia.org
 www.docofc.com
 www.slideshare.com

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